Download or read book Introduction of IAS IFRS by the BMW AG in 2000 written by Johannes-Cornelius Adari and published by diplom.de. This book was released on 2004-08-11 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: This case study deals with an important financial aspect of multinational companies, i.e. their obligation of accounting. Until the year 2000, BMW used to prepare its annual external audits under German Commercial Code Standards (HGB). This tradition ended in 2000, when BMW accounted under International Accounting Standards (IAS) for the first time. 7 years before, Mercedes-Benz was the first German automotive manufacturer adopting international Standards in 1993. But in Mercedes case US-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US-GAAP) were chosen, because the objective was to become listed at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). At this time US-GAAP were not accepted outside the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA), esp. not by the EU Commission, but the US-Principles were applied in the largest and most important stock market worldwide. On the other hand, US organizations like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) did not accept any other accounting standards in these days. Accordingly, Mercedes-Benz had to prepare two annual audits: one under US-GAAP and the other under HGB. This treatment, obviously, was highly inefficient, providing lots of encumbrances to US-capital-seeking European companies: accounting and auditing took too much time, personnel resources and money. Another negative effect was that many US companies hesitated with urgently required investments in Europe. But nevertheless, multinational groups seemed to have several advantages by using international accounting standards, even if they had to prepare more than one audit annually. Within the 1st part, this case study provides basic information dealing with accounting standards, in particular reasons and objectives, organizational patterns and the process of IAS becoming international accepted by pointing out their most important differences compared to US-GAAP and German HGB Standards. The 2nd part deals with the reasons of changing BMW s accounting standards by looking at the Group s key markets and the impact of IAS-adoption by examining their figures of non current assets, inventories, other current assets, liabilities & deferred incomes, provisions, equity as well as research & development within a four years comparison. At last the 3rd part gives an examination and summary of the results of IAS-reception for BMW, the effects on the stock market, changes of rating on the global market and gives hints to future [...]

Download or read book The dynamic method for real estate written by George Salden and published by Haufe-Lexware. This book was released on 2020-01-08 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you want to avoid making bad investments in residential real estate, you have to abandon traditional market valuation methods. Their weakness is that they calculate the value of real estate by only selective means rather than over the entire investment cycle. This often leads to incorrect forecasts. With the Dynamic Method, George Salden presents for the first time an instrument that takes the dynamic value development of a property into account and thus creates a better basis for your investment decision-making. Contents: - Overview of valuation and real estate valuation procedures - The dynamic method in detail - The residential property in the capital marketExtra: - Access to the valuation software developed by the author (Testversion)

Download or read book Legal Capital in Europe written by Marcus Lutter and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-12-22 with total page 713 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Europe has known very different systems of company laws for a long time. These differences do not only pertain to the board structures of public companies, where single-tier and two-tier structures can be distinguished, they also pertain to the principles of fixed legal capital. Fixed legal capital is not a traditional ingredient of English and Irish company law and had to be incorpo-rated into these legal systems (only) for public limited companies according to the Second European Company Law Directive of 1976. Both jurisdictions have never really embraced these rules. Against this background, the British Accounting Standards Board (ASB) and the Company Law Centre at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law (BIICL) have initiated and supported a study of the benefits of this legal system by a group of experts led by Jonathan Rickford. The report of this group has been published in 2004. Its result was that legal capital was costly and superfluous; hence, the Second Directive should be repealed. The British government has adopted this view and wants the European Commission to act accordingly. Against this background a group of German and European company law experts, academics as well as practitioners, have come together to scrutinise sense and benefits of fixed legal capital and all its specific elements guided by the following questions: What is the relevant legal concept supposed to achieve? What does it achieve in reality? What criticisms are there? Which proposals or alternatives are available? From the outset the group of experts has endeavoured to cooperate with foreign colleagues, which resulted in very fruitful and pleasant exchanges. This volume contains, besides an executive summary of the results, 16 essays on specific aspects of legal capital in Germany covering also neighbouring fields of law (e.g. accounting, insolvency); 7 reports on fixed legal capital in other jurisdictions (France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the U.S.A.) addressing the same questions as the essays on German law. The British initiative disapproves of the Second Directive. The Directive does only deal with public limited companies in Europe, which is reflected in the analysis presented here. It is only concerned with the fixed legal capital of public limited companies, not with capital issues of private companies. The study has arrived at a result that differs completely from that of the Rickford group. It verifies the usefulness of the concept of fixed legal capital and wishes to convince the European Commission of the benefits of the Second Company Law Directive.

Download or read book Accounting for leases under IFRS and HGB written by and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-01-14 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2019 in the subject Business economics - Accounting and Taxes, grade: 1,3, University of applied sciences Frankfurt a. M., course: International Finance & Accounting, language: English, abstract: The aim of this work is to show the accounting for leases under IFRS, HGB and to clarify the differences. The work devotes one main point to IFRS and one to the HGB. Each part gives an overview of the legal basics. This is followed by a classification of the leases in order to clarify the attribution of the leased object (hereinafter LO), which is relevant for the accounting. Finally, the accounting considered in detail by the lessor (hereinafter LG) or lessee (hereinafter LN). this is followed by a comparison of the approaches according to IFRS and HGB. The result concludes the work. This term paper does not deal with special leasing topics such as sales and leaseback or real estate leasing. The focus here is a simple lease, which arises, for example, when leasing a production plant.

Download or read book Corporate Real Estate Management written by Thomas Glatte and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-13 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thomas Glatte provides a comprehensive view on the essentials of corporate real estate management (CREM). The author explains in the influence of corporate strategies on real estate strategies for non-property-companies as well as the importance of corporate real estate portfolios, the set-up of CREM organizations and the handling of respective services. He also elaborates the specifics of corporate social responsibility, sustainability, corporate architecture & design and workplace management.

Download or read book IFRS in a Global World written by Didier Bensadon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-13 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, dedicated to Prof. Jacques Richard, is about the economic, political, social and even environmental consequences of setting accounting standards, with emphasis on those that are alleged to be precipitated by the adoption and implementation of IFRS. The authors offer their reasoned critiques of the effectiveness of IFRS in promoting genuine global comparability of financial reporting. The editors of this collection have invited authors from 17 countries, so that a great variety of accounting, auditing and regulatory cultures, and educational perspectives, is amply on display in their essays.

Download or read book Basics of Accounting written by Carsten Berkau and published by UVK Verlag. This book was released on 2021-08-30 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook introduces you to international bookkeeping and accounting. It is designed as self study materials and covers the syllabus of an introductory class in accounting. After studying the Basics, you are well prepared to keep bookkeeping records and prepare financial statements like the balance sheet, the income statement, the cash flow statement and the statement of changes in equity. All chapters outline the learning objectives, provide an overview, include case studies and how-it-is-done-paragraphs. They end with a summary, the explanation of new technical terms and a question bank with solutions for checking your learning progress. On the internet, you can find more than 350 exam tasks including solutions as well as youtube-videos from the author. The textbook prepares you to study accounting and assists you with the transition from German bookkeeping to international accounting when qualifying for IFRSs.

Download or read book U S GAAP and German HGB A comparative Approach written by Markus Bruetsch and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2003-06-30 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2003 in the subject Business economics - Accounting and Taxes, grade: 1,5 (A), Oxford Brookes University (Business School), course: International Financial Accounting, language: English, abstract: This essay will compare and contrast the accounting systems of Germany and the United States of Amerika. First the single systems, their core concepts and purposes will be introduced. Second, the two core concepts of conservatism and true and vair value will be presented. Both systems will be examined in order to show how they incorporate these concepts and how this might affect the calculation of profits. Where data is available, selected examples from published company accounts will be shown. Finally some short comments on how the systems come closer to each other since several german companies aim for crosslistings in both countries. A conclusion will summarize the main facts. Different accounting systems might come to different results in their calculations of profits. This can be shown by drawing an example from the Siemens AG’s annual report 2000. In their report based on German GAAP (General Accepted Accounting Principles) the net income in 2000 was 7,901 million €. The same calculation based on U.S. GAAP amounts in the F-20 report for the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to 8,860 million € (see figure 1). Now the Question is how come this difference of nearly 14%? Is one system more exact? [...] As we have seen in assignment 1, accounting is not a science. It has been developed to serve a purpose. Accounting systems are influenced by several social and economic factors (Radebaugh and Gray, 1997). [...] It seems that German GAAP and US GAAP have different objectives. Therefore we will analyze the two systems in their national contexts now.

Download or read book Kennzahlen IFRS Abschluss written by Inge Wulf and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-25 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IFRS-Kennzahlen im praktischen Pocketformat in Deutsch und Englisch. Das Business Fachbuch "Kennzahlen IFRS-Abschluss" beinhaltet, jeweils in Deutsch und Englisch, zu jeder IFRS-Kennzahl: - die Formel - Erläuterung der Aussagekraft der Kennzahl - Vor- und Nachteile der Anwendung der Kennzahl - Rechenbeispiele - Zusammenhang zu anderen Kennzahlen - Bedeutungsvergleich HGB/IFRSInklusive Stichwortverzeichnis mit allen IFRS-Kennzahlen in Deutsch und Englisch.

Download or read book Transparency of Stock Corporations in Europe written by Vassilios Tountopoulos and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2019-12-12 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited collection explores transparency as a key regulatory strategy in European business law. It examines the rationales, limitations and further perspectives on transparency that have emerged in various areas of European law including corporate law, capital markets law and accounting law, as well as other areas of law relevant for European (listed) stock corporations. This book presents a clear and accurate picture of the recent reforms in the European transparency regime. In doing so it endorses a multi-dimensional notion of transparency, highlighting the need for careful consideration and contextualisation of the transparency phenomenon. In addition, the book considers relevant enforcement mechanisms and discusses the implications of disparate enforcement concepts in European law from both the private and public law perspectives. Written by a team of distinguished contributors, the collection offers a comprehensive analysis of the European transparency regime by discussing the fundamentals of transparency, the role of disclosure in European business law, and related enforcement questions.

Download or read book The German Financial System written by Jan Pieter Krahmen (editor) and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by a team of scholars, predominantly from the Centre for Financial Studies in Frankfurt, this volume provides a descriptive survey of the present state of the German financial system and a new analytical framework to explain its workings.

Download or read book Conflict of Interest in Global Public and Corporate Governance written by Anne Peters and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-11-29 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conflict of interest occurs at all levels of governance, ranging from local to global, both in the public and the corporate and financial spheres. There is increasing awareness that conflicts of interest may distort decision-making processes and generate inappropriate outcomes, thereby undermining the functioning of public institutions and markets. However, the current worldwide trend towards regulation, which seeks to forestall, prevent and manage conflicts of interest, has its price. Drawbacks may include the stifling of decision-making processes, the loss of expertise among decision-makers and a vicious circle of distrust. This interdisciplinary and international book addresses specific situations of conflict of interest in different spheres of governance, particularly in global, public and corporate governance.

Download or read book Taxation of Investment Derivatives written by Antti Laukkanen and published by IBFD. This book was released on 2007 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the taxation of investment derivatives and the relationship between the derivatives and the accrual and realization methods. Investment derivatives, such as convertible bonds, include an initial investment and a derivative (an option) to buy or sell or to participate in the value movements of some underlying property. The principal focus of this study is on three universal tax issues, namely valuation, timing and the taxation of unrealized gains. As a common principle, interest income and capital gains are treated more similarly in corporate taxation than in individual taxation. Moreover, the taxation of financial instruments is currently in a turn-around phase in several countries, not least because of the implementation of the IFRS rules in accounting and the related fair value principle. The obligation to use fair values in accounting apparently motivates tax legislators to strive to use the same principles in taxation as well. The comparative method plays a major role in this study by examining the tax legislations and the tax practices of different countries. An in-depth analysis of the similarities and differences of tax laws and practices in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Finland and Sweden is provided. This is of particular interest as the underlying components, single and often specified financial derivatives, are basically identical. While this study does not deal with individual tax treaties or bilateral transactions, the OECD Model is scrutinized in order to highlight the underlying principles of the given recommendations, especially with respect to interest income and capital gains. Due to the increasing importance of IFRS rules in accounting, the study is not limited to tax law, but also looks at issues from the perspective of finance, accounting and economics.

Download or read book Lease Accounting with SAP written by Hanno Hofmann and published by SAP PRESS. This book was released on 2018 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Globalisation of Accounting Standards written by Jayne Maree Godfrey and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Jayne Godfrey and Keryn Chalmers explore the intricacies of the globalisation of accounting standards - arguably one of the most significant business developments of the wider globalisation process during the past two decades. They examine the key issues and implications of this harmonization of accounting standards from the perspectives of a diverse range of worldwide stakeholders. "Globalisation of Accounting Standards" shows that globalisation approaches differ significantly because countries seek to maintain varying degrees of sovereignty over their regulations. International differences in economic, political, legal, religious and social characteristics also affect globalisation approaches and, in turn, influence national accounting standard-setting agendas. The book explores why countries relinquish their existing national accounting standard-setting regimes to join the global movement. It also seeks to resolve questions such as: To what extent are national incentives altruistic, economic, political or social? Who are the winners and losers in the process? This authoritative book is thoroughly researched and expertly informed. Written by both academics and regulators, it tackles a critical and controversial issue in the globalisation movement. As such, it will be of great interest to a wide-ranging audience including: international, national, private and public sector standard-setters, economic regulators, accounting academics and political economists and strategists.

Download or read book Earnings Quality written by Jennifer Francis and published by Now Publishers Inc. This book was released on 2008 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This review lays out a research perspective on earnings quality. We provide an overview of alternative definitions and measures of earnings quality and a discussion of research design choices encountered in earnings quality research. Throughout, we focus on a capital markets setting, as opposed, for example, to a contracting or stewardship setting. Our reason for this choice stems from the view that the capital market uses of accounting information are fundamental, in the sense of providing a basis for other uses, such as stewardship. Because resource allocations are ex ante decisions while contracting/stewardship assessments are ex post evaluations of outcomes, evidence on whether, how and to what degree earnings quality influences capital market resource allocation decisions is fundamental to understanding why and how accounting matters to investors and others, including those charged with stewardship responsibilities. Demonstrating a link between earnings quality and, for example, the costs of equity and debt capital implies a basic economic role in capital allocation decisions for accounting information; this role has only recently been documented in the accounting literature. We focus on how the precision of financial information in capturing one or more underlying valuation-relevant constructs affects the assessment and use of that information by capital market participants. We emphasize that the choice of constructs to be measured is typically contextual. Our main focus is on the precision of earnings, which we view as a summary indicator of the overall quality of financial reporting. Our intent in discussing research that evaluates the capital market effects of earnings quality is both to stimulate further research in this area and to encourage research on related topics, including, for example, the role of earnings quality in contracting and stewardship.

Download or read book A comparison of leasing according to the treatment of different accounting principles and diverse treatment in loacal GAAP s of major industrial countries written by Andre Horst Grabowski and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-03-09 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wissenschaftlicher Aufsatz aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich Jura - Zivilrecht / Handelsrecht, Gesellschaftsrecht, Kartellrecht, Wirtschaftsrecht, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Leasing is more and more understood as a modern form of financing of various assets, both in the commercial and the private sector. Leases have now become an integral part of economic life. With their multiple creative possibilities and variations, leases are an equitable alternative to buying and renting for companies. The diversity of different forms of leasing, and the fact that there is no uniform lease contract as a reference, results in lease accounting being one of the most difficult areas of accounting under almost all jurisdictions. [1] This diversity leads to an accounting system for leasing business with different possibilities to allocate positions in the P & L and balance sheet. Due to the lack of specific rules, leasing accounting is mostly based on general accounting principles. [2] In Germany, relevant tax decrees have impact on the local accounting. Leases are, in principle, not fixed on legal contract types, and this allows temporary grant of use and utilization of liquidity-friendly financing alternatives in the balance-sheet. Since most major accounting systems presuppose exclusion of pending transactions from the balance sheet, [3] companies used contracts for grant of use, such as lease, deliberately to influence the accounting. For example, sale and leaseback transactions are used to reduce the balance-sheet debt, though the physical property mapping has not changed. [4] The current lease accounting under IFRS 17 of the IASB is to be understood as a reaction to the existing situation in the various accounting systems. The aim of the standard setter was to capture the major part of the grant of use in the balance sheet. All postings, which change the asset allocation similar to an investment, should also be accounted as such. [5] The concept of economic ownership divides any grant of use in leasing into two classes. The finance leases which, simply put, means all long-term and investment-like grants of use, and operating leases, which are any other grants of use. This was still not sufficient for IASB members. Therefore chaired by Warren McGregor, the IASB issued a joint project with the U.S. Federal Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and since 2006, the lease accounting is on the agenda as an active reform project. Basis for reform efforts was the socalled McGregor paper of 1996. [6] [...]