Download or read book The Effect of Bridge Deck Design Methodology on Crack Control written by Richard J. Nielsen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At present, the Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) Bridge Design Manual allows engineers to use the AASHTO empirical method to design concrete bridge decks. However, the ITD Bridge Section would like to compare their design practices to those employed by other state DOTs. The Bridge Section is also interested in the ability of the empirical deck design method to control deck cracking. AASHTO's empirical deck design method and traditional design method are summarized. We reviewed the literature regarding the effect of bridge deck design methodology on deck cracking. Many researchers agree that the empirical bridge deck design method needs to be modified to limit cracking. For example, Frosch and Radabaugh believe that the empirical method does not require a large enough reinforcement ratio to adequately control cracking. Others such as Krauss believe that the deck-to-girder stiffness has a greater effect on deck cracking and should be increased in the empirical method. We also surveyed bridge deck design methods and typical deck designs for all of the states in the U.S. Bridge deck properties such as deck thickness, rebar size and rebar spacing from other states were compared to those specified by ITD. Most states and Canada use a significantly smaller spacing and larger reinforcement bar size. We believe that reducing the spacing and increasing the size of rebar would mitigate ITD's deck cracking problem, although the degree to which deck crack spacing and width would be mitigated would require further research.

Download or read book Control and Repair of Bridge Deck Cracking written by Robert J. Frosch and published by . This book was released on 2010-11-15 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Design Methods for the Control of Restrained Shrinkage Cracking written by Robert J. Frosch and published by . This book was released on 2006-09-15 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Control of Time dependent Transverse Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks written by Cathy Hsiang-Chen Chen and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cause and Control of Transverse Cracking in Concrete Bridge Decks written by M. Ala Saadeghvaziri and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many concrete bridge decks develop transverse cracking and most of these cracks develop at early ages, some right after construction and some after the bridge has been opened to traffic for a period of time. Structural design factors have not been the subject of much research in the past and they were the main thrust of this research study. Using 2-D and 3-D linear and nonlinear finite element models many design factors such as girder stiffness, deck thickness, girder spacing, relative stiffness of deck to girder, amount of reinforcements, etc., were studied. The research study also included a comprehensive review of the existing literature as well as survey of 24 bridges in the state of New Jersey. Results of each research task are presented and discussed in detail. Furthermore, based on analytical results and literature review, the effect of various factors are quantified and specific recommendations for possible consideration in design are made.

Download or read book Control of Cracking in Bridge Decks written by D. Darwin and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crack surveys of bridge decks, performed over a 10-year period in northeast Kansas as part of three studies, provide strong guidance in identifying the parameters that control cracking in these structures. The surveys involve steel girder bridges--bridges that are generally agreed to exhibit the greatest amount of cracking in the concrete decks. The surveys include monolithic decks and decks with silica fume and conventional concrete overlays. The study demonstrates that crack density increases as a function of cement and water content, and concrete strength. In addition, crack density is higher in the end spans of decks that are integral with the abutments than decks with pin-ended supports. Most cracking occurs early in the life of a bridge deck, but continues to increase over time. This is true for bridges cast in both the 1980s and the 1990s. A key observation, however, is that bridge decks cast in the 1980s exhibit less cracking than those in the 1990s, even with the increase in crack density over time. Changes in materials, primarily cement fineness, and construction procedures over the past 20 years, are discussed in light of these observations. A major bright spot has been the positive effect of efforts to limit early evaporation, suggesting that the early initiation of curing procedures will help reduce cracking in bridge decks.

Download or read book Development and Construction of Low cracking High performance Concrete LC HPC Bridge Decks written by Heather Anne Kirkvold McLeod and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development, construction, and evaluation of Low-Cracking High-Performance Concrete (LC-HPC) bridge decks are described based on laboratory test results and experiences gained through the construction of 14 LC-HPC bridge decks. The study is divided into three parts covering (1) an evaluation of the chloride penetration into concrete using long-term salt-ponding tests, (2) a comprehensive discussion of specifications for LC-HPC construction and standard practices in Kansas, and (3) the description of the construction and the preliminary evaluation of LC-HPC bridge decks in Kansas. This report emphasizes the construction process; a companion report (FHWA-KS-09-5) provided a detailed discussion of the influence of material properties on the performance of LC-HPC bridge decks. The first portion of the study involves evaluating the effect of paste content, curing period, water-cement (w/c) ratio, cement type and fineness, mineral admixtures (ground granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume), a shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA), and standard DOT bridge deck mixtures on chloride penetration into solid concrete, tested in accordance with AASHTO T 259. The evaluation includes a total of 33 individual concrete batches and 123 test specimens. The results indicate that for concrete containing only Portland Cement, reductions in paste content result in increased permeability. A reduced paste content and increased w/c ratio result in increased permeability, whereas the presence of mineral admixtures (ground granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume) and longer curing periods result in decreased permeability. Concrete made with medium or coarse ground Type II cement has greater permeability than concrete made with Type I/II cement. It is not clear how the presence of an SRA affects concrete permeability. LC-HPC mixtures have lower permeability than standard DOT mixtures. The second portion of the study describes the specifications for the LC-HPC and Control bridge decks in Kansas. The focus is on the construction methods, including the evolution of the specifications over time. The third portion of the study details the development and construction of 14 LC-HPC and 12 conventional Control bridge decks built in Kansas. The design details, construction experiences, and lessons learned from the LC-HPC bridge decks are described in detail, and an overview of the materials is presented; the design and construction data for each Control deck is provided; and initial crack survey results are evaluated for various construction-related parameters. The results indicate that successful LC-HPC bridge deck construction is repeatable, and that clear and consistent communication between the contractor, owner, and testing personnel is vital for successful construction of LC-HPC decks. Preliminary evaluation of cracking indicates that at early ages, LC-HPC decks are performing better than the Control decks, as well as earlier monolithic decks in Kansas.

Download or read book Control of Concrete Cracking in Bridges written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Development and Layout of a Protocol for the Field Performance of Concrete Deck and Crack Sealants written by José Antonio Pincheira and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objective of this project was to develop and layout a protocol for the long-term monitoring and assessment of the performance of concrete deck and crack sealants in the field. To accomplish this goal, a total of six bridge decks were chosen for study. The decks have ages that vary from 4 to 30 years old, are all in good condition, though some presented a variety of longitudinal, transverse and diagonal cracking. In each deck, test segments were laid out along one lane in four of the six bridges. Drill powder samples were extracted in each segment in order to determine the in-situ, near-surface chloride ion content of the deck. Laboratory analyses of the samples showed that the chloride ion content varied between 3.2 lb/cy for the younger decks (3 years old) and 20.8 lb/cy for the older decks (28 years old). Based on the recommendations of a previous laboratory investigation, a pool of the best performing deck and crack sealants were selected to be applied in the decks. In two bridges, deck segments were sealed with four deck sealants while one segment was left unsealed to be used as a control segment. Additionally, the cracks in each of these segments were sealed with five crack sealants. While two other decks were also scheduled for sealing as part of this phase of the project, they were not done because the required curing time for some of the products was longer than deemed acceptable by DOT crews for these high traffic bridges. It is recommended, however, that every effort be made to have these decks be sealed in the near future. The remaining two bridges had been sealed at the time of construction. While no specific information could be secured about the product used in these decks, the low chloride ion content in these decks suggested that the applied product has helped reduce the ingress of chloride ions. Therefore, it is recommended that these decks continue to be monitored over time. Based on the inspections and the data collected in the field, a protocol and schedule for the continuing monitoring of sealant performance is presented.

Download or read book Construction of Crack free Bridge Decks written by David Darwin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This serves as the final report on Transportation Pooled-Fund Program Project No. TPF-5(174), "Construction of Crack-Free Bridge Decks." The goal of the study was to implement the most cost-effective techniques for improving bridge deck life through the reduction of cracking. Work was performed both in the laboratory and in the field, resulting in the construction of 17 bridge decks in Kansas that were let under Low-Cracking High-Performance Concrete (LC-HPC) specifications. The report documents the performance of the decks based on crack surveys performed on the LC-HPC decks and matching control bridge decks. The specifications for LC-HPC bridge decks, which cover aggregates, concrete, and construction procedures, as well as procedures for performing crack surveys, are summarized. The first 13 LC-HPC bridge decks are compared to control decks in terms of crack density as a function of time. Survey results are also presented for three LC-HPC decks without control decks and one deck let under LC-HPC specifications on which the specifications were not enforced. The widths of measured cracks ranged from 0.006 to 0.025 inches (0.15 to 0.64 mm). The LC-HPC bridge decks exhibit less cracking than the matching control decks in the vast majority of cases. Only bridge decks LC-HPC-2 and LC-HPC-3 have higher overall crack densities than their control decks, the two best performing control decks in the program, and the differences are small. The majority of the cracks are transverse and run parallel to the top layer of the deck reinforcement. Relatively short cracks are present near the abutments and propagate perpendicular to the abutments (longitudinally). The study demonstrates the positive effects of reduced cementitious material and cement paste contents, improved early-age and long-term curing, concrete temperature control, limitations on or de-emphasis of maximum concrete compressive strength, limitations on maximum slump, and minimizing finishing operations on minimizing cracking in bridge decks.

Download or read book Quantification of Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks written by Saikrishna Ganapuram and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cracking in reinforced concrete bridge decks is a widespread concern in the United States. Many concrete bridge decks, regardless to the age of construction, have shown different levels and patterns of cracking. Not only does cracking of bridge decks weaken the bridge infrastructure, but also allows the inflow of corrosive agents into the reinforcement, regardless of the bridge design type, length of spans, deck thickness and concrete mixture designs. Increased cracking of concrete bridge decks all over the world poses a threat to life as well as prove extremely expensive for repair and maintenance. Thus, precautions must be taken in order to avoid and restrict bridge deck cracking, one of which is inspection of the bridge at regular intervals. The Ohio Department of Transportation's current procedure for bridge inspection offers only a qualitative assessment of the bridges inspected. In this study, a method was developed for the quantification of crack densities for twelve bridges in District 3. Two types of bridges were inspected: three structural slab bridge decks and nine stringer supported bridge decks. Crack densities for each bridge were determined based on crack maps corresponding to the surveys for each bridge deck. Results indicated that structural slab bridge decks have slightly higher shrinkage crack densities compared to the bridge decks constructed with stringer supports. However, the "structural" cracks seem to be wider than shrinkage cracks for structural slabs (greater than 0.007 inch). Particularly on bridge ASD-42-0656, which is a continuous slab bridge, there were several large "structural" cracks that were parallel to the pier beams supports. The shrinkage crack densities of the twelve bridge decks determined in this study were considerably lower than the crack densities of similar bridge decks located in other states, demonstrating that Ohio bridge decks in general have lower crack density than those in other states. The shrinkage crack densities of the bridges constructed with QC/QA type of concrete have lower values than the bridges made with other types of concrete. Also, the crack widths were determined at certain key locations and were compared with theoretical values. The measured crack widths are much larger compared to the corresponding theoretical crack widths. This is a reason for concern.

Download or read book Design of Reinforcement free Bridge Decks with Wide Flange Prestressed Precast Girders written by Han Ug Bae and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Jointless Bridge Decks written by Paul Zia and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The major focus of this research was to validate the concept of connecting two adjacent simple-span girders with a link slab to form a jointless bridge deck so as to eliminate the standard deck joint between the girders. Laboratory tests were conducted on two large-scale specimens to study the performance of the link slab and the girders. The test results indicated that the contribution of link slab to structural continuity is negligible since the stiffness of the link slab is much less than that of the beams with composite decks. Therefore the beams can be treated as simply supported structures without considering the link slab. Furthermore, the stresses in the link slab are controlled primarily by the predominant bending effect due to the end rotations of the beams rather than the axial load effect. A simplified method of analysis is proposed in which the end rotations of the two adjacent girders under a given loading are determined first. Then the end rotations are imposed on the ends of the link slab and the induced moment in the link slab is thus calculated. A design guideline for the link slab is also proposed and illustrated by a design example. The reinforcement for the link slab is designed to control the crack width in the link slab according to the AASHTO criterion.

Download or read book Concrete Bridge Designer s Manual written by E. Pennells and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives bridge engineers clear guidance on design and includes 88 data sheets of design information, charts and check lists.

Download or read book Early age Cracking of Concrete Bridge Deck Slabs Reinforced with GFRP Bars written by Amir Jr Ghatefar and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Maintenance Safety Risk Management and Life Cycle Performance of Bridges written by Nigel Powers and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-07-04 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintenance, Safety, Risk, Management and Life-Cycle Performance of Bridges contains lectures and papers presented at the Ninth International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management (IABMAS 2018), held in Melbourne, Australia, 9-13 July 2018. This volume consists of a book of extended abstracts and a USB card containing the full papers of 393 contributions presented at IABMAS 2018, including the T.Y. Lin Lecture, 10 Keynote Lectures, and 382 technical papers from 40 countries. The contributions presented at IABMAS 2018 deal with the state of the art as well as emerging concepts and innovative applications related to the main aspects of bridge maintenance, safety, risk, management and life-cycle performance. Major topics include: new design methods, bridge codes, heavy vehicle and load models, bridge management systems, prediction of future traffic models, service life prediction, residual service life, sustainability and life-cycle assessments, maintenance strategies, bridge diagnostics, health monitoring, non-destructive testing, field testing, safety and serviceability, assessment and evaluation, damage identification, deterioration modelling, repair and retrofitting strategies, bridge reliability, fatigue and corrosion, extreme loads, advanced experimental simulations, and advanced computer simulations, among others. This volume provides both an up-to-date overview of the field of bridge engineering and significant contributions to the process of more rational decision-making on bridge maintenance, safety, risk, management and life-cycle performance of bridges for the purpose of enhancing the welfare of society. The Editors hope that these Proceedings will serve as a valuable reference to all concerned with bridge structure and infrastructure systems, including students, researchers and engineers from all areas of bridge engineering.

Download or read book Factors Affecting the Durability of Concrete Bridge Decks written by M. W. Horn and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: