Download or read book The Energy Spectrum of the Z Or 20 Component of the Cosmic Radiation written by P. S. Freier and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three large stacks of nuclear emulsions were exposed during 1964-1966 on high altitude balloons launched from Fort Churchill, Canada; Texas, U.S.A.; and Hyderabad, India. These stacks have been used to study the energy spectrum of the cosmic ray nuclei of calcium and heavier, the so-called VH-nuclei. These measurements result in integral intensity values for energies greater than 7.1, 1.58 and 1.00 GeV per nucleon, together with differential intensities over the range 225 less than E less than 1000 MeV per nucleon. Differential intensities were also found for lighter nuclei over varying energy ranges. The differential spectrum observed has a maximum value of about 0.0016 nuclei/sq m ster. sec. MeV per nucleon around E approximately equals 350 MeV per nucleon and falls off at both higher and lower energies. These values are based on the observation of a total of some 1600 VH-nuclei. The energy spectrum has been compared with that observed at similar times for the helium nuclei in order to study the influences of ionization energy losses during propagation of these high Z nuclei. These observations are interpreted as implying that if the source spectra of the VH-nuclei and the helium nuclei are similar then the VH-nuclei have traversed less than 1 g/sq cm of matter while ionization energy loss has been the dominant acceleration term. (Author).
Download or read book Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 1146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Very Heavy Nuclei in the Primary Cosmic Radiation Part Ii Interpretation of the Energy Spectra written by C. J. Waddington and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An attempt has been made to understand the form of the observed energy spectrum of the highly charged, 20 less than Z less than 30, nuclei in the primary cosmic radiation. It is shown that the behavior of this spectrum relative to that of the helium nuclei also present in the cosmic radiation can be explained by assuming that the highly charged nuclei have two components. The first of these components is dominant at high energies and has a spectrum at the source that can be represented as a simple power law with a slope somewhat flatter than that of the source spectrum of the helium nuclei. The nuclei in this component may be regarded as having traversed several g/sq cm of matter between the times of acceleration and of detection. The second component is only of importance at relatively low energies, of a few hundred MeV per nucleon, has a spectrum that falls steeply with increasing energy and cannot simply be represented as a power law. The possible consequences of such a model are briefly considered. (Author).
Download or read book Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 1036 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cosmic Rays at Earth written by P.K.F. Grieder and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-07-27 with total page 1117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1912 Victor Franz Hess made the revolutionary discovery that ionizing radiation is incident upon the Earth from outer space. He showed with ground-based and balloon-borne detectors that the intensity of the radiation did not change significantly between day and night. Consequently, the sun could not be regarded as the sources of this radiation and the question of its origin remained unanswered. Today, almost one hundred years later the question of the origin of the cosmic radiation still remains a mystery.Hess' discovery has given an enormous impetus to large areas of science, in particular to physics, and has played a major role in the formation of our current understanding of universal evolution. For example, the development of new fields of research such as elementary particle physics, modern astrophysics and cosmology are direct consequences of this discovery. Over the years the field of cosmic ray research has evolved in various directions: Firstly, the field of particle physics that was initiated by the discovery of many so-called elementary particles in the cosmic radiation. There is a strong trend from the accelerator physics community to reenter the field of cosmic ray physics, now under the name of astroparticle physics. Secondly, an important branch of cosmic ray physics that has rapidly evolved in conjunction with space exploration concerns the low energy portion of the cosmic ray spectrum. Thirdly, the branch of research that is concerned with the origin, acceleration and propagation of the cosmic radiation represents a great challenge for astrophysics, astronomy and cosmology. Presently very popular fields of research have rapidly evolved, such as high-energy gamma ray and neutrino astronomy. In addition, high-energy neutrino astronomy may soon initiate as a likely spin-off neutrino tomography of the Earth and thus open a unique new branch of geophysical research of the interior of the Earth. Finally, of considerable interest are the biological and medical aspects of the cosmic radiation because of it ionizing character and the inevitable irradiation to which we are exposed. This book is a reference manual for researchers and students of cosmic ray physics and associated fields and phenomena. It is not intended to be a tutorial. However, the book contains an adequate amount of background materials that its content should be useful to a broad community of scientists and professionals. The present book contains chiefly a data collection in compact form that covers the cosmic radiation in the vicinity of the Earth, in the Earth's atmosphere, at sea level and underground. Included are predominantly experimental but also theoretical data. In addition the book contains related data, definitions and important relations. The aim of this book is to offer the reader in a single volume a readily available comprehensive set of data that will save him the need of frequent time consuming literature searches.
Download or read book Introduction To Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics written by Pierre Sokolsky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-26 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition provides an up-to-date summary of the field of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, dealing with their origin, propagation, and composition,. The authors reflect the enormous strides made since the first edition in the realm of experimental work, in particular the use of vastly improved, more sensitive and precise detectors. The level remains introductory and pedagogical, suitable for students and researchers interested in moving into this exciting field. Throughout the text, the authors focus on giving an introductory overview of the key physics issues, followed by a clear and concise description of experimental approaches and current results. Key Features: Updates the most coherent summary of the field available, with new text that provides the reader with clear historical context. Brand new discussion of contemporary space-based experiments and ideas for extending ground-based detectors. Completely new discussion of radio detection methods. Includes a new chapter on small to intermediate-scale anisotropy. Offers new sections on modern hadronic models and software packages to simulate showers.
Download or read book Introduction to Cosmic Radiation written by Otto Claus Allkofer and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ultra high Energy Particle Astrophysics written by Shigeru Yoshida and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2003 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many kinds of radiation exist in the universe, including photons and particles with a wide range of energies. Some of the radiation is produced in stars and galaxies, and some is cosmological background radiation, a relic from the history of cosmic evolution. Among all this radiation, the most energetic are cosmic ray particles: nucleons, nuclei, and even extremely energetic gamma rays. There are some observational facts about cosmic rays to give suggestions on their origin. The most important one among them is that the energy spectrum of high energy cosmic rays above 10 GeV (where the magnetic field of the sun is no longer a concern) is well represented by a power law form. This indicates cosmic ray particles are products of non-thermal processes. Their energy extends over more than 13 decades from 107 eV up to 1020 eV. In terms of its structure, the spectrum can be divided into three regions: two 'knees' and one 'ankle'. The first 'knee' appears around 3×1015 eV where the spectral power law index changes from -2.7 to -3.0. The second 'knee' is somewhere between 1017 eV and 1018 eV where the spectral slope changes from -3.0 to around -3.3. The 'ankle' is seen at or after 3×1018 eV. Above that energy the spectral slope is around -2.7, but with a large uncertainty because of poor statistics and resolution. This book deals with the final and most energetic population, the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs).
Download or read book U S Government Research Development Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Space Radiation Guide written by American Machine and Foundry Company. Research and Development Division and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Space Radiation Guide is intended to be a reliable, easily understood handbook that will provide the reader with sufficient knowledge of the nature of space radiations to permit him to comprehend the total space radiation problem as it pertains to the hazards of manned space flight. The report is not intended to provide answers to all the problems, but, instead, to present much of the factual data currently known and to point out areas where information is sketchy and inconclusive. The radiations considered are cosmic rays, solar radiation, and the geomagnetically trapped (Van Allen) radiations. Included are chapters on instruments used for measuring these radiations, on shielding techniques, and on biological effects. (Author).
Download or read book Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environments written by U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 1066 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Cosmic Radiation written by John Edward Hooper and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Electromagnetic Radiation in Space written by J.G. Emming and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The subject of this volume in the Astrophysics and Space Science Library is Electro magnetic Radiation in Space. It is essentially based on the lectures given at the third ESRO Summer School which was held from 19 July to 13 August, 1965, in Alpbach, Austria. Fifty-eight selected students attended the courses representing the following countries: Austria (2), Belgium (1), Denmark (1), France (12), Germany (10), Italy (7), Netherlands (2), Spain (4), Sweden (6), Switzerland (3), United Kingdom (9), United States (1). Thirteen lectures courses and nine seminars were given by sixteen different scientists in total. In this book the courses and seminars have been classified in three parts according to the kind of radiation which they mainly deal with: Ultraviolet Radiation, X Radiation and Cosmic Radiation. These parts can be broken down further in theo retical and observational aspects, whereas in the first and second part solar as well as stellar ultraviolet- and X-radiation can be distinguished. * Due to various reasons the publication of this volume had to be delayed; it was therefore judged appropriate to bring the text up to date. The various lecturers have been asked to revise the manuscripts and to eventually add new information which has been acquired in this rapidly evolving field of space astrophysics. Most authors have responded positively to this request, some even have completely rewritten the manuscript.
Download or read book Composition of Cosmic Radiation written by Krishna M. V. Apparao and published by Routledge. This book was released on 1975 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Solar Cosmic Rays written by L.I. Miroshnichenko and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It turned out to be really a rare and happy occasion that we know exact1y when and how a new branch of space physics was born, namely, a physics of solar cosmic rays. It happened on February 28 and March 7, 1942 when the fIrst "cosmic ray bursts" were recorded on the Earth, and the Sun was unambiguously identifIed for the fIrst time as the source of high-velocity 10 particles with energies up to > 10 eV. Just due to such a high energy these relativistic particles have been called "solar cosmic rays" (SCR), in distinction from the "true" cosmic rays of galactic origin. Between 1942 and the beginning ofthe space era in 1957 only extremely high energy solar particle events could be occasionally recorded by cosmic ray ground-Ievel detectors and balloon borne sensors. Since then the detection techniques varied considerably and the study of SCR turned into essential part of solar and solar-terrestrial physics.
Download or read book Cosmic Rays written by John Graham Wilson and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
