Download or read book The Environmental Effects of Tax Differentiation by Vehicle Characteristics written by International Institute for Environment and Development and published by IIED. This book was released on 2000 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban pollution, particularly from exhaust fumes, is a growing problem in Costa Rica, as elsewhere. Policy makers have tried to solve the problem through traditional regulatory instruments. But at the same time, other policy initiatives, such as reducing taxes, have contributed to greater car ownership and use, and hence, pollution levels. This study looks at whether the government's practice of differentiating car taxes on the basis of vehicle characteristics can be used to improve air quality in Costa Rica. The results indicate that a tax that increases the relative price of used cars will have significant environmental impacts, while other means of differentation are much weaker.
Download or read book The Environmental Effects of Tax Differentiation by Vehicle Characteristics written by Jaime Echeverría and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Distributional and Environmental Effects of an Emissions Differentiated Car Sales Tax written by Robin Stitzing and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: European countries introduced a combination of demand-side fiscal policies and mandatory supply-side emissions standards to reduce CO2 emissions rates of new cars. I quantify the equilibrium response to one of the most drastic demand-side policies, the Finnish CO2 differentiation of automobile sales tax rates. Despite having a drastic market impact, this environmental tax reform did not drive the observed decline of new-car CO2 emissions rates, given the concurrent introduction of mandatory EUCO2 emissions standards for manufacturers. The CO2 tax-rate differentiation however led to increased local pollution by promoting the sale of diesel-powered cars. The tax reform had a positive net welfare effect as it lowered tax rates on average. It was nonetheless also a regressive policy with large tax revenue losses and a disproportional benefit to high-income consumers. Optimal fiscal policy aiming to balance environmental and public finance goals needs to consider both the market structure as well as other concurrent policies on different levels of government.
Download or read book Measuring the Effects of Environmental Regulation in Oligopolistic Markets with Differentiated Products 9035iied written by International Institute for Environment & Development and published by IIED. This book was released on 2001 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transport Energy and CO2 written by International Energy Agency and published by OECD. This book was released on 2009 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Car ownership is set to triple by 2050, trucking activity will double and air travel could increase fourfold. This book examines how to enable mobility without accelerating climate change. it finds that if changes are made to the way people travel, adoption of technologies to improve vehicle efficiency and a shift to low-CO2 fuels, it is possible to move onto a different pathway where transport CO2 emissions by 2050 are far below current levels, at costs that are lower than many assume. the report discusses the prospects for shifting more travel to the most efficient modes and reducing travel growth rates, improving vehicle fuel efficiency by up to 50% using cost-effective, incremental technologies, and moving toward electricity, hydrogen, and advanced biofuels to achieve a more secure and sustainable transport future. If governments implement strong policies to achieve this scenario, transport can play its role and dramatically reduce CO2 emissions by 2050.
Download or read book Environmental Taxation in Practice written by Thomas Sterner and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1980's, market-based instruments for environmental policy have become increasingly important. Focusing on environmental taxation in practice, this volume collects key contributions on a wide range of topics, including comparisons of environmental taxation schemes in different countries, political economy issues and key aspects of concrete implementation. It presents a wealth of ex-ante and ex-post analyses, intended as a source of guidance for policy implementation and research. The volume features a full-length introduction locating the literature on environmental taxation in practice in a wider context of theoretical and applied issues.
Download or read book Environmental impacts and potential of the sharing economy written by John Magne Skjelvik and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2017-10-19 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The various sharing initiatives seen in the Nordic countries over the last years within transportation, housing/accommodation, sharing/renting of smaller capital goods and personal services could yield considerable benefits for consumers due to better quality and/or lower prices of the services. They also have a potential for emissions reductions of CO2 and local pollutants. However, savings from lower prices could lead to increased emissions from increased demand of the services (particularly transport) and increased spending on other goods and services. Depending on how consumers spend their savings, these changes could partly, wholly or more than offset the initial emission reductions. The impacts on overall CO2 emissions depend on whether the emissions are taxed, part of the emissions trading system EU ETS or not regulated at all.
Download or read book Cost Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-09-28 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.
Download or read book OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation Invention and Transfer of Environmental Technologies written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2011-09-15 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inducing environmental innovation is a significant challenge to policy-makers. This book examines the challenges and illustrates them in three sectoral studies: alternative fuel vehicles, solid waste management and recycling, and green chemistry.
Download or read book Automobile Pollution Control in Brazil written by Claudio Ferraz and published by IIED. This book was released on 2013 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air pollution concentrations have been rapidly increasing in the major urban areas of Brazil caused mainly by the increasing use of vehicles. In the presence of this negative externality, environmental regulation is required. Car emission control policies in Brazil have relied basically on mandatory emission standards and subsidies for specific cleaner technology resulting in substantial decrease of car emission rates. Nevertheless, car sale taxes, differentiated by vehicles' size and fuel, have also influenced car emission patterns. This paper analyzes the compliance trend of the Brazilian fleet with environmental standards between 1992 and 1997. We find that larger automobiles had the fastest compliance schedule while popular models adjusted very slowly. Also gasoline-fueled models had a faster adjustment pattern than ethanol cars. Additionally, we analyze the current relationship between pollution emissions and car characteristics in order to orient policy formulation. We find a positive relationship between emissions rates and horse power, concluding that although the current value added-sale car tax is not environmental harmful, a tax differentiating clean from dirty models, within each tax bracket, could create substantial incentives for emission control in the future.
Download or read book Is the Environment a Luxury written by Silvia Tiezzi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-07-11 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this collection of essays is to shed some light on the complex relationship between environmental quality and the distribution of income. Are the preferences of the poor towards a cleaner environment really different from those of the rich? Environmental economists have traditionally focused on efficiency issues. In their analyses the quality of the environment is usually related to aggregate or average variables, like per capita income; policy recommendations are usually formulated considering efficiency with no regard for equity and also the predicted effects of policies are evaluated in aggregate terms. The essays collected in this volume go into the problem of the relationship between environmental quality and income distribution. The book’s opening essay shows how different theories of economic growth and environmental quality seem to suggest that the higher the level of income the higher is the value of environmental protection. The essays that follow, a mix of already published papers and of papers solicited for this book, analyse the relationship between environmental quality and income distribution from different perspectives (both micro and macro) and on the basis of more than one methodology. This book highlights that the preferences of the poor towards a cleaner environment may differ from those of the rich, but income is also very likely to represent only one factor affecting them. The essays consider other relevant factors affecting preferences for environmental quality. What clearly emerges is that the distribution of costs and benefits of environmental policies is the key for their successful implementation, and that further research is needed to both address the distributional effects themselves and the strategies to mitigate them.
Download or read book Measuring the Effects of Environmental Regulation in Oligopolistic Markets with Differentiated Products written by Claudio Ferraz and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cars and Carbon written by Theodoros I. Zachariadis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-19 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains articles from leading analysts and researchers on sustainable transportation, who provide critical reflections on how automobile-related climate policies have evolved up to now in Europe and around the world, in view of the widely recognized need to substantially curb global emissions of greenhouse gases in the coming decades. Authors describe the policies which have been most effective, outline their economic and social implications, present success stories while critically reviewing less successful examples, and suggest strategies to decarbonize passenger transportation on a global scale.
Download or read book Reforming Transport Pricing in the European Union written by Bruno de Borger and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work deals with the problem of pricing passenger and freight transportation within Europe. It argues that legislation affecting pricing and regulation is increasingly less successful in dealing with market failures and externalities such as congestion, air pollution, noise and accidents.
Download or read book Instruments of Change written by Theodore Panayotou and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-11-05 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Instruments of Change examines the use of incentive systems and improved institutional arrangements to protect the environment and conserve natural resources, as a means towards sustainable development.
Download or read book Consumption Tax Trends 2022 VAT GST and Excise Core Design Features and Trends written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2022-11-30 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consumption Tax Trends provides information on Value Added Taxes/Goods and Services Taxes (VAT/GST) and excise duty rates in OECD member countries. It also contains information about international aspects of VAT/GST developments and the efficiency of this tax.
Download or read book OECD Trade Policy Studies Trade that Benefits the Environment and Development Opening Markets for Environmental Goods and Services written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2005-11-28 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a compendium of working papers intended to be a practical tool for negotiations on liberalising trade in environmental goods and services.
