Download or read book The Effects of Acute High intensity Aerobic Exercise on Motor Cortical Plasticity and Motor Learning written by Cameron Scott Mang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on the Consolidation of Motor Memories written by Sarah Holman and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous research has shown that acute aerobic exercise performed prior to motor training can assist with motor skill acquisition through enhancement of motor cortical plasticity. Recently, studies using high intensity interval training performed post-motor training have found improvements in the retention of the motor skill. This suggests that exercise performed post-motor training may enhance motor memory consolidation, although the mechanisms of this are unclear. We hypothesized that acute continuous moderate intensity exercise performed post-motor training would also assist with motor skill retention and that this behavioural change would be positively correlated with neural markers of cortical plasticity. Thirty-three participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: exercise (EXE) or control (CON). During the first visit, participants completed a motor training session of a bimanual wrist flexion task using wrist movements to control the cursor position on a computer screen to reach a target. Movement to the target was cued, allowing for the generation of a cortical movement-related potential (MRP). MRP modulations represent changes in the excitability of the brain prior to movement which are associated with task performance. After motor training, EXE performed a session of continuous moderate intensity exercise on a recumbent bike for 20 minutes (70% of heart rate reserve (HRR)). CON read for the same amount of time. Both groups completed two post-training tests after the exercise or rest: one 10 minutes after the exercise/rest session (post-training test 1), and one once heart rate returned to resting level in EXE (post-training test 2) or 30 minutes after rest in CON. Participants returned to the lab 1 day and 7 days later to complete retention and transfer tests of the task. MRPs were measured using electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate neural markers related to motor performance and exercise during the first visit. To assess behavioural changes measures of speed and accuracy were collected at all timepoints as response time (RT) and root mean square (RMS) of the difference in the actual from the ideal trajectory of the cursor. Results show that EXE had a smaller change in accuracy scores compared to CON at both retention timepoints, however this group difference was only significant at the 7 day retention. There were no significant differences in speed between the groups at the retention tests and no significant differences in accuracy or speed between the groups at the transfer tests. Consistent with previous motor training studies our MRP data shows an increase in amplitude from early to late training, however this was only significant at CZ and not FCZ. MRP amplitude was not significantly increased after exercise at the post-training test 2. Correlational analysis revealed a significant correlation between the change in the MRP amplitude sum from early to late training and the change in RT from the last 5 trials of post-training 2 to retention 1. This was only observed in EXE and when both groups were pooled together. Our results suggest that post-motor training exercise helps to retain the accuracy of the skill after motor training. Additionally, there may be a relationship between excitability increases during training and performance of the skill at retention which may be enhanced with post-motor training exercise. These results inform motor learning paradigms and future studies with other populations including older adults and neurorehabilitation patients.

Download or read book Effects of an Acute Bout of Moderate intensity Aerobic Exercise on Motor Learning and Neuroplasticity written by Nicholas Jacob Snow and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Influence of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Excitability and Rapid Plasticity in the Primary Motor Cortex written by Amaya M. Singh and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this thesis was to explore the influence of a single session of aerobic exercise on excitability changes and markers of short-term plasticity in the human primary motor cortex (M1). To that end, this thesis consists of 4 studies. In the first experiment, we explored whether acute exercise alone could modulate resting excitability in M1. We demonstrated that 20 minutes of moderate-intensity stationary biking could suppress intracortical inhibition and enhance intracortical facilitation in a non-exercised upper limb muscle for up to 30 minutes following exercise completion. Since decreases in inhibition are a necessary precursor to neuroplastic changes, we then investigated whether exercise could enhance the induction of rapid plasticity. We used paired-associative stimulation (PAS), a technique that reliably induces long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity in M1 and found that a preceding bout of exercise enhanced the effectiveness of the intervention. Next, we examined whether these cortical changes were consistent across the entire cortical representation of the target muscle and if they were related to any measurable changes in motor performance. We paired exercise with a bimanual motor training task and observed that while performance was not enhanced compared to training alone, exercise facilitated training-related cortical excitability increases throughout the representation of the trained muscle. Finally, we demonstrated that exercise has opposite effects on the induction of long-term depression (LTD), suggesting that exercise is biased towards increasing excitability, and that this influence is evident even when exercise is performed following, rather than prior to, plasticity induction. This thesis demonstrates that aerobic exercise may optimize the conditions for experience-dependent plasticity to occur and provides a rationale for the use of exercise as an adjunct to interventions that aim to induce LTP in human motor cortex.

Download or read book The Influence of an Acute Bout of Aerobic Exercise on Cortical Contributions to Motor Preparation and Execution written by Jonathan S. Thacker and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing evidence supports the use of physical activity for modifying brain activity and overall neurological health (Hillman et al, 2008). Specifically, aerobic exercise appears to improve cognitive efficacy with regards to decisional oddball tasks shown through the P300, whose amplitude and latency is augmented (Magnié et al., 2000). Furthermore, the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular function are well established and are sustained following exercise cessation. Based on these findings, we proposed that (1) an acute bout of exercise may modulate movement-related cortical excitability within motor areas and (2) that transient effects would be sustained as long as heart rate (HR) remained elevated. Subjects (n=23) were placed in a soundproof booth and instructed to perform a self-paced unimanual ballistic wrist extension every 3-6 seconds of the right wrist while holding a moveable handle. The motion involved a brisk contraction followed by relaxation and positional reset, collected continuously for approximately 8 minutes. Electroencephalography was used to measure movement-related cortical activity of the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) time-locked to onset of muscle activity associated with movement. The BP is a slow negative self-paced movement related cortical potential that precedes movement by approximately 1500ms. Current work commonly separates the BP into 3 main components early, late, and re-afferent Potentials. The early BP is representative of motor preparation of supplementary motor area (SMA) activity while the late component is representative of motor execution from primary motor cortex (M1). Early and late components are often distinguished by a a characteristic change in slope; where the early BP is a slow negative rise and the late components a steeper negative deflection beginning approximately 500ms prior to movement onset. Broken down further the late component consists of a portion of negative slope before giving rise to a peak approximately 100ms after movement onset known as the motor potential (MP). Following baseline measures, subjects performed 20 minutes of aerobic exercise at a moderate intensity (70% of age-predicted maximum heart rate) on a recumbent cycle ergometer. After the cessation of exercise, BP measures were recorded at two time points: immediately post-exercise (Post) and following a return to iv baseline HR (Post[Rest]) and two additional measures separated by 15 minutes each (Post[Rest2] and Post[Rest3]) which was, on average, 45 minutes after the cessation of exercise. Electromyography (EMG) was employed over the extensor carpi radialis muscle belly to describe muscle burst activity and onset characteristics. Results determined that Early but not Late BP was influenced by aerobic exercise. This early movement related cortical adaptation is indicative of enhanced processing within supplementary motor area. Moreover, this effect was sustained for up to an hour and 15 minutes following exercise cessation. This data is suggestive that aerobic exercise influences on motor related cortical excitability is not driven by an aerobic exercise effect and is more indicative of a delayed neurotransmitter effect.

Download or read book Exercise Cognition Interaction written by Terry McMorris and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-11-06 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exercise-Cognition Interaction: Neuroscience Perspectives is the only book on the market that examines the neuroscientific correlation between exercise and cognitive functioning. The upsurge in research in recent years has confirmed that cognitive-psychology theory cannot account for the effects of exercise on cognition, and both acute and chronic exercise effect neurochemical and psychophysiological changes in the brain that, in turn, affect cognitive functioning. This book provides an overview of the research into these effects, from theoretical research through current studies that emphasize neuroscientific theories and rationales. It addition, users will find a thorough examination of the effects of exercise interventions on cognitive functioning in special populations, including the elderly, children, and those suffering from a variety of diseases, including schizophrenia, diabetes, and an array of neurological disorders. With contributions from leading researchers in the field, this book will be the go-to resource for neuroscientists, psychologists, medical professionals, and other researchers who need an understanding of the role exercise plays in cognitive functioning. Provides a comprehensive account of how exercise affects brain functioning, which in turn affects cognition Covers both theory and empirical research Presents a thorough examination of the effects of exercise interventions on cognitive functioning in special populations, including the elderly, children, and those suffering from a variety of diseases Examines neurochemical, psychophysiological, and genetic factors Covers acute and chronic exercise

Download or read book Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation written by Eric Wassermann and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-01-24 with total page 773 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transcranial stimulation comprises an important set of techniques for investigating brain function, some of which promise to treat diseases. This book provides a review of the scientific and technical background required to understand transcranial stimulation, for neuroscientists, neurologists, and psychiatrists.

Download or read book The Exercise Effect on Mental Health written by Henning Budde and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Exercise Effect on Mental Health contains the most recent and thorough overview of the links between exercise and mental health, and the underlying mechanisms of the brain. The text will enhance interested clinicians’ and researchers’ understanding of the neurobiological effect of exercise on mental health. Editors Budde and Wegner have compiled a comprehensive review of the ways in which physical activity impacts the neurobiological mechanisms of the most common psychological and psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. This text presents a rigorously evidence-based case for exercise as an inexpensive, time-saving, and highly effective treatment for those suffering from mental illness and distress.

Download or read book Principles of Exercise Neuroscience written by Dawson J. Kidgell and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-12 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well-established that the human nervous system is able to modify its functions in response to activity or experience. This response has been termed ‘neuroplasticity’ and involves the reorganisation of neural circuits that control human movement. Recent evidence suggests that the primary motor cortex (M1) can experience neuroplasticity following various types of physical activity. Although neuroplasticity can be stimulated in a variety of ways, recently, it has been reported following exercise, injury and during periods of rehabilitation. This book introduces the key concepts that underpin human motor control and its application to exercise science and rehabilitation. The topics covered here integrate research, theory and the clinical applications of exercise neuroscience that will support students, researchers and clinicians to understand how the nervous system responds, or adapts, to physical activity, training, rehabilitation and disease. The book uses a mix of neuromuscular physiology, electrophysiology and muscle physiology to provide a synthesis of current knowledge and research in the field of exercise neuroscience that specifically examines the effects of exercise training, injury and rehabilitation of the human nervous system. This is the first textbook of its kind that describes the neurological benefits of exercise, and will be a highly valuable text for undergraduate students studying exercise science, exercise physiology and physiotherapy.

Download or read book Impact of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Motor Learning and Executive Function in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities written by Yonjoong Ryuh and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Transcranial Brain Stimulation written by Carlo Miniussi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-12-03 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the discovery of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), these non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been used to investigate the state of cortical excitability, and the excitability of the cortico-cortical and corticospinal pathways. In addition, these techniques have been found

Download or read book Online and Offline Modulators of Motor Learning written by Shahabeddin Vahdat and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-05-25 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both the acquisition of new and the modification of previously acquired motor skills are necessary to achieve optimal levels of motor performance in everyday functioning as well as to attain expert performance levels that are evident in sports and arts. A multitude of factors have been shown to influence the various stages of the learning process, from the acquisition (i.e., motor memory encoding) to the consolidation and subsequent retention of a skill. These factors, or modulators, can affect learning through online processes taking place during practice of a new motor skill or through offline processes occurring in the absence of task performance (i.e., after training sessions). Although much of the recent research from various disciplines has placed an increased emphasis on identifying factors that can influence the motor learning process, we lack an integrated understanding of online and offline determinants of motor skill behaviours. Potential motor learning modulators include, but are certainly not limited to, stress, anxiety, attention, executive functioning, social interaction, stimulus-response mapping, training schedule/regimen, learning environment, vigilance/consciousness states including sleep, wakefulness or meditation, brain stimulation, interference as well as resting state brain connectivity. Pathological and non-pathological (i.e., development or aging) changes in the brain can also be conceptualized as potential modulators. The aim of this Research Topic is to bridge research from the cognitive, sensory, motor and psychological domains using various behavioural paradigms and neuroimaging techniques in order to provide a comprehensive view of the online and offline modulators of motor learning, and how they interact to influence motor performance. Critically, the overarching goal is to gain a better understanding of how motor behaviour can be optimized. We believe that merging research from diverse neuroscientific communities would contribute to fulfilling this goal and potentially highlight possible shared neurophysiological mechanisms influencing motor learning.

Download or read book Examination of Mechanisms Underlying the Effect of Single session Exercise on Cortical Plasticity written by Jonathan S. Thacker and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Individuals who routinely participate in physical activity are the beneficiaries of a wide array of health benefits. As well, recent observations in humans have identified that even a single session of aerobic exercise can enhance the receptivity of the primary motor cortex (M1) to within-session motor skill training, a phenomenon referred to as “priming”. However, the biochemical mechanisms that account for exercise-induced priming of M1 remain relatively unexplored. Thus, the current thesis presents 4 studies that aimed to uncover the biochemical signature responsible for exercise-induced priming of M1 following a single bout of aerobic exercise. Given the notion that a single exercise exposure primes M1 for learning, it is likely this change would manifest on a molecular level and mirror adaptations stereotypically observed during early synaptic plasticity. In the first study, no observable differences in plasticity-related protein expression were found in the M1 of male, Sprague-Dawley rats following either acclimatization, or a graded exercise test to exhaustion. These data suggest treadmill acclimatization, or exhaustive exercise are not likely, by themselves, to evoke the required sort of change within M1. Consequently, a more likely candidate for exercise-induced priming was pursued; that is, post-translational modification of the already established proteome. In study 2, significant increases of both AMPA (GluA1, 2) and NMDA (GluN2A, B) receptor subunit phosphorylation were observed only after a single session of moderate exercise. Phosphorylation changes of the observed direction and magnitude have previously indicated alterations in the localization of these receptors at the cellular surface, however, whether these changes are confined to synaptic densities remains uncertain. Presently, few techniques exist with the specificity and precision required to adequately assess the synaptic surface fraction. As a result, in study 3, we developed a novel approach to enrich synaptic surface proteins by combining two well-established techniques (biotinylation + synaptoneurosome isolation). Using Western blot analysis, we confirmed that our biotinylated-synaptoneurosome fraction showed strong agreement with the presumptive presence of synaptic membrane-bound proteins, while excluding negative-control proteins. Moreover, we displayed the sensitivity of this approach to detect synaptic receptor trafficking events by chemically inducing long-term potentiation in M1 slices. Following the development of this technique, we redirected our efforts to explore the priming effects within M1. Specifically, we assessed the efficacy of priming M1 using two molecules (Corticosterone + BDNF) previously demonstrated to be released during and after a single session of exercise. We incubated M1 slices either in combination, or alone, with each of the two hormones and found significant changes in synaptic surface expression of either NMDA, or AMPA receptor subunits. In addition, we observed large increases in AMPA receptor subunit phosphorylation and total AMPA receptor presence within synaptic fractions, suggesting priming of M1 may be reflected as the accumulation of receptors within synapses, which would serve to provide a receptor pool at the synaptic density ready for insertion. In combination, the 4 studies provide the first evidence for a mechanism that may account for exercise-induced priming following a single session of moderate aerobic exercise.

Download or read book Bayesian Cognitive Modeling written by Michael D. Lee and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-03 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bayesian inference has become a standard method of analysis in many fields of science. Students and researchers in experimental psychology and cognitive science, however, have failed to take full advantage of the new and exciting possibilities that the Bayesian approach affords. Ideal for teaching and self study, this book demonstrates how to do Bayesian modeling. Short, to-the-point chapters offer examples, exercises, and computer code (using WinBUGS or JAGS, and supported by Matlab and R), with additional support available online. No advance knowledge of statistics is required and, from the very start, readers are encouraged to apply and adjust Bayesian analyses by themselves. The book contains a series of chapters on parameter estimation and model selection, followed by detailed case studies from cognitive science. After working through this book, readers should be able to build their own Bayesian models, apply the models to their own data, and draw their own conclusions.

Download or read book Studying Brain Activity in Sports Performance written by Stéphane Perrey and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The improvement of exercise performance in sports not only involves the enhancement of physical strength, but also includes the development of psychological and cognitive functions. There is an increasing body of evidence to show that physical exercise is a powerful way to improve a number of aspects of cognition and brain function at the systemic and behavioral levels. Yet, several questions remain: What type of exercise program is optimal for improving cognitive functions? What are the real effects of certain innovative exercise protocols on the relationship between behavior and the brain? To what extent do ergogenic aids boost cognitive function? How efficient are neuromodulation techniques in relation to behavioral performance? The answers to these questions likely require multidisciplinary insights not only from physiologists and sports scientists, but also from neuroscientists and psychologists. The manuscripts published (16 research papers and one perspective article from various academic fields) in this Special Issue Book “Exercise: A Gate That Primes the Brain to Perform” bring together current knowledge and novel directions in human exercise-cognition research dealing with performance. This book showcases the various relationships between cognitive function, brain activity, and behavioral performance with applications in sports and exercise science.

Download or read book Functional Neuroimaging in Exercise and Sport Sciences written by Henning Boecker and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-19 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regular physical exercise is associated with substantial health benefits. Recent evidence not only holds for cardiovascular effects promoting "physical health", but also for the central nervous system believed to promote "brain health”. Moderate physical exercise has been found to improve learning, memory, and attentional processing, with recent research indicating that neuroprotective mechanisms and associated plasticity in brain structure and function also benefit. Physical exercise is also known to induce a range of acute or sustained psychophysiological effects, among these mood elevation, stress reduction, anxiolysis, and hypoalgesia. Today, modern functional neuroimaging techniques afford direct measurement of the acute and chronic relation of physical exercise on the human brain, as well as the correlation of the derived physiological in vivo signals with behavioral outcomes recorded during and after exercise. A wide range of imaging techniques have been applied to human exercise research, ranging from electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to positron emission tomography (PET). All of these imaging methods provide distinct information, and they differ considerably in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, availability, cost, and associated risks. However, from a “multimodal imaging” perspective, neuroimaging provides an unprecedented potential to unravel the neurobiology of human exercise, covering a wide spectrum ranging from structural plasticity in gray and white matter, network dynamics, global and regional perfusion, evoked neuronal responses to the quantification of neurotransmitter release. The aim of this book is to provide the current state of the human neuroimaging literature in the emerging field of the neurobiological exercise sciences and to outline future applications and directions of research.

Download or read book Exercise and Cognitive Function written by Terry McMorris and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-01 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook focuses on the relationship between physical exercise and cognition, a very timely and important topic with major theoretical and practical implications for a number of areas including ageing, neurorehabilitation, depression and dementia. It brings together a wide range of analytical approaches and experimental results to provide a very useful overview and synthesis of this growing field of study. The book is divided into three parts: Part I covers the conceptual, theoretical and methodological underpinnings and issues. Part II focuses on advances in exercise and cognition research, with appropriate sub-sections on ‘acute’ and ‘chronic’ exercise and cognition. Part III presents an overview of the area and makes suggestions for the direction of future research. This text provides a cutting-edge examination of this increasingly important area written by leading experts from around the world. The book will prove invaluable to researchers and practitioners in a number of fields, including exercise science, cognitive science, neuroscience and clinical medicine. Key Features: Unique in-depth investigation of the relationship between physical exercise and brain function. Covers theoretical approaches and experimental results and includes chapters on the latest developments in research design. Examines the effects of both acute and chronic exercise on brain function. International list of contributors, who are leading researchers in their field.