Download or read book The Effects of Predation Risk on Phenotypic and Hatching Time Variation in Fathead Minnow i pimephales Promelas i Embryos written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predation has long been recognized as a strong selective force influencing the behaviour, morphology and life history traits of prey species. Some prey species have the ability to alter their phenotypes in response to predation threat, to decrease their chances of being detected, caught and/or consumed by predators. It has also been demonstrated that some species have control over the timing of transition between one specific life stage and the next. This ability gives the prey control over how much time it spends in a risky stage. A particularly vulnerable stage for many prey fishes is that of the embryo, as they are a major prey item for many invertebrate and vertebrate predators. As such, strong selection pressure should exist for the development of anti-predator defenses specific for this time period. In a series of four experiments I assessed the ability of fathead minnow embryos to alter their hatching time and/or phenotype in response to various predation threats. In the first three experiments injured embryo cue was used to simulate a predation threat, as it has been shown to represent a general predation risk for many aquatic animals. In the fourth experiment predator odour was used in conjunction with injured embryo cues. Results of a power analysis conducted on the first three experiments determined with 95% confidence that fathead minnow embryos do not alter their hatch time in response to injured embryo cues. However, the embryos in the predation treatment did hatch with an altered phenotype; fry were significantly smaller (total body length) when exposed to predation cues. In the fourth experiment the embryos hatched with the same altered morphology in response to injured embryo cues combined with predator cues. Moreover, in this experiment the embryos hatched faster in the predation treatment than the control treatment. This is the first empirical evidence that fish can alter their hatching time in response to predation.
Download or read book The Effects of Predation Risk on Phenotypic and Hatching Time Variation in Fathead Minnow Pimephales Promelas Embryos written by Robin Christine Kusch and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Canadian Journal of Zoology written by and published by . This book was released on 2009-05 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Embryonic Antipredator Defenses and Behavioral Carryover Effects in the Fathead Minnow Pimephales Promelas written by Christopher Crowder and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most research on embryonic learning and behavior in aquatic vertebrates has focused on fitness benefits after hatching, but the ability of embryos to perceive and respond to environmental stimuli may also have immediate adaptive value. Here, we examined whether fathead minnow embryos, Pimephales promelas, detect and respond to cues indicative of predation risk, and whether the embryonic environment influences behavior after hatching. We compared the behavior of 5-dpf embryos reared in the presence or absence of olfactory alarm cue, alone or in combination with cues of a piscivorous predator (Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus). Next, we reared larvae from the embryonic treatments to 21 dpf, and tested them in two antipredator behavioral assays varying in the degree of immediate risk (predator avoidance vs attack evasion). Embryos that developed in perceived high-risk conditions exhibited reduced activity compared to those from low-risk environments. Larvae from high-risk environments also showed enhanced antipredator behavior, and evidence for embryonic predator learning. These data provide new insight into the learning capabilities and antipredator behaviors of aquatic vertebrate embryos.
Download or read book Maternal Transfer of Dietary Methylmercury and Implications for Embryotoxicity in Fathead Minnows Pimephales Promelas written by Kristin N. Bridges and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, which is capable of global atmospheric transport. As a result, even the most pristine aquatic ecosystems are affected by atmospheric Hg deposition, following which microbial transformation yield organic Hg forms, the most concerning of which is methylmercury (MeHg). Methylmercury is capable of bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food webs, resulting in potentially toxic body burdens due to regular dietary exposure in long-lived organisms at higher trophic levels. It is also a molecular mimic of some endogenous amino acids, providing a route of transfer from mother to offspring via large amino acid transporters. Exposure during neurodevelopment can lead to serious, irreversible neurological dysfunction, associated with a variety of cognitive and motor abnormalities across species. The present studies evaluate the effects of maternally-transferred dietary MeHg, at environmentally relevant concentrations on early life stage fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Embryos were collected from adult fatheads exposed to one of three diets with varying concentrations of MeHg for 30 days. Adult reproductive metrics were also monitored over the course of the study, with results indicating no effects on spawning frequency, clutch size, or total egg output. In embryos, Hg concentration was a function of female diet and the duration (number of days) of female exposure. Offspring spawned in tanks administered the low Hg diet displayed altered embryonic movement patterns (hyperactivity), decreased time to hatch, decreased mean larval size, and alterations to several metabolite abundances when compared with controls. Significantly altered metabolites include those associated with cellular energetics, fatty acid metabolism, and polyamine synthesis, indicating current environmental exposure scenarios are sufficient to disrupt important cellular pathways. Dysregulation of the dopaminergic system of embryos is also characterized, and may be a possible mechanism by which hyperactive behaviors are observed in these embryos. Offspring from tanks administered the high Hg diet exhibited delayed hatching, increased mortality, and physiological abnormalities. Brain tissue of exposed adults from the low diet were dissected into regions, and also evaluated for alterations in dopamine cycling. Collectively, these results indicate current exposure scenarios in North American lakes and rivers are sufficient to cause reductions in fitness and survival of early life stage fish. The potential for community structure impacts exists, as sensitive individuals and species become disproportionately affected by chronic, low-level MeHg exposure
Download or read book Prehatching Development of the Fathead Minnow pimephales Promelas Rafinesque written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Raf., presents a classical model of teleostean embryogenesis. Its prehatching development has been divided into 32 stages, each representing an easily observed interval in the developmental continuum. Embryos were examined live and histologically under controlled laboratory conditions. Fertilization, early cleavage, epiboly, and organogenesis are very similar to that of other cyprinids except for the tiiming of the appearance of specific structures. Hatching was found to occur in approximately 120 hours post-fertilization at 25 degrees celcius. Rapid embryonic development, coupled with a short generation time of 3-6 months under laboratory conditions, make it a useful native North American species for studies in experimental embryology.
Download or read book Constraints on Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Predation Risk written by Amanda M. Bennett and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mothers Transfer Information Via Eggs Effect of Mothers Experience with Predators on Offspring written by Eric R. Giesing and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parents play an important role in creating phenotypic variation in their offspring through genetic and environmental mechanisms. For example, mothers can influence their offspring via hormonally-mediated maternal effects. In this study, offspring of mothers that had been exposed to a predator during oogenesis (experimental) were compared to offspring of mothers that had not been exposed to a predator (control). I measured the consequences of maternal exposure to predation risk on the number and size of eggs, egg cortisol content, metabolic rates of eggs, and the growth and behavior of juvenile threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Exposure to a predator during oogenesis caused females to produce larger eggs and heavier clutches, but there was no effect on the number of eggs per clutch. The concentration of cortisol was higher in experimental eggs than control eggs. Experimental eggs also breathed faster soon after fertilization, but the difference between control and experimental eggs in oxygen consumption attenuated over time. Standard length of juveniles increased over the course of the experiment, but there was no effect of treatment on growth during the period when the fry were measured. Shoaling behavior, an antipredator response, was measured from photographs, and was estimated as the nearest neighbor distance between individuals in each tank. Experimental females shoaled more tightly together prior to a mild disturbance. Both control and experimental juveniles shoaled more tightly together immediately following and two minutes after a mild disturbance. Altogether, these results suggest that the effect of mothers on their offspring might depend on a mothers' experience with stressors in the environment, and that mothers might manipulate the development, growth, and behavior of their offspring to match their future environment.
Download or read book Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Behavioural Ecotoxicology written by Giacomo Dell'Omo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002-05-22 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioural ecotoxicology is an emerging field dealing with the effects of environmental pollutants on the behaviour of animals. Behavioural techniques derived from experimental psychology, behavioural pharmacology and neurotoxicology are applied to detect and characterise changes in animals living in the environment exposed to various pollutants. Behavioural effects are then interpreted in an ecological context considering the long-term relevance of these changes at both the individual and population level.
Download or read book Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture written by Kenneth A. Lockridge and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1981 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative 1997 review of the effects of stress on fish in polluted water, research labs and fish farms.
Download or read book UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems written by E Walter Helbling and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers extensive coverage of the most important aspects of UVR effects on all aquatic (not just freshwater and marine) ecosystems, encompassing UV physics, chemistry, biology and ecology. Comprehensive and up-to-date, UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems aims to bridge the gap between environmental studies of UVR effects and the broader, traditional fields of ecology, oceanography and limnology. Adopting a synthetic approach, the different sections cover: the physical factors controlling UVR intensity in the atmosphere; the penetration and distribution of solar radiation in natural waters; the main photochemical process affecting natural and anthropogenic substances; and direct and indirect effects on organisms (from viruses, bacteria and algae to invertebrate and vertebrate consumers). Researchers and professionals in environmental chemistry, photochemistry, photobiology and cell and molecular biology will value this book, as will those looking at ozone depletion and global change.
Download or read book Fish Locomotion written by Paolo Domenici and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fish accomplish most of their basic behaviors by swimming. Swimming is fundamental in a vast majority of fish species for avoiding predation, feeding, finding food, mating, migrating and finding optimal physical environments. Fish exhibit a wide variety of swimming patterns and behaviors. This treatise looks at fish swimming from the behavioral and
Download or read book Freshwater Fishes of North America written by Melvin L. Warren, Jr. and published by Johns Hopkins University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 934 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: H. Wilson
Download or read book Ecology and Evolution of Poeciliid Fishes written by Jonathan P. Evans and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2011-09-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of biology is populated by numerous model species or organisms. But few vertebrate groups have aided evolutionary and ecological research more than the live-bearing fishes of the family Poeciliidae. Found throughout tropical and subtropical waters, poeciliids exhibit a fascinating variety of reproductive specializations, including viviparity, matrotrophy, unisexual reproduction, and alternative mating strategies, making them ideal models for research on patterns and processes in ecology, behavior, and evolution. Ecology and Evolution of Poeciliid Fishes is a much-needed overview of the scientific potential and understanding of these live-bearing fishes. Chapters by leading researchers take up a wide range of topics, including the evolution of unisexual reproduction, life in extreme environments, life-history evolution, and genetics. Designed to provide a single and highly approachable reference, Ecology and Evolution of Poeciliid Fishes will appeal to students and specialists interested in all aspects of evolutionary ecology.
Download or read book Copper Hazards to Fish Wildlife and Invertebrates written by Ronald Eisler and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical, concentrations, lethal, carcinogenicity, muagenicity.
Download or read book Short term Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater Organisms written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
