Download or read book Following the Trend written by Andreas F. Clenow and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-11-21 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During bull and bear markets, there is a group of hedge funds and professional traders which have been consistently outperforming traditional investment strategies for the past 30 odd years. They have shown remarkable uncorrelated performance and in the great bear market of 2008 they had record gains. These traders are highly secretive about their proprietary trading algorithms and often employ top PhDs in their research teams. Yet, it is possible to replicate their trading performance with relatively simplistic models. These traders are trend following cross asset futures managers, also known as CTAs. Many books are written about them but none explain their strategies in such detail as to enable the reader to emulate their success and create their own trend following trading business, until now. Following the Trend explains why most hopefuls fail by focusing on the wrong things, such as buy and sell rules, and teaches the truly important parts of trend following. Trading everything from the Nasdaq index and T-bills to currency crosses, platinum and live hogs, there are large gains to be made regardless of the state of the economy or stock markets. By analysing year by year trend following performance and attribution the reader will be able to build a deep understanding of what it is like to trade futures in large scale and where the real problems and opportunities lay. Written by experienced hedge fund manager Andreas Clenow, this book provides a comprehensive insight into the strategies behind the booming trend following futures industry from the perspective of a market participant. The strategies behind the success of this industry are explained in great detail, including complete trading rules and instructions for how to replicate the performance of successful hedge funds. You are in for a potentially highly profitable roller coaster ride with this hard and honest look at the positive as well as the negative sides of trend following.

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Day Trading written by Markus Heitkoetter and published by Rockwell Trading Inc. This book was released on 2008 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn the Art of Day Trading With a Practical Hands-On Approach

Download or read book A Complete Guide to the Futures Market written by Jack D. Schwager and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-01-03 with total page 1101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essential futures market reference guide A Complete Guide to the Futures Market is the comprehensive resource for futures traders and analysts. Spanning everything from technical analysis, trading systems, and fundamental analysis to options, spreads, and practical trading principles, A Complete Guide is required reading for any trader or investor who wants to successfully navigate the futures market. Clear, concise, and to the point, this fully revised and updated second edition provides a solid foundation in futures market basics, details key analysis and forecasting techniques, explores advanced trading concepts, and illustrates the practical application of these ideas with hundreds of market examples. A Complete Guide to the Futures Market: Details different trading and analytical approaches, including chart analysis, technical indicators and trading systems, regression analysis, and fundamental market models. Separates misleading market myths from reality. Gives step-by-step instruction for developing and testing original trading ideas and systems. Illustrates a wide range of option strategies, and explains the trading implications of each. Details a wealth of practical trading guidelines and market insights from a recognized trading authority. Trading futures without a firm grasp of this market’s realities and nuances is a recipe for losing money. A Complete Guide to the Futures Market offers serious traders and investors the tools to keep themselves on the right side of the ledger.

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Currency Trading Investing written by Martha Maeda and published by Atlantic Publishing Company. This book was released on 2011 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currency trading is the practice of exchanging one country's currency for another's. The foreign exchange (Currency, Forex, or FX) market is the largest trading market in the world -- exceeding $3.2 trillion every single day! Essentially, there are four variables involved: currencies, exchange rate, time, and interest rate. The relationships of these variables create opportunities for small investors to obtain investment returns that are unheard of in the traditional investment world. You owe it to yourself and your family to begin learning about currency trading. You can get started with just $100, and the investment can easily be managed in a part-time capacity, usually requiring a few hours on the Internet a week from your home or your office. Currency investments can provide you with a very high and secure rate of return, in some cases as high as 12 percent, 18 percent, 24 percent, or even 1,000 percent every year. This all sounds great, but what is the catch? There really is none. You just have to know what you are doing! This groundbreaking and exhaustively researched new book will teach you everything you need to know to get you started. In no time, you will be generating high-investment returns with low risk from start to finish. You will discover what currency trading is; how to invest in foreign currency; trading strategies and tactics; technological considerations; how to set up your account online; how to purchase currency online; day-trader insights; current trends; Pivot Programs; price projectors; futures predicting; trading software; and insider secrets to help you double or even triple your investment -- all while avoiding the traps and pitfalls that come with many other kinds of investments.

Download or read book A Complete Guide to Technical Trading Tactics written by John L. Person and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-06-29 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thorough trading guide from a professional trader The Complete Guide to Technical Trading Tactics can help the new individual investor understand the mechanics of the markets. Filled with in-depth insights and practical advice, this book details what it takes to trade and shows readers how they can broaden their horizons by investing in the futures and options markets. The Complete Guide to Technical Trading Tactics outlines a variety of proven methodologies-pivot points, candlesticks, and other top indicators-so readers may use those that work best for them as well as make their own trading decisions without a second thought. Author John Person also shares his insights on a variety of trading technologies that will allow readers to gain a competitive edge in the market. John L. Person (Palm Beach, FL) publishes The Bottom-Line Financial and Futures Newsletter, a weekly commodity publication that incorporates fundamental new developments as well as technical analysis using his trading system.

Download or read book A Complete Guide to Volume Price Analysis written by Anna Coulling and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2013-09-21 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here in the UK we have a product called Marmite. It is a deeply divisive food, which you either love or hate. Those who love it, cannot understand how anyone could live without it - and of course, the opposite is true for those who hate it!This same sentiment could be applied to volume as a trading indicator. In other words, you are likely to fall into one of two camps. You either believe it works, or you don't. It really is that simple. There is no halfway house here!I make no bones about the fact that I believe I was lucky in starting my own trading journey using volume. To me it just made sense, and the logic of what it revealed was inescapable. And for me, the most powerful reason is very simple. Volume is a rare commodity in trading - a leading indicator. The second, and only other leading indicator, is price. Everything else is lagged.As traders, investors or speculators, all we are trying to do is to forecast where the market is heading next. Is there any better way than to use the only two leading indicators we have at our disposal, namely volume and price? In isolation each tells us very little. After all, volume is just that, no more no less. A price is a price. However, combine these two forces together, and the result is a powerful analytical approach to forecasting market direction..However, as I say at the start of the book, there is nothing new in trading, and the analysis of volume has been around for over 100 years. After all, this is where the iconic traders started. People like Charles Dow, Jesse Livermore, Richard Wyckoff, and Richard Ney. All they had was the ticker tape, from which they read the price, and the number of shares traded. Volume price analysis, short and simple. The book has been written for traders who have never come across this methodology, and for those who have some knowledge, and perhaps wish to learn a little more. It is not revolutionary, or innovative, but just simple sound common sense, combined with logic.

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Market Breadth Indicators written by Gregory Morris and published by McGraw-Hill. This book was released on 2005-09-21 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Market breadth indicators, i.e. advance/decline, new high/new low, or up/down volume, allow technical analysts and traders to look beneath the surface of a market to quantify the underlying strength or direction associated with a market move. Increasingly popular in all types of markets, they give traders the ability to accurately forecast a number of possible outcomes and the likelihood of each. Bottom line? For gauging the near-term direction and strength of a market, breadth indicators are among the single most valuable tools a trader can use. The Complete Guide to Market Breadth Indicators is the most comprehensive and vivid collection available of market breadth indicator information and features ideas and insights from market veterans including John Murphy, Don Beasley, Jim Miekka, Tom and Sherman McClellan, and numerous others. Chapters are first categorized based upon the mathematical relationship between the breadth pairs. Each indicator is then analyzed to provide information including: Also known as--other names by which the indicator is recognized Author/creator--when available Data components required--components of breadth data required to calculate the indicator Description--brief description of the indicator Interpretation--generally accepted industry interpretation of the indicator, with techniques of different analysts also discussed Chart--Chart or charts that best display the indicator Author comments--Greg Morris's personal interpretation, opinion, and use of the indicator, along with suggested modifications, complementary indicators, and more Formula--An algebraic formula for the indicator or, for formulae that are too complex for this section, a descriptive narrative on the formula References--An indicator-specific bibliography for additional information on the indicator or its creator, with notes about a particular book or magazine article Breadth analysis is one of the purest measures of market liquidity. Applicable to virtually any exchange or index of securities for which breadth data is available, it represents the best available footprint of the health and near-term direction of the overall market examined. The Complete Guide to Market Breadth Indicators is the first book to delve into the use, mathematics, and interpretation of the most popular and proven of these tools, and is an invaluable reference for technical traders and investors of all types, and in every market.

Download or read book Hedge Fund Market Wizards written by Jack D. Schwager and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-25 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fascinating insights into the hedge fund traders who consistently outperform the markets, in their own words From bestselling author, investment expert, and Wall Street theoretician Jack Schwager comes a behind-the-scenes look at the world of hedge funds, from fifteen traders who've consistently beaten the markets. Exploring what makes a great trader a great trader, Hedge Fund Market Wizards breaks new ground, giving readers rare insight into the trading philosophy and successful methods employed by some of the most profitable individuals in the hedge fund business. Presents exclusive interviews with fifteen of the most successful hedge fund traders and what they've learned over the course of their careers Includes interviews with Jamie Mai, Joel Greenblatt, Michael Platt, Ray Dalio, Colm O’Shea, Ed Thorp, and many more Explains forty key lessons for traders Joins Stock Market Wizards, New Market Wizards, and Market Wizards as the fourth installment of investment guru Jack Schwager's acclaimed bestselling series of interviews with stock market experts A candid assessment of each trader's successes and failures, in their own words, the book shows readers what they can learn from each, and also outlines forty essential lessons—from finding a trading method that fits an investor's personality to learning to appreciate the value of diversification—that investment professionals everywhere can apply in their own careers. Bringing together the wisdom of the true masters of the markets, Hedge Fund Market Wizards is a collection of timeless insights into what it takes to trade in the hedge fund world.

Download or read book Trading Price Action Trends written by Al Brooks and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-11-29 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide to profiting from institutional trading trends The key to being a successful trader is finding a system that works and sticking with it. Author Al Brooks has done just that. By simplifying his trading system and trading only 5-minute price charts he's found a way to capture profits regardless of market direction or economic climate. His first book, Reading Price Charts Bar by Bar, offered an informative examination of his system, but it didn't allow him to get into the real nuts and bolts of the approach. Now, with this new series of books, Brooks takes you step by step through the entire process. By breaking down his trading system into its simplest pieces: institutional piggybacking or trend trading (the topic of this particular book in the series), trading ranges, and transitions or reversals, this three book series offers access to Brooks' successful methodology. Price Action Trends Bar by Bar describes in detail what individual bars and combinations of bars can tell a trader about what institutions are doing. This is critical because the key to making money in trading is to piggyback institutions and you cannot do that unless you understand what the charts are telling you about their behavior. This book will allow you to see what type of trend is unfolding, so can use techniques that are specific to that type of trend to place the right trades. Discusses how to profit from institutional trading trends using technical analysis Outlines a detailed and original trading approach developed over the author's successful career as an independent trader Other books in the series include Price Action Trading Ranges Bar by Bar and Price Action Reversals Bar by Bar If you're looking to make the most of your time in today's markets the trading insights found in Price Action Trends Bar by Bar will help you achieve this goal.

Download or read book The Complete Trading Course written by Corey Rosenbloom and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-01-11 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide covering everything the serious trader needs to know While a variety of approaches can be used to analyze financial market behavior and identify potential trading/investing opportunities, no approach is completely accurate. The challenge for traders is to find a method that they feel comfortable with and are able to implement consistently, through the normal ups and downs of trading. The Trading Course provides you with a detailed description of the methods used to analyze markets, spot profitable trading opportunities, and properly execute trades. Page by page, this book references different trading methodologies, but focuses specifically on applying them when attempting to identify good trades. Discusses the principles of price behavior, trends, trade set ups, trade execution, and intermarket relationships Details different trading tools and techniques, including Japanese Candlesticks, Elliott Wave, Dow Theory, momentum indicators, and much more If you want to become a successful trader, you have to be prepared. This book will show you what it takes to make it in this field and how you can excel without getting overwhelmed.

Download or read book Trend Trading for a Living Learn the Skills and Gain the Confidence to Trade for a Living written by Thomas K. Carr and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2007-12-27 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trade the trend and you can trade for a living If you're going to play the stock market, play to win by using a fundamental strategy of most hedge fund managers-trend trading. In Trend Trading for a Living, the trading coach and hedge fund manager known on Wall Street as “Dr. Stoxx” shares his personal strategies for analyzing markets, picking stocks, and knowing when to buy and sell. This step-by-step book offers a practical road map to get yourself familiarized with the stock market and into the driver's seat of your financial future. In five progressive parts, Trend Trading for a Living helps you: Configure your platform: setup your home computer to trade online with the best brokers Learn the basics: understand trend trading, select stocks to watch, and interpret market signs Get in the game: select the most profitable bullish and bearish stocks and pick your entry and exit prices Leverage your portfolio: learn how to trade with options to increase your financial rewards Turn pro: with patience, determination, and a strategy grounded in fundamentals, you can “trade for a living”

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Absolutely Everything Abridged Adventures in Math and Science written by Adam Rutherford and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2022-01-25 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complete story of the universe and absolutely everything in it (minus the boring parts). Despite our clever linguistic abilities, humans are spectacularly ill-equipped to comprehend what’s happening in the universe. Our senses and intuition routinely mislead us. The Complete Guide to Absolutely Everything (Abridged) tells the story of how we came to suppress our monkey minds and perceive the true nature of reality. Written with wit and humor, this brief book tells the story of science—tales of fumbles and missteps, errors and egos, hard work, accidents, and some really bad decisions—all of which have created the sum total of human knowledge. Geneticist Adam Rutherford and mathematician Hannah Fry guide readers through time and space, through our bodies and brains, showing how emotions shape our view of reality, how our minds tell us lies, and why a mostly bald and curious ape decided to begin poking at the fabric of the universe. Rutherford and Fry shine as science sleuths, wrestling with some truly head-scratching questions: Where did time come from? Do we have free will? Does my dog love me? Hilarious sidebars present memorable scientific oddities: for example, hypnotized snails, human-sized ants, and the average time it takes most animals to evacuate their bladders. (A surprisingly consistent twenty-one seconds, if you must know.) Both rigorous and playful, The Complete Guide to Absolutely Everything (Abridged) is a celebration of the weirdness of the cosmos, the strangeness of humans, and the joys and follies of scientific discovery.

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Futures Trading written by Lind-Waldock and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-06-12 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PRAISE FOR The Complete Guide to FUTURES TRADING "It does a good job of conveying, in a style that is clear to the layman, how the futures world works and what is required to succeed as a trader." —Financial Engineering News "This landmark book makes futures trading accessible to mainstream individual investors. As chief executive officer of the largest financial exchange in the world for trading futures and options, I can wholeheartedly recommend this volume for the reader who wants to learn the fundamentals of investing in futures." —From the Foreword by Craig S. Donohue, Chief Executive Officer, Chicago Mercantile Exchange "The Complete Guide to Futures Trading is the ultimate 'getting started' guide. The book leads you through an informative yet concise course with an A-to-Z explanation of how to trade futures successfully. eSignal has partnered with Lind-Waldock for more than a decade to provide futures traders with reliable, accurate, and actionable data. This is a much-needed and well-written resource for the new futures trader." —Chuck Thompson, President, eSignal "My hat is off to the authors of this extremely well-written and timely book about futures trading. If the experts are right that the next bull market will be in commodities, this guide will find a large audience among investors interested in diversifying beyond stocks and bonds. This guide does a terrific job of explaining the practical aspects of futures trading and will be of great use to anyone interested in using these instruments to participate in market trends." —John Damgard, President, Futures Industry Association

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Building a Successful Trading Business written by Paul King and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2006-10-03 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This concise, to the point, and waffle-free reference lays out everything you need to do to build a successful trading business. It includes: How to maintain discipline and accurately run your trading business. How to allocate capital to your trading systems. How you should use simulation in your trading. How to create, develop, and test your trading systems. What good contingency planning looks like. What should be in your business plan. This book is a must-read for anyone serious about trading for a living. See pmkingtrading.com for more details.

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Using Candlestick Charting written by Alan Northcott and published by Atlantic Publishing Company. This book was released on 2009 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The investment world is full of different methods for understanding how to best grow your rates of return and minimize risk. The Candlestick Charting method, first developed by Japanese rice traders in the middle of the 19th century, has become one of the favorite modern methods of analyzing and understanding the market through careful plotting and analysis of the data provided. This book will guide you through the seemingly complex, but revolutionary, useful method of candlestick charting to gain the highest possible rates of return while ensuring your risks are as minimal as possible. Candlestick charting is a complex language all in itself and for that reason, this book will guide you through the entire process of understanding the language, starting with the very origins of the technique. You will learn how it was developed and why it is still used today, including what changes have been made to the methods by Western investors. You will learn how the candlestick charts are prepared and what the different line constructions signify. Additionally, you will be shown how to read and differentiate between the different bodies, including the short and long white and black bodies, to measure high and low price levels, support, and resistance. You will be shown the various additional forms such as spinning tops, shadows, and doji. Next, the various different candle lines are outlined in full detail, showing you dozens of different formations including the single candle lines of "the hammer", "the hanging man", and "the shooting star", the dual candle lines of "dark cloud over", "the piercing pattern", "the engulfing pattern", "last engulfing pattern", and "harami". You will also learn the window candle lines, as well as the formations of three or more candle lines. Analysis of candle lines and the technical aspects, including how to discern stops, the risk/reward in each line, trends, the use of computers, and how to place and offset trades will supply you with the necessary information you need to read the candle lines. By interviewing dozens of experts in the reading and analysis of candle charts, this book is able to provide a comprehensive perspective of candle charts and how you can start using moving averages, analyzing three line break charts, renko charts, and kagi charts. You will be provided with practice charts for all three major types and additional resources to help you learn how to read and analyze each type. For anyone interested in the centuries old Japanese style of market analysis that is candlestick charting, this book provides a comprehensive overview from the very origins to the most modern of interpretations. Atlantic Publishing is a small, independent publishing company based in Ocala, Florida. Founded over twenty years ago in the company presidentâe(tm)s garage, Atlantic Publishing has grown to become a renowned resource for non-fiction books. Today, over 450 titles are in print covering subjects such as small business, healthy living, management, finance, careers, and real estate. Atlantic Publishing prides itself on producing award winning, high-quality manuals that give readers up-to-date, pertinent information, real-world examples, and case studies with expert advice. Every book has resources, contact information, and web sites of the products or companies discussed.

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Investing in Commodity Trading and Futures written by Mary B. Holihan and published by Atlantic Publishing Company. This book was released on 2008 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many people have become very rich in the commodity markets. It is one of a few investment areas where an individual with limited capital can make extraordinary profits in a relatively short period of time. Commodities are agreements to buy and sell virtually anything that is harvested except onions. (A 1958 federal law prohibits trading onions.) Such goods are raw or partly refined materials whose value mainly reflects the costs of finding or gathering them. They are traded for processing or incorporation into final goods. Examples are crude oil, cotton, rubber, grains, and metals and other minerals. Since it is impractical to transport these bulky, often perishable materials, what is actually traded are commodities futures contracts, or options, that are agreements to buy or sell at an agreed upon price on a specific date. Trading in futures and options is speculative in nature and there is a substantial risk of loss. These investments are not suitable for everyone, and only risk capital should be used. As with many other business segments, the Internet and technology have opened up this attractive marketplace to a new breed of individual investors and speculators working part-time. You and I can now stand on an even playing field with the largest banks, wealthiest individuals, and trading institutions from the comfort of home. Commodity trading can provide you with very high, secure rate of return, in some cases as high as 12%, 18%, 24%, or even 300% or more per year. If performed correctly, commodity trading will far outpace all other investments. The key is to know how to perform this process correctly. This all sounds great, but what is the catch? There really is none, except you must know what you are doing! This book will provide everything you need to know to get you started generating high investment returns from start to finish. In this easy to read and comprehensive book you will learn what commodity trading and futures are, how to set up your account online, how to choose software to use in trading, how to invest in commodities, evaluate their performance, and handle fees and taxes. This book explores numbers of investing strategies and tactics, charting techniques, and position trading. You will pick up the language of a trader so that you recognize terminology and know how to use leverage, call options, put options, advancing and declining issues, advancing and declining volume, the Commodity Channel Index (CCI), and commodity charts, among others. Like the pros who have been trading commodities for years, you will learn how to pinpoint entry, exits, and targets for your trades, and use insider secrets to help you double or even triple your investment all while avoiding the common traps and pitfalls. Aside from learning the basics of commodity and futures trading you will be privy to their secrets and proven successful ideas. Instruction is great, but advice from experts is even better, and the experts chronicled in this book are earning millions. If you are interested in learning essentially everything there is to know about commodity and futures investing in addition to hundreds of tactics, tricks, and tips on how to earn enormous profits in commodity trading while controlling your investments, then this book is for you. Atlantic Publishing is a small, independent publishing company based in Ocala, Florida. Founded over twenty years ago in the company presidentâe(tm)s garage, Atlantic Publishing has grown to become a renowned resource for non-fiction books. Today, over 450 titles are in print covering subjects such as small business, healthy living, management, finance, careers, and real estate. Atlantic Publishing prides itself on producing award winning, high-quality manuals that give readers up-to-date, pertinent information, real-world examples, and case studies with expert advice. Every book has resources, contact information, and web sites of the products or companies discussed.

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Point and Figure Charting written by Heinrich Weber and published by Harriman House Limited. This book was released on 2003-09-30 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to explain point-and-figure charting to European investors and traders, and to show why it is the most reliable technical tool for timing entry and exit points in stocks, indices and other securities. The book is written for all levels of trader, from the novice to the experienced. It starts by explaining the basics of point-and-figure, and by showing its advantages over other types of chart. Readers are then given step-by-step instructions on how to start a point-and-figure chart from simple price data, and how to add to it day-by-day using simple rules based on end of day highs and lows. The emphasis is on simplicity and clarity. The section on chart interpretation introduces the basic buy and sell signals, and goes on to explain the more complex signals, in each case illustrating the pattern, and the precise entry and exit points, with colour charts from FTSE stocks and indices. It also shows how trend lines are incorporated into a chart. The latest point-and-figure trading techniques are covered in depth. The authors show how to: use horizontal and vertical counts to estimate the size of price moves, use stop-orders to protect positions, use pyramiding to maximise profitable trends, and use swing trading in combination with p&f. They also show how to adapt your trading style to the amount of capital you have available and to your risk tolerance. In the later sections of the book, the authors concentrate on optimisation of p&f trading and the avoidance of the most common trap - 'over-fitting' - and on analysis of the profitability of p&f trading. They demonstrate conclusively that point and figure, correctly applied, produces consistent and reliable profits across a variety of markets. In summary, Heinrich Weber & Kermit Zieg's book is the definitive guide to the theory and application of point-and-figure charting. It is especially welcome for UK and European traders, since it uses recent charts of FTSE and European securities as examples, and includes hitherto unpublished research on p&f's applicability to European securities.