Download or read book The Armenian Awakening written by Leon Arpee and published by . This book was released on 1909 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Armenian Awakening written by Arpee Leon and published by . This book was released on 1901 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Armenian Awakening written by Leon Arpee and published by . This book was released on 1909 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Armenian Awakening written by Leon Arpee and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-03 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Armenian Awakening: A History of the Armenian Church, 1820-1860 The Armenians, like the Greeks and Latins, have seven sacraments. Baptism is administered to infants eight days old by threefold immersion, with the adjuncts of confirmation and unction. Baptism is regarded as the cause of regeneration, and is sup posed to remove original sin. It is held to be liter ally a christening. Without it the infant is a heathen; and an Armenian mother will not kiss her babe until it has been baptized. The Armenians celebrate mass as a propitiatory sacrifice. They believe in transubstantiation, and venerate the elements as the divine body and blood. Like the Latin church and unlike the Greek, they use unleavened bread in the eucharist, and unlike either mix no water with the wine. Prayers for the dead accompany the mass, but no purgatory is recognized. Oricular confession is observed preparatory to the communion, the priest imposing penance and pronouncing absolution. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book The Armenian Awakening written by Leon Arpee and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2022-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Download or read book The Armenian Awakening written by Leon Arpee and published by Palala Press. This book was released on 2015-09-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Download or read book The Armenian Awakening written by Leon Arpee and published by Nabu Press. This book was released on 2014-02-20 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

Download or read book The Armenian Awakening written by Leon Arpee and published by . This book was released on 1909 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Armenian Awakening a History of the Armenian Church 1820 1860 by Leon Arpee written by Leon Arpee and published by . This book was released on 1909 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Armenian awakening written by and published by . This book was released on 1909 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Armenian Awakening Scholar s Choice Edition written by Leon Arpee and published by Scholar's Choice. This book was released on 2015-02-19 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Download or read book The Armenians written by Razmik Panossian and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2006-05-27 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Armenians traces the evolution of Armenia and Armenian collective identity from its beginnings to the Armenian nationalist movement over Gharabagh in 1988. Applying theories of national-identity formation and nationalism, Razmik Panossian analyzes different elements of Armenian identity construction and argues that national identity is modern, predominantly subjective, and based on a political sense of belonging. Yet he also acknowledges the crucial role of history, art, literature, religious practice, and commerce in preserving the national memory and shaping the cultural identity of the Armenian people. Panossian explores a series of landmark events, among them Armenians' first attempts at liberation, the Armenian renaissance of the nineteenth century, the 1915 genocide of the Ottoman Armenians, and Soviet occupation. He shows how these influences led to a "multilocal" evolution of Armenian identity in various places in and outside of Armenia, notably in diasporan communities from India to Venice. Today, these numerous identities contribute to deep divisions and tensions within the Armenian nation, the most profound of which is the cultural divide between Armenians residing in their homeland and those who live in the United States, Canada, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Considering the diversity of this single nation, Panossian questions the theoretical assumption that nationalism must be homogenizing. Based on extensive research conducted in Armenia and the diaspora, including interviews and translation of Armenian-language sources, The Armenians is an engaging history and an invaluable comparative study.

Download or read book The Republic of Armenia Rise and Fall written by Ohanes Geukjian and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Armenians had been struggling hard since the 1600*3 to assert their identity as a nation. The tremendous efforts and perseve¬rance of the Armenians culminated in the establishment of the Armenian Republic in 1918. The desire to achieve independence was suddenly realized, and the Armenians looked hopefully to the future, Armenia was under difficult and unfavorable conditions. Internally, the country was devastated because of the war, and hunger and disease prevailed among the exhausted population. The government tried hard to secure relief, but the scope of the catastrophic situation was greater than any relief plan. Externally, Armenia was surrounded by hostile neighbors: Turkey, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Each had territorial disputes with the Armenians, and they never cooperated wholeheartedly to solve those disputes. However, some of the problems were settled appropriately either by negotiations or by force. The creation of the Armenian republic was considered as the starting point of the solution of the Armenian Question. Since the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the Armenians had presented petitions and had asked the Western powers to find a just solution to the Armenian Question. The Armenian Question had always been at the mercy of the great powers. How that the Republic was proclaimed, the Armenians represen¬ted their case from a position of power in order to protect their fatherland. The Armenian demands were heard during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, where the victorious powers were assembled to solve all the territorial disputes among nations. After that the Armenian demands were discussed during the London and San Remo Conferences, and the Armenian territorial claims were taken into serious consideration. Finally, the Treaty of Sevres denounced Turkey and gave the Armenians the right to retain their lands under Turkish control. But the Allied weak position towards Turkey and the alliance of the Kemalist forces (Turkish Nationalists) with communist Russia withered the Armenian hopes and finally suppressed the Armenian Republic. Armenia was crushed in December, 1920. The Wilsonian principles of self-determination and freedom found no realization in the case of the Armenians, However, the perception of the homeland continued to be the focus of all Armenian nationalist activities. The objective of this thesis is to study and analyze the history of the Armenian Republic between the years 1918-1921. The intensity of Armenian nationalism, which reached its peak in the 19th century, not only contributed but made the birth of the Republic possible. Armenian nationalism used to be a very strong factor before and during the life of the Republic. The understanding of Armenian nationalism is crucial, because it continues to have a very strong and positive role in determining the will of exist¬ence of the Armenian nation. However, nationalism alone was not enough to make the Republic continue its independent and sovereign existence. Other factors were also necessary to make the viability of the state possible. Territory, geography, resources, population and foreign support were some of these factors. To what extent did these factors exist and contribute to the maintenance of the Republic were traced throughout the analysis. The Republic occupied a unique place in the history of Armenian political experience. The Armenians were faced by the process of state formation, and principles like statehood, sovereignty, and self determination. The analysis will focus on the factors which led to the rise of the Republic as well as those which led to its collapse. The accomplishment of this work demanded tremendous work and research. The major source of information came from books and articles on Armenian history and political experience. We have heavily focused on the "Armenian Review", a journal published in the U.S. since 1948. Also, we have used memoirs and documents on British and American foreign relations. Moreover, we have referred to Armenian papers that are published for the first time. The first chapter of this thesis will deal with the meaning of nationalism. Its two corollaries, nation and nationality, will also be discussed. Some factors like language, culture, historical traditions and religion are referred to as characteristics of nationality. Emphasis is put on independence since all nations must live within a defined territory and determine their fate alone. Chapter two will deal with the idea of Armenian nationalism, first, we will be examining the early Armenian Kingdom, then the Turkish occupation of Western Armenia, specifically the Armenian six vilayets. Early Armenian nationalistic feelings aroused by Armenian intellectuals who had studied in Europe and returned back to their homeland will consti¬tute the core of the analysis in this chapter. Early Armenian bids to liberation from foreign dominations represent a special interest in this part. The mission of Israel Ori and other nationalists are discussed in full detail as examples of freedom wonderers. We have also referred to Armenian underground organizations whose efforts culminated in arousing the nationalistic feelings of the Armenians. The establishment of the Armenian independent Republic will be discussed in chapter three. The revolutionary activities of the Armenian political parties paved the way to the Armenian national awakening. The outbreak of W.W.I, the entaglement of Armeno-Turkish relations, the Allied role in Transcaucasia, the effects of the Bolshevik revolution, The Armeno-Georgian and Armeno-Azerbaijani relations are all analyzed in this chapter. Chapter four will refer to the foreign political role concerning the future of the Republic. The victorious Allies gathered at Versailles tried to solve all the problems generated by the war and impose a just solution on the vanquished nations. The Armenians, who were represented by two delegations, tried hard at Paris to make the Allies fulfill their promises, and secure foreign support to the Republic, since it was vital for the sovereign existence of the state. However, because of Allied revalry over political issues, and the lack of Armenian diplomatic flexibility, and political experience, the Turkish treaty was delayed. The Allied response in the form of investigatory work throughout various fact finding commissions was discussed in full detail. Finally, the last chapter analyses the downfall of the Armenian Republic. Issues like Kemalism and Bolshevism, Armeno-Azerbaijani and Armeno-Georgian territorial conflicts, Armenian shift in political strategy, the Armeno-Bolshevik clashes during the may celebrations, and the role of the Armenian communists occupy a unique place in this chapter. Equal importance and weight is devoted to the Russo-Turkish cooperation and their alliance in crushing the independent Republic. Finally, the chapter ends by refering to the harsh terms of the Alexandrapol treaty and the sovietization of Armenia.

Download or read book Open Wounds written by Vicken Cheterian and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Open Wounds explains how, after the First World War, the new Turkish Republic forcibly erased the memory of the atrocities, and traces of Armenians, from their historic lands -- a process to which the international community turned a blind eye.

Download or read book Starving Armenians written by Merrill D. Peterson and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1915 and 1925 as many as 1.5 million Armenians, a minority in the Ottoman Empire, died in Ottoman Turkey, victims of execution, starvation, and death marches to the Syrian Desert. Peterson explores the American response to these atrocities, from initial reports to President Wilson until Armenia's eventual absorption into the Soviet Union.

Download or read book The Armenian revolutionary movement written by Louise Nalbandian and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1967 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Awakening Islam written by Stéphane Lacroix and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-15 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amidst the roil of war and instability across the Middle East, the West is still searching for ways to understand the Islamic world. Stéphane Lacroix has now given us a penetrating look at the political dynamics of Saudi Arabia, one of the most opaque of Muslim countries and the place that gave birth to Osama bin Laden. The result is a history that has never been told before. Lacroix shows how thousands of Islamist militants from Egypt, Syria, and other Middle Eastern countries, starting in the 1950s, escaped persecution and found refuge in Saudi Arabia, where they were integrated into the core of key state institutions and society. The transformative result was the Sahwa, or “Islamic Awakening,” an indigenous social movement that blended political activism with local religious ideas. Awakening Islam offers a pioneering analysis of how the movement became an essential element of Saudi society, and why, in the late 1980s, it turned against the very state that had nurtured it. Though the “Sahwa Insurrection” failed, it has bequeathed the world two very different, and very determined, heirs: the Islamo-liberals, who seek an Islamic constitutional monarchy through peaceful activism, and the neo-jihadis, supporters of bin Laden's violent campaign. Awakening Islam is built upon seldom-seen documents in Arabic, numerous travels through the country, and interviews with an unprecedented number of Saudi Islamists across the ranks of today’s movement. The result affords unique insight into a closed culture and its potent brand of Islam, which has been exported across the world and which remains dangerously misunderstood.