Download or read book The Effects of Elevated Ocean Acidity and Temperature on the Physiological Integrity of the Larvae of the Cauliflower Coral Pocillopora Damicornis written by Emily Bethana Rivest and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean acidification (OA) and rising sea surface temperatures will likely shape the structure and function of coral reefs in the future (Fig. 1). Understanding the sensitivity of corals to ongoing shifts in pCO2 and temperature is imperative as coral are the engineers of the coral reef ecosystem. Specifically, coral larvae may be a life history stage of corals that is particularly vulnerable to environmental stress. Shifts in physiological processes in response to environmental conditions may affect the success of larval dispersal and recruitment.

Download or read book The Effects of Light Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Physiology and Ecology of Tropical Crustose Coralline Algae written by Amy A. Briggs and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Reproduction Larval Physiology and Dispersal Potential of the Coral Pocillopora Damicornis Hawaii Pacific Ocean written by Robert Hilary Richmond and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Investigating Physiological Variability Across Different Algal and Cnidarian Symbioses written by Kenneth D. Hoadley and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The unique and mutualistic symbioses between scleractinian corals and the dinoflagellate algae Symbiodinium spp. is critical to the overall success and continual growth of many reef corals worldwide. Unfortunately, these symbioses are susceptible to rising oceanic temperature and changes in carbonate chemistry. However, high genetic diversity within the host and symbiont suggests their responses may vary in a species-specific manner, potentially forming coral climate change 'winners' and 'losers'. Here I initially identified potential interactive effects between elevated temperature and pCO2 concentration on the biochemical composition (protein, carbohydrate and lipid content) of the host and symbiont portions within four Pacific coral species and their respective symbionts. Temperature was the principle driver of physiological change and each host + symbiont combination responded to the stress differently, as greater change in biochemical composition was noted within the more thermally tolerant symbioses (M. monastrea and T. reniformis). I extended the question of interactive effects between independent variables by including nutrient concentration as a factor, along with temperature and pCO 2, focusing only on the coral T. reniformis with its symbiont S. trenchii. Temperature remained the leading factor in driving physiological change as net photosynthesis and cellular chlorophyll a increased with temperature under ambient pCO2, whereas temperature related differences in cellular volume were more pronounced under elevated pCO2. Additionally, increased nutrient concentrations mitigated thermal affects under all pCO 2 conditions and suggest significant interactive effects between temperature, pCO2 and nutrient concentrations. Given the variability in physiological response to both temperature and pCO2 previously observed, I next focused on a better characterization of the unique symbioses established within each host and symbiont combination, including two non-calcifying and symbiotic species. Specifically, I utilized multiple cnidarian symbioses to ask if symbiont type affects translocation of energy rich photosynthate to the host and if this varies with changes in pCO2 and temperature. Two calcifying scleractinian corals (Montipora hirsuta and Pocillopora damicornis) and one non-calcifying coral (Discosoma nummiforme) were exposed to the individual and combined effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 in order to induce a range of physiological states within each symbioses. An inverse relationship between cellular density and net photosynthesis is observed, as were differences in the ratio of photosynthesis cell-1 to carbon translocation cell-1, which appeared to be dependent on the host+symbiont combination. Because anemones represent one of the few cnidarian species where positive effects of elevated pCO2 have been consistently documented, I also measured carbon uptake and translocation along with asexual reproduction within the anemone Exaiptasia pallida under ambient and elevated pCO2 conditions. Additionally we asked whether physiological differences could be detected at the symbiont sub species level, by infecting the host anemones with different S. minutum genotypes. Elevated pCO2 conditions did increase net photosynthesis, carbon incorporation and asexual budding. Subtle differences were also observed across host/symbiont genotypes, placing functional significance on genotypic variance below the species level. I also had the opportunity to extend our comparison of host + symbiont diversity through field studies conducted in Palau. There I investigated the diversity of response strategies to elevated temperature for six congeneric coral species collected from an inshore rock island habitat and an offshore reef-system. Inshore reef corals harbored different symbiont species than their offshore counterparts and likely played a major role in establishing the greater thermal tolerance observed for colonies collected from the warmer inshore reefs. Host dependent differences in symbiont physiology were also observed and affected the overall response to high temperature. Although symbiont phenotype can certainly provide a major source of adaptive potential for corals as they combat future climate change scenarios, host physiology also remains an important factor in establishing thermal resistance. As a proxy for phenotypic plasticity within the host coral, I quantified epigenetic modification of cytosine residues within the E. pallida genome in response to elevated temperature and across anemones housing B1 vs. D4-5 symbionts. Clear structure in CpG density across functional gene categories was apparent in both the promoter and gene body regions for E. pallida and changes in methylation status occurred in response to both temperature and symbiont species. Interestingly, the average net increase in methylation status observed between low and high temperature and between B1 and D4-5 symbionts are significantly higher within the promoter region as compared to gene introns and exons and may point to the promoter regions as an important target for epigenetic control through DNA methylation.

Download or read book The Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification with Water Flow and Temperature on Tropical Non calcareous Macroalgae written by Maureen Ho and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vulnerability of coral reefs has substantially increased in the past few decades due to accelerating human-driven global change. The effects of ocean acidification (OA) and global warming individually and interactively have resulted in varying degrees of responses in benthic reef organisms. For non-calcareous macroalgae, the physiological and ecological responses to physical environmental changes can alter their relative abundances, which are often used as an indicator of the overall coral reef status. To better understand how fleshy macroalgae will respond to various physical parameters, three separate experiments were conducted from June 2014 to July 2015 in Moorea, French Polynesia. An important physical driver in transferring nutrients and dissolved gases to benthic reef organisms is water motion. In 2014, I tested the hypothesis that increased water motion and elevated pCO2 would benefit Amansia rhodantha (a CO2 user) more than Dictyota bartayresiana and Lobophora variegata (HCO3- users). The highest and lowest growth rates were at the intermediate and highest flow speed, respectively, for all three species. A. rhodantha exhibited the greatest reduction in biomass at reduced flow under ambient pCO2, indicating high sensitivity to mass transfer and carbon limitation. In 2015, the interactive effects of temperature and OA were tested in a two-part study on the metabolic (i.e. photosynthesis and respiration) and growth responses of D. bartayresiana and A. rhodantha. The first study in January 2015 showed that net photosynthesis in both species was affected by high pCO2 but not temperature, and the combination of temperature and OA affected respiration rates. In the second study in July 2015, metabolic rates were affected by temperature but not pCO2. Net photosynthesis and respiration of A. rhodantha were highest under OA conditions at 27.5 oC, but were reduced at 30 oC. There was no effect on metabolic rates of D. bartayresiana across all temperature treatments. The relative growth rates for D. bartayresiana were higher than A. rhodantha in the first study, while both species exhibited varying responses to treatments in the second study. Lastly, from May to June 2015, massive Porites spp. was paired with D. bartayresiana in competitive interactions at low and high flow speeds under ambient and elevated pCO2 levels. I tested the hypothesis that increased water flow would increase algal growth rates, enhancing the competitive ability of the alga against the coral. For corals, I predicted that OA and reduced water flow would negatively affect the corals, thus increasing susceptibility to algal overgrowth. Net calcification and the photosynthetic efficiency of corals were used as a proxy for fitness and health status, respectively, however neither was affected by water flow or OA. On the contrary, growth rates of D. bartayresiana were significantly reduced under low flow. The negative effects of reduced water motion on macroalgae may potentially compromise the ability of the alga to compete. The variation in water motion can affect resource acquisition and when combined with OA, can have significant implications on species interactions. These results indicate the importance of water motion in influencing macroalgal growth and provide insights to the varying responses in fleshy macroalgae to global change. Furthermore, their physiological responses may be attributed to their different carbon uptake strategies, as A. rhodantha was more sensitive to reduced flow and temperature than D. bartayresiana.

Download or read book The Effects of Ocean Acidification Elevated Temperature and Herbivory on Tropical Crustose Coralline Algae written by Maggie Dorothy Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Impacts of Temperature induced Maternal Effects on Larval Phenotype Settlement and Post settlement Growth of Brooding Scleractinian Corals written by Sylvia Zamudio and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to elevations in atmospheric CO2 caused by anthropogenic activity, global temperatures are projected to increase 1.8 °C by 2100. The rate and magnitude of this thermal change will have negative impacts on tropical corals and significantly alter reef community structure. It remains unclear how early life stages will be affected by increases in temperature. The goal of this thesis was to evaluate the role that maternal coral colonies play in modulating larval response to thermal stress. Chapter 2 describes exploratory research, the results of which demonstrate that the upper thermal threshold of Pocillopora damicornis is ~32 °C and Symbiodinium densities are not closely associated with larval mortality. Second, utilizing these results, I show that maternal colonies had differential offspring provisioning, but this did not alter larval energy content in sub-lethal temperatures of 31 °C over 6 d. Finally, I describe a significant maternal effect with colonies incubated in a high temperature of 30 °C during larval development exhibiting advanced release of ~1 day, a 52% increase in larval output, and larvae containing 34% less energy than those spawned from corals kept at ambient temperatures of 27 °C. Chapter 3 documents this temperature-induced maternal effect on offspring from larval development to post-settlement. In Taiwan, Seriatopora caliendrum colonies exposed to elevated temperatures of 28 °C during larval development produced larvae that were 19% smaller and had 15% less protein content than those from 26 °C. Larval cohorts were settled into recruits and growth was monitored over 18 d at 25 °C and 28 °C. Recruits from colonies exposed to 28 °C had significantly reduced protein content and planar area, but an 18% increase in polyp division. In general, recruits incubated at 28 °C had 11% higher polyp division rates than recruits grown at 25 °C. There was no effect of temperature or maternal temperature on calcification rates. In Japan, larvae from P. damicornis colonies maintained at 31 °C had significantly reduced protein content and underwent higher rates of mortality during settlement than colonies incubated at 29 °C. Recruits incubated at 29 °C for 21 d had 43% higher polyp division than those at 31 °C, while recruits grown at 31 °C that originated from colonies of the same temperature did not divide. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the temperature of the maternal environment during reproduction in brooding corals significantly impacts offspring by shaping larval phenotypes, altering spawning characteristics, and influencing the post-settlement growth of larvae primarily through polyp division.

Download or read book The Effects of Rising Ocean Temperature and PCO2 on the Physiology and Growth of Giant Kelp Macrocystis Pyrifera and Grazing by Purple Urchins Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As climate change rapidly alters the world's oceans, marine life will have to acclimate and/or adapt to warmer and more acidic conditions. While there is a growing body of literature on the individual effects of elevated temperature and CO2 on marine biota, few studies have examined the synergistic effects of these factors, especially regarding how they impact species interactions. In coastal environments of temperate latitudes, forests of kelp (large brown seaweeds in the Order Laminariales) provide habitat and food for numerous species, support enhanced biodiversity, and provide important ecosystem services. Consequently, impacts to these important ecosystem engineers can have disproportionately large effects on coastal ecosystem functioning. To determine how climate change might impact kelp forest ecosystems, I examined two of the more conspicuous and ecologically important kelp forest species, namely the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. First, I performed three separate experiments in order to determine the effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on M. pyrifera growth and photosynthetic performance. In my first experiment I cultured M. pyrifera meristematic tissues under three pCO2 levels (500, 1000, 1500 matm CO2) and examined how this impacted their growth, steady-state photosynthetic oxygen evolution, and changes in their tissue carbon:nitrogen ratios. In my second experiment, I used a fully factorial design with two temperatures (12°C and 15°C) and two pCO2 levels (500 matm and 1500 matm CO2), and examined how these impacted kelp growth, steady-state photosynthetic carbon uptake, and tissue carbon:nitrogen ratios. In my third experiment, I used the same fully factorial design (12°C and 15°C; 500 matm and 1500 matm CO2), but examined changes in kelp photosynthetic pigment composition and carbonic anhydrase activity (an estimate of their ability to use HCO3 - in photosynthesis). Counter to my expectations, elevating only pCO2 in the water had no effect on kelp growth rates, photosynthesis or tissue carbon:nitrogen ratios in either of the first two experiments. In contrast, in the second experiment, elevating only seawater temperature resulted in a significant reduction in both photosynthesis and growth, and an increase in tissue carbon:nitrogen ratios. However, when seawater temperature and pCO2 were increased together, the kelps exhibited significant increases in photosynthesis and growth relative to the other treatments. This suggested that rising ocean temperatures may interact with rising pCO2 to elicit responses that are different than when either of these factors is increased by itself. In my third experiment, elevating pCO2 in the water significantly reduced carbonic anhydrase activity, suggesting a reduction in HCO3 --based photosynthesis (i.e. a down regulation of carbon concentrating mechanisms) and an increase in CO2-based photosynthesis. In contrast, elevating temperature and/or CO2 alone had littleto- no impact on photosynthetic pigment concentrations. Following the experiments on M. pyrifera, I then examined how climate change will impact the interactions between S. purpuratus and M. pyrifera. Here, I cultured these two species separately under both "present day" conditions (i.e. 12°C and 500 matm CO2) and "future" conditions (i.e. 15°C and 1500 matm CO2) for three months. During this period, urchins were fed kelp from either their own water conditions or the alternate conditions, resulting in a fully factorial design with four treatment combinations (urchins held under either present day or future conditions being fed kelps grown under either present day or future conditions). My results indicate that urchins held under future conditions exhibited reduced feeding and growth rates, and smaller gonads than urchins held under present day conditions regardless of the conditions in which their food was grown. In contrast, urchins held under present day conditions and fed kelp grown under future conditions showed higher feeding and growth rates compared to similar urchins fed kelps grown under present day conditions. Together, my data suggest that M. pyrifera may benefit physiologically from a warmer, more acidic (i.e. higher pCO2) ocean while S. purpuratus will likely be impacted negatively. Given that S. purpuratus can exert a strong deterministic influence on M. pyrifera distribution and abundance, changes to either of their populations that might arise from climate change can alter how they interact and thus have serious consequences for many coastal environments.

Download or read book An Ecophysiological Investigation of the Effects of Macroalgae on Juvenile Corals and Larvae on Coral Reefs in the Pacific and Caribbean written by Arien Deanne Widrick and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On macroalgal-dominated reefs, the continuation of coral populations is dependent on successful recruitment and post-settlement success, both of which may be challenged by the presence of macroalgae. This study considers how the environment, particularly macroalgal abundance, contributes to the growth and survival of juvenile corals in two regions in the tropics: the South Pacific and the Caribbean. To determine how juvenile corals and coral larvae are affected by macroalgae in the back reef of Moorea, surveys and manipulative experiments were used to test the hypotheses that proximity to macroalgae with and without contact, or cover of macroalgae, will impact the survival and growth of early life stages of corals. Survival of Pocillopora damicornis larvae did not differ when they were incubated in situ adjacent to coral, macroalgae, or rock. Growth of juvenile colonies of massive Porites spp. and Pocillopora spp. were unaffected by centimeter-scale proximity to macroalgae. Additionally, growth was not affected by cover of macroalgae in 4-m2 plots, or by cages, which protected coral from macroalgal abrasion. Caged corals tended to grow faster, although this was not significant, and I hypothesize that this was related to protection from fish predation on lower cover plots, and from algae on higher cover plots. Macroalgae may not decrease Porites and Pocillopora growth through chemical effects, but factors including macroalgal cover may have indirect effects on the fish community that adversely affect exposed coral colonies. In St. John, US Virgin Islands, 12 sites distributed between White Point and Cabritte were selected and analyzed for benthic cover, herbivore abundance, rugosity, and rock type. Surveys of juvenile corals were conducted to determine whether the abundance and distribution of juvenile colonies within three types of microhabitats were affected by site characteristics, including macroalgae cover, and herbivore abundance. While the characteristics analyzed at the site level explained 75.9% of the variation between sites, these characteristics were not predictive of juvenile microhabitat distribution; ~ 75% of juvenile corals were found on exposed habitats at every site. While juvenile coral distribution among microhabitats was not related to site variation, survival rates within microhabitats may still vary among these sites.

Download or read book The Effects of Temperature Fluctuations on Coral Physiology written by Hollie Marie Putnam and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coralline Algae written by Chenchen Shen and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oceanic uptake of rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions has caused the emergence of ocean acidification as a major threat to marine ecosystems worldwide. Along eastern boundary current systems, seawater is naturally acidified due to coastal upwelling of low pH seawater from depth. Compounded by ocean acidification, upwelling regions are expected to become increasingly corrosive to calcifying organisms, potentially forcing them beyond their physiological tolerance windows. In my dissertation, I focused on the impacts of ocean acidification on calcareous coralline algae in the California Current System. Using coralline algae in rocky intertidal habitats as model organisms, I extend the implications of ocean acidification from the organismal level to the broader community level. Global environmental change implies not only gradual changes in the mean values of environmental variables but also an increase in variability and the likelihood of rare, extreme events. In Chapter 2, I conducted a laboratory experiment to explore potential interactions between two different types of environmental stressors. Specifically, I tested the effects of elevated pCO2, including variable pCO2 treatments, and a severe desiccation event on the coralline species, Corallina vancouveriensis. I found that C. vancouveriensis growth was negatively impacted by both elevated pCO2 and desiccation stress, although their combined effects were approximately additive rather than synergistic. Furthermore, while high pCO2 at constant levels only caused small reductions in algal growth over a two-week period, these effects were exacerbated by pCO2 variability. One criticism of laboratory experiments testing species responses to environmental change is that they isolate organisms under simplified conditions. The potential of overlooking important biotic or abiotic factors present in the natural environment limits the inferences that can be made from laboratory studies. In Chapter 3, I conducted a reciprocal removal experiment at two field sites and two wave exposures to investigate potential changes in the interactions between coralline and fleshy turf-forming algae since the 1980s. I used as a baseline the results from a similar study conducted nearly 30 years ago that failed to detect spatial competition between coralline and fleshy algae. Despite the progression of ocean acidification over the last three decades, my results indicated that the lack of competition between coralline and fleshy algae persists to this day, with results consistent across both sites and wave exposures. The findings in Chapter 3 refer to present-day interactions, but in the future, ocean acidification is expected to be detrimental to coralline algae while potentially benefitting fleshy algae. Both coralline and fleshy algae form turf habitats that shelter diverse epifaunal communities. Thus, changes in the algal composition of turf habitats may lead to broader changes encompassing epifaunal communities, depending on the degree of specialization displayed in epifaunal habitat associations. In Chapter 4, I compared the abundance, richness, and community composition of epifauna between coralline and fleshy turf habitats at four sites along the Oregon-California coast. I found that epifauna were more abundant in coralline turfs due to higher turf density. However, epifaunal richness and community composition were similar between turf types, indicating high levels of redundancy in habitat provision between coralline and fleshy algae. Since most species of epifauna tended to be turf generalists, they may be resistant to the potential indirect effects of ocean acidification involving declines in coralline turf habitat. My dissertation combined a variety of standard ecological methodologies to help translate ocean acidification impacts from the organismal level to the community level. Overall, while I found that elevated pCO2 decreased coralline growth in the laboratory, evidence from the field suggested a capacity for communities to resist the effects of ocean acidification and remain resilient. In the natural environment, ocean acidification impacts may be moderated by multiple environmental variables working in different directions, the temporal dynamics of stressors allowing for periods of recovery, and species interactions having dampening effects. One way forward to unite theories of change with those of resistance is to identify ecosystem indicators and critical thresholds that may help provide a more comprehensive view of ecosystem functioning and stability in the face of global change.

Download or read book Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming on the Physiology of the Cold water Corals Lophelia Pertusa and Caryophyllia Smithii written by Beatriz De Francisco Mora and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Coral Health and Disease written by Eugene Rosenberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-04-27 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book opens with case studies of reefs in the Red Sea, Caribbean, Japan, Indian Ocean and the Great Barrier Reef. A section on microbial ecology and physiology describes the symbiotic relations of corals and microbes, and the microbial role in nutrition or bleaching resistance of corals. Coral diseases are covered in the third part. The volume includes 50 color photos of corals and their environments

Download or read book The Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification with Morphology Water Flow and Algal Acclimation on Metabolic Rates of Tropical Coralline Algae written by Sarah Merolla and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral reefs are currently facing multiple stressors that threaten their health and function, including ocean acidification (OA). OA has been shown to negatively affect many reef calcifiers, such as coralline algae that provide many critical contributions to reef systems. Past studies have focused on how OA independently influences coralline algae, but more research is necessary as it is expected that the effects of OA on coralline algae will vary depending on many other factors. To better understand how algal morphology, water flow, and algal acclimation interact with OA to affect coralline algae, three studies were conducted in Moorea, French Polynesia, from June 2015 to July 2016. In January 2016, I tested the hypothesis that algal individuals with higher morphological complexity would exhibit faster metabolic rates under ambient pCO2 conditions, but would also demonstrate higher sensitivity to OA conditions. For three species of crustose coralline algae, Lithophyllum kotschyanum, Neogoniolithon frutescens, and Hydrolithon reinboldii, algal individuals with more complex morphologies demonstrated faster rates of calcification, photosynthesis, and respiration in the ambient pCO2 treatment than individuals with simpler morphological forms. There also appeared to be a relationship between morphology and sensitivity to OA conditions, with calcification rates negatively correlated with higher morphological complexity. In the summers of 2015 and 2016, I conducted three experiments examining the effects of water flow and OA on different morphologies of coralline algae to test the hypotheses that increased flow would enhance metabolic rates and mitigate the effects of OA, and that algae with more complex morphologies would be more responsive to increased water flow and more sensitive to OA conditions. A field experiment investigating the effects of water flow on Amphiroa fragilissima, L. kotschyanum, N. frutescens, and H. reinboldii detected enhanced rates of calcification, photosynthesis, and respiration with increased flow, and this relationship appeared to be the strongest for the crustose algal species with the highest structural complexity. A flume manipulation examining the combined effects of water flow and OA on A. fragilissima, L. kotschyanum, N. frutescens, H. reinboldii, and Porolithon onkodes suggested that coralline algal species with high structural complexity were the most sensitive to OA conditions. Finally, A. fragilissima and L. kotschyanum were maintained in different pCO2 and water flow conditions in a long-term mesocosm experiment, which indicated that flow was unable to mitigate the effects of OA on coralline algae. In the summer of 2016, I investigated the acclimation potential of A. fragilissima and L. kotschyanum to OA, and predicted that the original treatment conditions would induce phenotypic modifications that would influence algal responses to the end treatment. There were negative effects of long-term exposure of coralline algae to elevated pCO2 conditions on calcification and photosynthesis, though partial acclimation in calcification to OA was observed. The instantaneous exposure of elevated pCO2 had negative impacts on algal calcification, but had a nominal effect on photosynthesis. No effects of long-term or instantaneous exposure to elevated pCO2 were observed for respiration. The results of these studies indicate that the coralline algal response to OA conditions will likely be complex and depend on numerous factors including water flow, morphology, and acclimation potential. Therefore, it is critical that future studies further investigate the effects of these factors; specifically examining the mechanisms that underlie these responses in order to better predict the future of coralline algae and thus coral reef ecosystems in a more acidic ocean.

Download or read book Advances in Comparative Immunology written by Edwin L. Cooper and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-07 with total page 1063 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunologists, perhaps understandably, most often concentrate on the human immune system, an anthropocentric focus that has resulted in a dearth of information about the immune function of all other species within the animal kingdom. However, knowledge of animal immune function could help not only to better understand human immunology, but perhaps more importantly, it could help to treat and avoid the blights that affect animals, which consequently affect humans. Take for example the mass death of honeybees in recent years – their demise, resulting in much less pollination, poses a serious threat to numerous crops, and thus the food supply. There is a similar disappearance of frogs internationally, signaling ecological problems, among them fungal infections. This book aims to fill this void by describing and discussing what is known about non-human immunology. It covers various major animal phyla, its chapters organized in a progression from the simplest unicellular organisms to the most complex vertebrates, mammals. Chapters are written by experts, covering the latest findings and new research being conducted about each phylum. Edwin L. Cooper is a Distinguished Professor in the Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Neurobiology at UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine.

Download or read book Physiological Developmental and Behavioral Effects of Marine Pollution written by Judith S Weis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-08-13 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesizing decades of work, but up-to-date, this book focuses on organism-level responses to pollutants by marine animals, mainly crustaceans, molluscs, and fishes. Emphasizing effects on physiological processes (feeding/digestion, respiration, osmoregulation), life-cycle (reproduction [including endocrine disruption], embryo development, larval development, developmental processes later in life (growth, regeneration, molting, calcification, cancer), and behaviour, the book also covers bioaccumulation and detoxification of contaminants, and the development of tolerance. The major pollutants covered are metals, organic compounds (oil, pesticides, industrial chemicals), nutrients and hypoxia, contaminants of emerging concern, and ocean acidification. Some attention is also devoted to marine debris and noise pollution.​

Download or read book Cold Water Corals written by J. Murray Roberts and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-07-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are more coral species in deep, cold-waters than in tropical coral reefs. This broad-ranging treatment is the first to synthesise current understanding of all types of cold-water coral, covering their ecology, biology, palaeontology and geology. Beginning with a history of research in the field, the authors describe the approaches needed to study corals in the deep sea. They consider coral habitats created by stony scleractinian as well as octocoral species. The importance of corals as long-lived geological structures and palaeoclimate archives is discussed, in addition to ways in which they can be conserved. Topic boxes explain unfamiliar concepts, and case studies summarize significant studies, coral habitats or particular conservation measures. Written for professionals and students of marine science, this text is enhanced by an extensive glossary, online resources, and a unique collection of color photographs and illustrations of corals and the habitats they form.