Download or read book The Aortic Valve Endothelial Cell written by Scott Andrew Metzler and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aortic valve (AV) functions in arguably the most demanding mechanical environment in the body. The AV experiences fluid shear stress, cyclic pressure and mechanical strain in vivo. Recent evidence has shown the progression of degenerative aortic valve disease (AVD) to be an active cellular mediated process, altering the conception of the AV as a passive tissue. AVD has shown a strong correlation with altered hemodynamics and tissue mechanics. Aortic valve endothelial cells (AVECs) line the fibrosa (aortic facing) and ventricularis (left ventricle facing) surfaces of the valve. AVECs sense and respond to circulating stimuli in the blood stream while maintaining a non-thrombogenic layer. AVEC activation has been implicated in the initiation and progression of AVD, but the role of cyclic strain has yet to be elucidated. The hypothesis of this dissertation is that altered mechanical forces have a causal relationship with aortic valvular endothelial cell activation. To test this hypothesis 1) the role of in vitro cyclic strain in regulating expression of pro-inflammatory adhesion molecule was elucidated 2) cyclic strain-dependent activation of side-specific aortic valve endothelial cells was investigated 3) a novel stretch bioreactor was developed to dramatically increase the ability to correlate valvular endothelium response to physiologically relevant applied planar biaxial loads. The results from this study further the field of heart valve mechanobiology by correlating AVEC physiological and pathophysiological function to cellular and tissue level strain. Elucidating the AVEC response to an altered mechanical environment may result in novel clinical diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to the initiation and progression of degenerative AVD. Furthermore, a cardiovascular health outreach program, Bulldogs for Heart Health, has been designed and implemented to combat the startling rise in childhood obesity in the state of Mississippi. It is the hope that these results, novel methods, and outreach initiatives developed will significantly impact the study of the mechanobiology of the aortic valve endothelial cell and potential treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Download or read book From Biology to Clinical Management An Update on Aortic Valve Disease 2nd Edition written by Cécile Oury and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calcific aortic valve stenosis is the most frequent valvular heart disease in Western countries, affecting up to 13% of individuals over 75 years. The disease is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by fibro-calcification of aortic valve cusps and concomitant left ventricular remodelling due to chronic pressure overload, which can evolve into overt heart failure. It progresses very slowly until the onset of symptoms, the indication for aortic valve replacement. Today, about 300,000 aortic valve replacements are performed annually worldwide, either via surgery or transcatheter implantation. This is the only treatment shown to improve survival. There is no pharmacological treatment to prevent or slow disease progression. Major risk factors include older age, congenital anomalies of the aortic valve (bicuspid valve), male gender, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and diabetes. However, how these factors contribute to the disease in unclear. Due to the disease itself, patients are at increased risk of both thrombosis and bleeding, which, in addition to advanced age and comorbidities, makes antithrombotic management of these patients difficult. Regarding valve prostheses, the ideal prosthesis either mechanical or biological still does not exist. Clinically available prostheses can lead to major complications, thrombosis or infection, which necessitate reoperation or cause death in 50-60% of patients within 10 years post-implantation. Hence, there are major unmet medical needs in CAVS and more basic and translational research is definitely required. Our Research Topic depicts major challenges and research paths that could be followed to address these major health needs.
Download or read book Endothelial Cell Biology in Health and Disease written by M. Simionescu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although blood capillaries were first observed through a flea-lens microscope by Malpighi in 1661,200 more years elapsed before the cellular nature of the vessel wall was conclusively demonstrated. Beginning with the middle of the 19th cen tury, our knowledge of the histological organization of blood vessels has steadily increased. However, the endothelium, which for a long time was considered to be just an inert barrier lining, had been barely explored until three decades ago. Since then, there has been an upsurge of interest in the fine structure and function of endothelial cells. Intense in vivo and in vitro investigations have revealed that the endothelial cell is a key element in a wide variety of normal activities and diseases. A large number of investigators and laboratories have been attracted to endothelial cell research, thus supporting the expansion of the continuously grow ing and diversifying field of endotheliology. The number of articles published annually on this subject has increased from a few score at the beginning of the 1970s to more than a thousand in recent years, and an increasing number of journals, books, societies, and symposia focused primarily on the vascular en dothelium have marked the last decade.
Download or read book Aortic Valve Endothelial Cells and Adhesion Molecules written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children with congenital heart defects and patients with faulty or failing valves have the need for a suitable aortic heart valve replacement. Current treatment options have several downfalls and heavy investigation is being done into the design of an engineered valve to find an alternative that would alleviate many of these issues. Understanding the physiology of how cells interact in vivo is crucial to the construction of such valve. This study investigates the effect of cyclic strain in aortic valve endothelial cells on the adhesion molecules, PECAM-1, [Beta]1-Integrin, VE-Cadherin and Vinculin. Experiments found that cyclic strain plays a role in the development of cell/cell and cell/extracellular matrix adhesions and junctions and is extremely important in the pre-conditioning of a tissue engineered construct. Without this strain the new valve would be more susceptible to inflammation, injury or possible failure after being implanted into the patient.
Download or read book Calcific Aortic Valve Disease written by Elena Aikawa and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-06-12 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to population aging, calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) has become the most common heart valve disease in Western countries. No therapies exist to slow this disease progression, and surgical valve replacement is the only effective treatment. Calcific Aortic Valve Disease covers the contemporary understanding of basic valve biology and the mechanisms of CAVD, provides novel insights into the genetics, proteomics, and metabolomics of CAVD, depicts new strategies in heart valve tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and explores current treatment approaches. As we are on the verge of understanding the mechanisms of CAVD, we hope that this book will enable readers to comprehend our current knowledge and focus on the possibility of preventing disease progression in the future.
Download or read book Cardiovascular Biology written by J. F. Stoltz and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vascular endothelial plays a significant role in regulating blood flow, and endothelial cells (EC) have highly active metabolic functions. This volume focuses on Vascular Endothelium, NO and Hypertension and is a continuum of the volumes on Mechanobiology of Cartilage and Chondrocyte.
Download or read book Endothelial Cells written by Una S. Ryan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1988-04-30 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This three-volume compendium is the most comprehensive work, to date, on endothelium cells and their important role in the functions of the internal framework. The endothelial cell is broken down into its different properties, taking into consideration its part in metabolic, hemostatic, and immunological processes, as well as their interac-tion with each other and different cell types. Numerous illustrations featured throughout help clarify the importance of endothelium in maintaining the internal status quo. These volumes are indispens-able to researchers, physicians, and others interested in endothe-lium, vascular biology, and circulatory research. Presents a cell biological approach. Provides up-to-the-minute techniques on in vivo and in vitro stud-ies. Considers interactions of endothelial cells with each other. Discusses the interaction with components of coagulation, fibri-nolytic, and complement systems.
Download or read book Aortic Valve written by Chen Ying-Fu and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-12-09 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much has evolved in the field of aortic valve disease because of the increase in knowledge in the last decade, especially in the area of its management. This book "Aortic Valve" is comprised of 18 chapters covering basic science, general consideration of aortic valve disease, infective endocarditis, aortic sclerosis and aortic stenosis, bioprosthetic valve, transcatheter aortic valve implantation and a special section on congenital anomalies of the aortic valve. We hope this book will be particularly useful to cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons and trainees. We also believe that this book will be a valuable resource for radiologists, pathologists, cardiovascular anesthesiologists, and other healthcare professionals who have a special interest in treating patients with aortic valve disease. We are certain that information in this book will help to provide virtually most new areas of aortic valve disease that will be employed in the current era.
Download or read book Endothelial Modulation of Cardiac Function written by Malcolm J Lewis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1997-09-05 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paracrine and autocrine regulation of cardiac function by "endothelial" mediators is becoming important both physiologically and pathophysiologically. This volume brings the researcher completely up to date with all aspects of endothelial regulation and cardiac function. Acknowledged experts in each field have contributed, making this work indispensable for researchers and of great interest to the clinical cardiologist. The Endothelial Cell Research Series publishes significant reviews by experts in the field. The individual volumes provide invaluable guides to researchers studying endothelial cells and are effective reference texts for anyone working in the general areas of vascular biology and neurotransmission. Endothelium was originally considered to be an inert lining for the blood vessels, but during the last fifteen years, this view has had to be completely revised. It is now accepted that the endothelium plays an important role in many diverse functions. This volume concentrates on the effect of the endothelium on cardiac function. It has been widely demonstrated that the endothelium exerts a paracrine influence on contraction of adjacent cardiac muscle through the release of several mediators, such as endothelin and nitric oxide. Recent studies also show that the effects of such mediators upon the heart are not limited to contraction alone.
Download or read book The Aortic Valve written by ManoJ. Thubrikar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides information on the aortic valve. Written in a comprehensive style, it emphasizes the principles behind the development of artificial valves. It covers the principles of valve geometry, tissue structure and function relationships, valve dynamics, fluid dynamics, mechanical stresses, echocardiographic images, mechanisms of valve sounds, valvular pathology, and design and performance of bioprosthetic valves. It enhances our understanding of angiographic and echocardiographic images and calcific stenosis, and will be of value in the development of better prostheses. The Aortic Valve is the ideal text for biomedical engineers and a unique resource for teaching interdisciplinary approaches to medical and engineering students. This work is also an indispensible source for cardiac surgeons, pathologists, cardiologists, and manufacturers of prosthetic valves.
Download or read book Degenerative Aortic Valve Disease its Mechanism on Progression its Effect on the Left Ventricle and the Postoperative Results written by Wilhelm Peter Mistiaen and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Degenerative aortic valve disease is the most prominent cardiac valve disease in Western societies. This volume describes some of the more important issues and problems for this condition: its progressive character and the underlying mechanisms of this progression diagnostic difficulties 1) ascertainment of valvular origin of symptoms in elderly; 2) the challenge of the low output – low gradient syndrome; 3) moderate aortic valve calcification during CABG; 4) prediction of the rate of progression (who will need surgery on short term and who not). the burden on the left ventricle and its consequences (danger of postponement of surgery) the effect and the modalities (access, types of valves) of surgical treatment on survival (and QoL) the mode of registering postoperative complications determining predictors for valve related, non-valve related cardiac and non-cardiac postoperative complications. The e-book is a unique presentation, specific to degenerative aortic valve disease and its treatment including information about ways to deal with the progressive character of the disease (autophagy as a mode of cell death). Cardiologists still avoid or delay referring patients to the surgeon for the sake of age, left ventricular function or co-morbidity. Therefore, the e-book benefits readers by addressing the above issue and providing critical information for changing referral policy, which would ultimately enhance postoperative survival of patients suffering from heart valve disease."
Download or read book Biology of Endothelial Cells written by Eric A. Jaffe and published by Springer. This book was released on 1984-03-31 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The participation of endothelial cells in various physiologic and pathologic processes has been hypothesized since before the turn of the century. However, until recently, direct evidence for endothelial involvement in these processes has been extremely difficult to obtain due to the inability to study endothelial cell function in vitro. Though the possibility of using cultured endothelial cells to study endothelial cell function in vitro was recognized many years ago, the inability to culture unambiguously identifiable endothelial cells limited investigators in their studies of endothelial function. As a result, the field of endothelial cell biology lay relatively fallow for many years. The development in the early 1970's of routine and easily implemented methods for culturing human endothelial cells and the demonstration that cultured endothelial cells synthesized a physiologically relevant protein, Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor, quickly changed this state of affairs. Over the following decade the scope of endothelial cell research rapidly widened, spreading in a number of directions. First, methods were developed to culture endothelial cells from a variety of species. Second, methods were developed to culture endothelial cells from different organs and types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) within a single species. Third, and most important, investigators began using cultured endothelial cells as tools to study the potential involvement of endothelial cells in a wide assortment of biologically interesting processes. The net result has been a tremendous increase in our understanding of endothelial cell function.
Download or read book Mechanobiology of the Endothelium written by Helim Aranda-Espinoza and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-02-25 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium is an excellent example of where biology meets physics and engineering. It must convert mechanical forces into chemical signals to maintain homeostasis. It also controls the immune response, drug delivery through the vasculature, and cancer metastasis. Basic understanding of these processes is starting to emerge and the knowledge ga
Download or read book Initiating Mechanisms of Aortic Valve Disease written by Emily Jean Farrar and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this thesis was to unveil initiating mechanisms of aortic valve disease, a serious and prevalent cardiovascular pathology affecting 2.8% of Americans over the age of 75. Currently, valve disease has no known causes and no existing treatments except for cardiothoracic surgery. Identification of initiating mechanisms will lead to new diagnostic markers and treatment strategies that would allow for early intervention and eventually the prevention of valve disease. This work primarily focuses on the influence of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-[alpha] (TNF[alpha]) on the endothelial cells that line the aortic valve. By focusing on inflammation and the endothelium, both "first responders" to disease conditions in the valve environment, we hoped to unveil new mechanisms that could govern early stages of the disease. In this thesis, we have demonstrated that TNF[alpha] causes adult valve endothelial cells to produce destructive free radicals, dysregulating the delicate oxidate stress state of the valve. TNF[alpha] also drives endothelial cells to become mesenchymal via NF[kappa]B signaling, a reactivation of an embryonic pathway important to shaping the valve leaflets in utero. We further found that NF[kappa]B signaling drives endothelial participation in the later stages of valve calcification, showing in vivo that NF[kappa]B is a critical mediator of valve dysfunction. We have also demonstrated a role for the stem cell transcription factor Oct4 in governing how valve endothelial cells change phenotype throughout disease. These findings have led to improved understanding of how NF[kappa]B and Oct4 govern interstitial cell calcification, in the later stages of valve disease. Finally, we have used the biomechanical engineering strengths of our lab to investigate how the regulation of valve interstitial cell contractility is crucial to progression of calcification in the valve. My hope is that the results presented in this thesis will create a basic science foundation for the development of diagnostics and therapies to help patients suffering from aortic valve disease, especially those ineligible for surgical amelioration. Our in vitro and in vivo findings regarding the role of inflammation in endothelial dysfunction provide new evidence for the design of drugs targeting the NF[kappa]B pathway for aortic valve disease.
Download or read book Vascular Endothelium in Health and Disease written by Shu Chien and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years there has been rapid progress in research on vascular endothelium. This has led to significant advances in our understanding of the structure and function of vascular endothelium in health and disease, including such aspects as the permeability of endothelium in relation to its ultrastructural correlates, theoretical basis, regulatory factors, and role in atherogenesis; the interaction between endothelium and blood cells; the endothelial release and processing of a number of important physiological agents, such as eicosanoids, hemostatic factors, and histamine; the cell biology of endothelium with respect to the cytoskeletal apparatus, cell activation, and cell locomotion; and the role of endothelium in microcirculatory regulation in normal and pathophysiological circumstances. A Symposium on "Vascular Endothelium in Health and Disease" was held on August 5-6, 1987, at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, following the 4th World Congress for Microcirculation in Japan. Experts working on various aspects of vascular endothelium came from allover the world to participate in this two-day Symposium and gave excellent presentations. This volume, embodying the proceedings of that Symposium, is a collection of the papers given by the speakers with, in many cases, further updating and new information added subsequent to the Symposium. The Institute of Biomedical Sciences (IBMS), the site of this Symposium, is a newlJl established research institution, which has vascular endothelium as one of its areas of research emphasis.
Download or read book Endothelial Regulation of Valve Interstitial Cells in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease written by Jennifer Marie Richards and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an increasingly prevalent pathology that often manifests in the degenerative calcification of the valve tissue. Currently, the only treatment for aortic valve calcification is surgical intervention, and a clinically useful molecular signature of CAVD progression has not yet been found. Recent clinical trials testing lipid-lowering therapies were ineffective against aortic stenosis progression, which emphasizes that CAVD may undergo a distinctly different pathogenesis from that of atherosclerosis. While CAVD is no longer believed to be a passive degenerative process, the cellular mechanisms by which the valve calcifies are not wholly understood. There remains a need to understand cellular mechanisms of valve pathogenesis, as well as an in-depth analysis of the altogether unique calcified lesions that form as a result of the disease. The focus of this dissertation was the development of a 3D construct in which the interplay between valve endothelial (VEC) and valve interstitial cells (VIC) could be illuminated in various calcification-prone environments. The completion of this work yielded insights into cellular responses to osteogenic, mineralized, and altered mechanical environments, which could be used to identify potential therapeutic targets or early diagnosis strategies in the future. A 3D hydrogel construct was first developed for the co-culture of interstitial and endothelial cells, which is more physiologically relevant than current 2D models. Under osteogenic conditions, endothelial cells were found to have a protective effect against VIC activation and calcification (Chapter 2). Next, the mineralized lesions and surrounding organic tissue in calcified valves were characterized and found to have a heterogeneous composition of apatite and calcium phosphate mineral crystals (Chapter 3). These findings prompted the use of synthetically derived hydroxyapatite nanoparticles of two different maturation states in order to better evaluate cellular response to a highly mineralized matrix, characteristic of later stages of valve disease (Chapter 4). Finally, the effects of an altered mechanical environment, as is typical in valve disease, were examined by increasing mechanical tension in 3D hydrogel constructs and applying cyclic mechanical strain (Chapter 5). Overall, this body of work has made significant advancements in understanding individual and incorporative cellular responses to osteogenic, mineralized and mechanical 3D environments. This work has contributed to the emerging appreciation that 3-dimensional multi-cellular co-cultures are vital to mechanistic understanding of valve pathogenesis. Our 3D platform shows great promise for future studies, and could enable direct screening of molecular mechanisms of calcification and testing of potential molecular inhibitors.
Download or read book The Endothelium written by Michel Félétou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References
