Download or read book Technologie Des Equipements Solaires Photovoltaiques Autonomes written by Arnaud Nzendjang Mbakouop and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2021-04 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ce manuel est le tout premier de la série de manuels de formation pratique sur la thématique installation d'un système à énergie solaire PV site isolé . Cette thématique regroupe quatre compétences à savoir: identifier les équipements, choisir les équipements, installer les équipements, maintenir les équipements.Ce manuel traite uniquement la première compétence à savoir l'identification de tout le matériel nécessaire à l'installation d'un système solaire PV site isolé. Son contenu assez pratique est accompagné de beaucoup d'images d'illustration permettant au lecteur de se faire une idée claire des principaux composants nécessaires à la réalisation d'une installation solaire PV site isolé dans les règles de l'art.il est donc adapté aux étudiants, formateurs, tout comme aux professionnels du domaine de l'énergie solaire PV.

Download or read book Installations photovolta ques autonomes written by Aurian Arrigoni and published by Aldeau. This book was released on 2015-01-01 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cet ouvrage traite des installations solaires photovoltaïques dites autonomes. Il s'agit d'installations qui ne sont pas raccordées au réseau électrique; l'électricité qu'elles produisent est, soit directement consommée sur le site par l'utilisateur, soit stockée afin d'y être utilisée ultérieurement. Elles sont constituées de panneaux photovoltaïques, d'un parc de batteries et d'un système de régulation. Ce qui caractérise spécifiquement ces installations est la présence d'un parc de batteries. Il garantie une autonomie de fonctionnement totale, notamment la nuit. Il permet aussi de répondre aux pics de consommation en apportant un complément de courant au champ photovoltaïque. Néanmoins, les batteries représentent un point faible a cause de leur durée de vie courte, de leur sensibilité, et de leur cout élevé. Les installations photovoltaïques autonomes sont très pertinentes lorsqu'il s'agit d'alimenter un bâtiment qui ne serait pas connecté au réseau électrique. En ce sens, elles sont répandues dans les sites isoles tels que les chalets de montagne ou tout autre endroit éloigné du réseau (antenne relais, éclairage isole, pompage d'eau, etc.). Le présent ouvrage a l'ambition de fournir au plus grand nombre l'ensemble des connaissances théoriques et pratiques afin de concevoir, dimensionner et réaliser une installation photovoltaïque autonome, fiable et dans le respect des règles de l'art.

Download or read book Installations solaires photovolta ques autonomes written by Mark Hankins and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L'énergie du soleil est une énergie abondante et gratuite. L'exploitation et l'utilisation des systèmes solaires électriques présente de nombreux avantages, dans les pays développés comme dans les pays en voie de développement. Ce guide pratique explique comment concevoir et installer des systèmes solaires électriques autonomes. Richement illustrés de photos et dessins techniques, cet ouvrage propose des solutions adaptées aux différents cas. Il décrit de manière détaillée : les bases de l'énergie solaire ; les différents composants des systèmes solaires électriques (modules, régulateurs, inverseurs et appareils) ; les exemples d'installation ; le pompage de l'eau, le refroidissement. Véritable guide pratique pour les techniciens et les concepteurs de systèmes solaires électriques, cet ouvrage apporte des informations claires pour une application facile.[Source : 4e de couv.]

Download or read book Installations photovolta ques written by Anne Labouret and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Domaine stratégique de la transition énergique, le photovoltaïque est au coeur des objectifs gouvernementaux qui visent une augmentation régulière de sa part dans la production d'électricité en France. Cet ouvrage, axé sur la pratique, donne toutes les clés pour choisir, assembler et entretenir les installations solaires photovoltaïques raccordées au réseau. Il se révélera un outil indispensable aux ingénieurs, concepteurs, chefs de projet, donneurs d'ordre et intervenants techniques du solaire. Cette sixième édition, entièrement revue et actualisée, présente la conversion photovoltaïque et la technologie des panneaux solaires, décrit les équipements utilisés, ainsi que leur installation puis détaille la conception de projets basse puissance et de centrales à forte puissance. Enfin, elle aide au contrôle et à la maintenance des systèmes photovoltaïques. Des annexes sur les données d'ensoleillement et les acteurs du secteur complètent l'ouvrage.

Download or read book ENERGIE SOLAIRE ET PRODUCTION D ELECTRICITE UN OUTIL D ANALYSE TECHNOLOGIQUE ECONOMIQUE ET GEOGRAPHIQUE DU POTENTIEL DES FILIERES PHOTOVOLTAIQUES ET THERMIQUES written by PAUL MICHEL.. VANDENBERGH and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DANS CE TRAVAIL, NOUS AVONS DEVELOPPE DES OUTILS QUI PERMETTENT D'ANALYSER DANS UN ENVIRONNEMENT DE TYPE SYSTEME D'INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIQUE (SIG) LA COMPETITIVITE ECONOMIQUE DES TECHNOLOGIES SOLAIRES POUR UNE PRODUCTION CENTRALISEE OU DECENTRALISEE D'ELECTRICITE. UN ENSEMBLE COHERENT DE METHODES D'INTERPOLATION SPATIALE ET TEMPORELLE A ETE PROPOSE DANS LE BUT DE REALISER DES CARTES DE LA RESSOURCE SOLAIRE ET DE GENERER DES SERIES STATISTIQUES DE RAYONNEMENT DIRECT NORMAL ET GLOBAL INCLINE. UNE METHODE ORIGINALE PERMET AUSSI D'EVALUER LA PERTE D'ENERGIE SOLAIRE DUE AUX OMBRES DANS UN TERRAIN ACCIDENTE. UN MODELE DE CENTRALE HYBRIDE GAZ SOLAIRE A CAPTEURS CYLINDRO-PARABOLIQUES A ETE REALISE ET INTEGRE DANS UNE METHODOLOGIE DE CHOIX DE SITE. TOUS LES SCENARIOS ECONOMIQUES INDIQUENT CEPENDANT QUE LES CENTRALES THERMOSOLAIRES NE SERONT PAS COMPETITIVES A BREVE ECHEANCE FACE AUX CENTRALES CLASSIQUES SI LES COUTS ENVIRONNEMENTAUX NE SONT PAS PRIS EN COMPTE. AFIN D'AMELIORER LA RENTABILITE DES CENTRALES THERMOSOLAIRES ET DE DIMINUER LES EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE, L'INTERET DE REMPLACER LE CYCLE VAPEUR PAR UN CYCLE COMBINE EST ETUDIE DANS LE CONTEXTE SUD MEDITERRANEEN. LA PRISE EN COMPTE DES COUTS DE DISTRIBUTION DE L'ELECTRICITE PAR LE SIG PERMET DE COMPARER LA RENTABILITE DE L'ELECTRIFICATION RURALE DECENTRALISEE PAR DES SYSTEMES PHOTOVOLTAIQUES AUTONOMES AVEC L'ELECTRIFICATION CLASSIQUE PAR EXTENSION DU RESEAU INTERCONNECTE OU MINI RESEAU ALIMENTE PAR DIESEL. DANS LA METHODOLOGIE DE NIVEAU 1, LE COUT DE RACCORDEMENT EST ESTIME SUR BASE DE LA DISTANCE AU RESEAU SANS REPRESENTATION DE LA TOPOLOGIE DES EXTENSIONS. LA METHODOLOGIE DE NIVEAU 2 PLUS PRECISE NECESSITE DES DONNEES DE MEILLEURE QUALITE, CE QUI PERMET DE DEFINIR UN TRACE POUR LE RESEAU ELECTRIQUE DE DISTRIBUTION FUTUR. DES APPLICATIONS SONT PRESENTEES SUR DES REGIONS EN TUNISIE ET AU MAROC.

Download or read book Cellules solaires 5e d written by Anne Labouret and published by Dunod. This book was released on 2010-08-18 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L’énergie photovoltaïque, ou électricité produite à partir de la lumière, est une énergie renouvelable qui se développe à pas de géant. Le recours à cette énergie propre et durable est un progrès avéré, en termes d’impact tant sur l’homme que sur notre planète. Grâce à cet ouvrage, apprenez à exploiter et optimiser tout le potentiel de l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque. Enrichie et mise à jour, cette 5e édition présente le fonctionnement de cette technologie et les bases de sa mise en œuvre pratique : l’ensoleillement et la lumière, les cellules solaires et les panneaux photovoltaïques, le stockage de l’énergie, les générateurs autonomes avec stockage, les générateurs raccordés au réseau (toits et centrales photovoltaïques), des montages simples à réaliser à base de cellules et de panneaux solaires. Conçu par une équipe d’ingénieurs et de formateurs spécialistes du domaine, cet ouvrage s’adresse à tous ceux qu’interpelle ou passionne déjà cette énergie qui est appelée à jouer un rôle majeur dans notre paysage énergétique à moyen et long terme.

Download or read book Photovoltaism Agriculture and Ecology written by Claude Grison and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-12-22 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the challenges of our modern society is to successfully reconcile growing energy demand, demographic and food pressure and ecological and environmental urgency. This book offers an update on a rapidly evolving subject, that of modern photovoltaic systems capable of combining the needs of energy and ecological transition. Although photovoltaic solar energy is a well-proven technical solution in terms of energy, its development can compete with agricultural land or natural sites. New solutions are emerging: the installation of photovoltaic parks on industrial wasteland; agrivoltaics, which reconcile agricultural activity and energy production on the same surface; and ecovoltaics, which make it possible to make use of the unused surfaces under solar panels by developing ecological solutions capable of providing services to nature. These innovations are part of the response to the need to preserve terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, halt the decline in animal and plant biodiversity and participate in the development of a new mode of sustainable development and green economy.

Download or read book Production d nergie lectrique partir des sources renouvelables Coll Sciences et technologies de l nergie lectrique written by ROBYNS Benoît and published by Lavoisier. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Les questions de développement durable et de projection des besoins futurs favorisent l'apparition de nouvelles technologies de production d'énergie et entraînent un changement de comportement des usagers. Ce livre contribue à une meilleure appréhension de ces technologies émergentes de production d'électricité. Il analyse leurs enjeux, leurs sources et leurs moyens de conversion électrique. Suivant une approche didactique et générale, cet ouvrage présente : - les systèmes de production d'électricité à partir de ressources énergétiques renouvelables des petites aux moyennes puissances (jusque 100 à 200 MW), - les notions électrotechniques de base nécessaire à la compréhension des caractéristiques de fonctionnement de ces convertisseurs, - les contraintes et problèmes d'intégration dans les réseaux électriques de ces moyens de production.

Download or read book Solaire nergie Autonome Comment Concevoir et Installer Votre Propre Syst me d nergie Solaire Photovolta que Non Connect Au R seau lectrique Pour Votre Maison Vos Fourgonnettes Vos Camping Car Vos Cabines et Vos Bateaux Rendu Facile Pour Tous written by Volodymyr Vasyliv and published by . This book was released on 2021-02-06 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apprenez en toute simplicité à fabriquer un système d'énergie solaire de A à Z, même si vous êtes un véritable novice et que vous commencez à peine Photovoltaïque pour les débutants De nos jours, l'installation d'un système d'énergie solaire est à la portée de presque tout le monde. Surtout si vous faites du bricolage Économisez des milliers de dollars, simplement en installant votre propre système d'énergie solaire. Apprenez à choisir le bon équipement. Comment faire les calculs nécessaires à l'estimation du système. Comment mettre en place le système et maximiser la production d'énergie. L'entretien des batteries.L'installation de panneaux solaires.Des conseils et des astuces qui vous feront gagner du temps et de l'argent.Et bien d'autres choses encore... Achetez la version de poche du livre et recevez l'ebook gratuitement. Tout ce dont vous avez besoin pour faire fonctionner votre système est ici.Évitez de tomber dans des pièges qui vous coûteront beaucoup d'argent.Apprenez à faire fonctionner tout avec l'énergie solaire et transformez votre Camping-car, votre fourgonnette, votre cabine, votre bateau ou votre maison..Ainsi, si vous avez décidé de vous isoler du réseau électrique, vous n'aurez pas besoin de chercher plus loin. Passez à l'action dès aujourd'hui et commencez à construire votre propre système d'énergie solaire ! Faites défiler vers le haut, cliquez sur Acheter maintenant en 1-Clic et Commencez à Lire

Download or read book Syst me d alimentation photovolta que avec stockage hybride pour l habitat nerg tiquement autonome written by Akassewa Tchapo Singo and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Avec la crise pétrolière annoncée depuis quelques années déjà, le recours aux énergies alternatives connait une forte expansion ; parmi elles, l'énergie photovoltaïque, est une technologie prometteuse en termes de sécurité d'approvisionnement et de préservation de l'environnement. Néanmoins, elle présente deux principaux inconvénients : la production d'énergie n'est pas continue et la tension aux bornes des panneaux dépend fortement de la charge connectée. A travers nos travaux de recherche, nous proposons un système photovoltaïque autonome avec stockage permettant de réduire les contraintes citées plus haut. D'une part, un algorithme MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) auto-adaptatif permet aux panneaux photovoltaïques de fonctionner suivant leur tension optimale, fournissant ainsi le maximum de puissance. D'autre part, l'unité de stockage d'électricité a été optimisée : en plus des batteries au plomb conventionnellement utilisées, des supercapacités ont été ajoutées en vue d'obtenir une unité hybride de stockage. Ainsi, les supercapacités remplissent une fonction « puissance » en faisant face aux pics de puissance, et les batteries la fonction « énergie » . L'ajout des supercapacités permet ainsi de mieux préserver les batteries en leur évitant de profondes décharges. Enfin, une gestion globale efficace permet au système de fournir un rendement optimal.

Download or read book Europe and Renewable Energy Sources in the Year 2000 written by L. Valette and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 916 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energie solaire photovolta que written by Anne Labouret and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ce manuel du professionnel de l'énergie photovoltaïque expose aux concepteurs, installateurs et donneurs d'ordres impliqués dans ce type d'équipements, les outils et les méthodes pour : élaborer et optimiser un cahier des charges, calculer, mettre en place et entretenir les composants nécessaires (panneaux solaires, batteries, régulateurs de charge, convertisseurs, etc.), afin de concevoir et mettre en œuvre des installations photovoltaïques adaptées à des besoins précis, en privilégiant toujours l'économie d'énergie et en gardant à l'esprit les possibilités et les limites de cette énergie novatrice. II s'appuie pour cela sur une présentation détaillée des phénomènes physiques (conversion et stockage de l'énergie solaire), ainsi que des technologies disponibles et en développement. Cette troisième édition comporte de nombreuses mises à jour sur les données économiques et techniques, ainsi que des compléments sur les possibilités de raccordement au réseau des systèmes photovoltaïques. Cet ouvrage constitue un outil de travail indispensable aux techniciens et ingénieurs impliqués dans l'emploi de l'électricité solaire (installateurs et utilisateurs) ainsi qu'aux professionnels de bureaux d'études, et sera également une référence utile aux élèves-ingénieurs et étudiants en génie électrique.

Download or read book Optimisation des profils de consommation pour minimiser les co ts conomique et nerg tique sur cycle de vie des syst mes photovolta ques autonomes et hybrides written by Yaël Thiaux and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dans l’optique de mieux dimensionner, sur l’ensemble de leur cycle de vie, les systèmes photovoltaïques autonomes et hybrides, les travaux menés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont concerné deux principales voies. Tout d’abord, l’action sur le profil de consommation, permettant de se rapprocher du comportement solaire idéal du consommateur, a été étudiée. A même service énergétique rendu au consommateur, des gains importants, que ce soit en termes de coûts économiques ou énergétiques sur cycle de vie ont pu être mis en avant notamment par la minimisation du recours au stockage. Parallèlement, une technologie d’accumulateurs Li-ion, innovante dans le cadre de ces systèmes, a été évaluée sur la base du coût énergétique primaire global du système sur son cycle de vie, donc incluant le vieillissement de ses composants. Les résultats ont montré qu’en raison d’une meilleure durée de vie et de plus faibles pertes énergétiques, cette technologie fait figure à moyen terme de concurrent sérieux de la technologie Plomb-Acide universellement utilisée à l’heure actuelle. Ces travaux concernant des systèmes à petites échelles préfigurent ce qu’il sera possible de faire à plus grande échelle dans les « réseaux intelligents » qui permettront d’exploiter plus massivement les ressources renouvelables comme le soleil et le vent, très largement disponibles.

Download or read book Sun Tracking and Solar Renewable Energy Harvesting written by Gerro Prinsloo and published by Gerro Prinsloo. This book was released on 2015-11-02 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Free to download eBook on Practical Solar Tracking Design, Solar Tracking, Sun Tracking, Sun Tracker, Solar Tracker, Follow Sun, Sun Position calculation (Azimuth, Elevation, Zenith), Sun following, Sunrise, Sunset, Moon-phase, Moonrise, Moonset calculators. In harnessing power from the sun through a solar tracker or solar tracking system, renewable energy system developers require automatic solar tracking software and solar position algorithms. On-axis sun tracking system such as the altitude-azimuth dual axis or multi-axis solar tracker systems use a sun tracking algorithm or ray tracing sensors or software to ensure the sun's passage through the sky is traced with high precision in automated solar tracker applications, right through summer solstice, solar equinox and winter solstice. Eco Friendly and Environmentally Sustainable Micro Combined Solar Heat and Power (m-CHP, m-CCHP, m-CHCP) with Microgrid Storage and Layered Smartgrid Control towards Supplying Off-Grid Rural Villages in developing BRICS countries such as Africa, India, China and Brazil. Off-grid rural villages and isolated islands areas require mCHP and trigeneration solar power plants and associated isolated smart microgrid solutions to serve the community energy needs. This article describes the development progress for such a system, also referred to as solar polygeneration. The system includes a sun tracker mechanism wherin a parabolic dish or lenses are guided by a light sensitive mechanique in a way that the solar receiver is always at right angle to the solar radiation. Solar thermal energy is then either converted into electrical energy through a free piston Stirling, or stored in a thermal storage container. The project includes the thermodynamic modeling of the plant in Matlab Simulink as well as the development of an intelligent control approach that includes smart microgrid distribution and optimization. The book includes aspects in the simulation and optimization of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems and co-generation in isolated or islanded microgrids. It focusses on the stepwise development of a hybrid solar driven micro combined cooling heating and power (mCCHP) compact trigeneration polygeneration and thermal energy storage (TES) system with intelligent weather prediction, weak-ahead scheduling (time horizon), and look-ahead dispatch on integrated smart microgrid distribution principles. The solar harvesting and solar thermodynamic system includes an automatic sun tracking platform based on a PLC controlled mechatronic sun tracking system that follows the sun progressing across the sky. An intelligent energy management and adaptive learning control optimization approach is proposed for autonomous off-grid remote power applications, both for thermodynamic optimization and smart micro-grid optimization for distributed energy resources (DER). The correct resolution of this load-following multi objective optimization problem is a complex task because of the high number and multi-dimensional variables, the cross-correlation and interdependency between the energy streams as well as the non-linearity in the performance of some of the system components. Exergy-based control approaches for smartgrid topologies are considered in terms of the intelligence behind the safe and reliable operation of a microgrid in an automated system that can manage energy flow in electrical as well as thermal energy systems. The standalone micro-grid solution would be suitable for a rural village, intelligent building, district energy system, campus power, shopping mall centre, isolated network, eco estate or remote island application setting where self-generation and decentralized energy system concepts play a role. Discrete digital simulation models for the thermodynamic and active demand side management systems with digital smartgrid control unit to optimize the system energy management is currently under development. Parametric simulation models for this trigeneration system (polygeneration, poligeneration, quadgeneration) are developed on the Matlab Simulink and TrnSys platforms. In terms of model predictive coding strategies, the automation controller will perform multi-objective cost optimization for energy management on a microgrid level by managing the generation and storage of electrical, heat and cooling energies in layers. Each layer has its own set of smart microgrid priorities associated with user demand side cycle predictions. Mixed Integer Linear Programming and Neural network algorithms are being modeled to perform Multi Objective Control optimization as potential optimization and adaptive learning techniques.

Download or read book Bulletin of the European Union written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Practical Solar Tracking Automatic Solar Tracking Sun Tracking written by Gerro Prinsloo and published by Gerro Prinsloo. This book was released on 2015-11-01 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book details Practical Solar Energy Harvesting, Automatic Solar-Tracking, Sun-Tracking-Systems, Solar-Trackers and Sun Tracker Systems using motorized automatic positioning concepts and control principles. An intelligent automatic solar tracker is a device that orients a payload toward the sun. Such programmable computer based solar tracking device includes principles of solar tracking, solar tracking systems, as well as microcontroller, microprocessor and/or PC based solar tracking control to orientate solar reflectors, solar lenses, photovoltaic panels or other optical configurations towards the sun. Motorized space frames and kinematic systems ensure motion dynamics and employ drive technology and gearing principles to steer optical configurations such as mangin, parabolic, conic, or cassegrain solar energy collectors to face the sun and follow the sun movement contour continuously. In general, the book may benefit solar research and solar energy applications in countries such as Africa, Mediterranean, Italy, Spain, Greece, USA, Mexico, South America, Brazilia, Argentina, Chili, India, Malaysia, Middle East, UAE, Russia, Japan and China. This book on practical automatic Solar-Tracking Sun-Tracking is in .PDF format and can easily be converted to the .EPUB .MOBI .AZW .ePub .FB2 .LIT .LRF .MOBI .PDB .PDF .TCR formats for smartphones and Kindle by using the ebook.online-convert.com facility. The content of the book is also applicable to communication antenna satellite tracking and moon tracking algorithm source code for which links to free download links are provided. In harnessing power from the sun through a solar tracker or practical solar tracking system, renewable energy control automation systems require automatic solar tracking software and solar position algorithms to accomplish dynamic motion control with control automation architecture, circuit boards and hardware. On-axis sun tracking system such as the altitude-azimuth dual axis or multi-axis solar tracker systems use a sun tracking algorithm or ray tracing sensors or software to ensure the sun's passage through the sky is traced with high precision in automated solar tracker applications, right through summer solstice, solar equinox and winter solstice. A high precision sun position calculator or sun position algorithm is this an important step in the design and construction of an automatic solar tracking system. From sun tracing software perspective, the sonnet Tracing The Sun has a literal meaning. Within the context of sun track and trace, this book explains that the sun's daily path across the sky is directed by relatively simple principles, and if grasped/understood, then it is relatively easy to trace the sun with sun following software. Sun position computer software for tracing the sun are available as open source code, sources that is listed in this book. Ironically there was even a system called sun chaser, said to have been a solar positioner system known for chasing the sun throughout the day. Using solar equations in an electronic circuit for automatic solar tracking is quite simple, even if you are a novice, but mathematical solar equations are over complicated by academic experts and professors in text-books, journal articles and internet websites. In terms of solar hobbies, scholars, students and Hobbyist's looking at solar tracking electronics or PC programs for solar tracking are usually overcome by the sheer volume of scientific material and internet resources, which leaves many developers in frustration when search for simple experimental solar tracking source-code for their on-axis sun-tracking systems. This booklet will simplify the search for the mystical sun tracking formulas for your sun tracker innovation and help you develop your own autonomous solar tracking controller. By directing the solar collector directly into the sun, a solar harvesting means or device can harness sunlight or thermal heat. This is achieved with the help of sun angle formulas, solar angle formulas or solar tracking procedures for the calculation of sun's position in the sky. Automatic sun tracking system software includes algorithms for solar altitude azimuth angle calculations required in following the sun across the sky. In using the longitude, latitude GPS coordinates of the solar tracker location, these sun tracking software tools supports precision solar tracking by determining the solar altitude-azimuth coordinates for the sun trajectory in altitude-azimuth tracking at the tracker location, using certain sun angle formulas in sun vector calculations. Instead of follow the sun software, a sun tracking sensor such as a sun sensor or webcam or video camera with vision based sun following image processing software can also be used to determine the position of the sun optically. Such optical feedback devices are often used in solar panel tracking systems and dish tracking systems. Dynamic sun tracing is also used in solar surveying, DNI analyser and sun surveying systems that build solar infographics maps with solar radiance, irradiance and DNI models for GIS (geographical information system). In this way geospatial methods on solar/environment interaction makes use use of geospatial technologies (GIS, Remote Sensing, and Cartography). Climatic data and weather station or weather center data, as well as queries from sky servers and solar resource database systems (i.e. on DB2, Sybase, Oracle, SQL, MySQL) may also be associated with solar GIS maps. In such solar resource modelling systems, a pyranometer or solarimeter is normally used in addition to measure direct and indirect, scattered, dispersed, reflective radiation for a particular geographical location. Sunlight analysis is important in flash photography where photographic lighting are important for photographers. GIS systems are used by architects who add sun shadow applets to study architectural shading or sun shadow analysis, solar flux calculations, optical modelling or to perform weather modelling. Such systems often employ a computer operated telescope type mechanism with ray tracing program software as a solar navigator or sun tracer that determines the solar position and intensity. The purpose of this booklet is to assist developers to track and trace suitable source-code and solar tracking algorithms for their application, whether a hobbyist, scientist, technician or engineer. Many open-source sun following and tracking algorithms and source-code for solar tracking programs and modules are freely available to download on the internet today. Certain proprietary solar tracker kits and solar tracking controllers include a software development kit SDK for its application programming interface API attributes (Pebble). Widget libraries, widget toolkits, GUI toolkit and UX libraries with graphical control elements are also available to construct the graphical user interface (GUI) for your solar tracking or solar power monitoring program. The solar library used by solar position calculators, solar simulation software and solar contour calculators include machine program code for the solar hardware controller which are software programmed into Micro-controllers, Programmable Logic Controllers PLC, programmable gate arrays, Arduino processor or PIC processor. PC based solar tracking is also high in demand using C++, Visual Basic VB, as well as MS Windows, Linux and Apple Mac based operating systems for sun path tables on Matlab, Excel. Some books and internet webpages use other terms, such as: sun angle calculator, sun position calculator or solar angle calculator. As said, such software code calculate the solar azimuth angle, solar altitude angle, solar elevation angle or the solar Zenith angle (Zenith solar angle is simply referenced from vertical plane, the mirror of the elevation angle measured from the horizontal or ground plane level). Similar software code is also used in solar calculator apps or the solar power calculator apps for IOS and Android smartphone devices. Most of these smartphone solar mobile apps show the sun path and sun-angles for any location and date over a 24 hour period. Some smartphones include augmented reality features in which you can physically see and look at the solar path through your cell phone camera or mobile phone camera at your phone's specific GPS location. In the computer programming and digital signal processing (DSP) environment, (free/open source) program code are available for VB, .Net, Delphi, Python, C, C+, C++, PHP, Swift, ADM, F, Flash, Basic, QBasic, GBasic, KBasic, SIMPL language, Squirrel, Solaris, Assembly language on operating systems such as MS Windows, Apple Mac, DOS or Linux OS. Software algorithms predicting position of the sun in the sky are commonly available as graphical programming platforms such as Matlab (Mathworks), Simulink models, Java applets, TRNSYS simulations, Scada system apps, Labview module, Beckhoff TwinCAT (Visual Studio), Siemens SPA, mobile and iphone apps, Android or iOS tablet apps, and so forth. At the same time, PLC software code for a range of sun tracking automation technology can follow the profile of sun in sky for Siemens, HP, Panasonic, ABB, Allan Bradley, OMRON, SEW, Festo, Beckhoff, Rockwell, Schneider, Endress Hauser, Fudji electric. Honeywell, Fuchs, Yokonawa, or Muthibishi platforms. Sun path projection software are also available for a range of modular IPC embedded PC motherboards, Industrial PC, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and PAC (Programmable Automation Controller) such as the Siemens S7-1200 or Siemens Logo, Beckhoff IPC or CX series, OMRON PLC, Ercam PLC, AC500plc ABB, National Instruments NI PXI or NI cRIO, PIC processor, Intel 8051/8085, IBM (Cell, Power, Brain or Truenorth series), FPGA (Xilinx Altera Nios), Intel, Xeon, Atmel megaAVR, MPU, Maple, Teensy, MSP, XMOS, Xbee, ARM, Raspberry Pi, Eagle, Arduino or Arduino AtMega microcontroller, with servo motor, stepper motor, direct current DC pulse width modulation PWM (current driver) or alternating current AC SPS or IPC variable frequency drives VFD motor drives (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) for electrical, mechatronic, pneumatic, or hydraulic solar tracking actuators. The above motion control and robot control systems include analogue or digital interfacing ports on the processors to allow for tracker angle orientation feedback control through one or a combination of angle sensor or angle encoder, shaft encoder, precision encoder, optical encoder, magnetic encoder, direction encoder, rotational encoder, chip encoder, tilt sensor, inclination sensor, or pitch sensor. Note that the tracker's elevation or zenith axis angle may measured using an altitude angle-, declination angle-, inclination angle-, pitch angle-, or vertical angle-, zenith angle- sensor or inclinometer. Similarly the tracker's azimuth axis angle be measured with a azimuth angle-, horizontal angle-, or roll angle- sensor. Chip integrated accelerometer magnetometer gyroscope type angle sensors can also be used to calculate displacement. Other options include the use of thermal imaging systems such as a Fluke thermal imager, or robotic or vision based solar tracker systems that employ face tracking, head tracking, hand tracking, eye tracking and car tracking principles in solar tracking. With unattended decentralised rural, island, isolated, or autonomous off-grid power installations, remote control, monitoring, data acquisition, digital datalogging and online measurement and verification equipment becomes crucial. It assists the operator with supervisory control to monitor the efficiency of remote renewable energy resources and systems and provide valuable web-based feedback in terms of CO2 and clean development mechanism (CDM) reporting. A power quality analyser for diagnostics through internet, WiFi and cellular mobile links is most valuable in frontline troubleshooting and predictive maintenance, where quick diagnostic analysis is required to detect and prevent power quality issues. Solar tracker applications cover a wide spectrum of solar applications and solar assisted application, including concentrated solar power generation, solar desalination, solar water purification, solar steam generation, solar electricity generation, solar industrial process heat, solar thermal heat storage, solar food dryers, solar water pumping, hydrogen production from methane or producing hydrogen and oxygen from water (HHO) through electrolysis. Many patented or non-patented solar apparatus include tracking in solar apparatus for solar electric generator, solar desalinator, solar steam engine, solar ice maker, solar water purifier, solar cooling, solar refrigeration, USB solar charger, solar phone charging, portable solar charging tracker, solar coffee brewing, solar cooking or solar dying means. Your project may be the next breakthrough or patent, but your invention is held back by frustration in search for the sun tracker you require for your solar powered appliance, solar generator, solar tracker robot, solar freezer, solar cooker, solar drier, solar pump, solar freezer, or solar dryer project. Whether your solar electronic circuit diagram include a simplified solar controller design in a solar electricity project, solar power kit, solar hobby kit, solar steam generator, solar hot water system, solar ice maker, solar desalinator, hobbyist solar panels, hobby robot, or if you are developing professional or hobby electronics for a solar utility or micro scale solar powerplant for your own solar farm or solar farming, this publication may help accelerate the development of your solar tracking innovation. Lately, solar polygeneration, solar trigeneration (solar triple generation), and solar quad generation (adding delivery of steam, liquid/gaseous fuel, or capture food-grade CO$_2$) systems have need for automatic solar tracking. These systems are known for significant efficiency increases in energy yield as a result of the integration and re-use of waste or residual heat and are suitable for compact packaged micro solar powerplants that could be manufactured and transported in kit-form and operate on a plug-and play basis. Typical hybrid solar power systems include compact or packaged solar micro combined heat and power (CHP or mCHP) or solar micro combined, cooling, heating and power (CCHP, CHPC, mCCHP, or mCHPC) systems used in distributed power generation. These systems are often combined in concentrated solar CSP and CPV smart microgrid configurations for off-grid rural, island or isolated microgrid, minigrid and distributed power renewable energy systems. Solar tracking algorithms are also used in modelling of trigeneration systems using Matlab Simulink (Modelica or TRNSYS) platform as well as in automation and control of renewable energy systems through intelligent parsing, multi-objective, adaptive learning control and control optimization strategies. Solar tracking algorithms also find application in developing solar models for country or location specific solar studies, for example in terms of measuring or analysis of the fluctuations of the solar radiation (i.e. direct and diffuse radiation) in a particular area. Solar DNI, solar irradiance and atmospheric information and models can thus be integrated into a solar map, solar atlas or geographical information systems (GIS). Such models allows for defining local parameters for specific regions that may be valuable in terms of the evaluation of different solar in photovoltaic of CSP systems on simulation and synthesis platforms such as Matlab and Simulink or in linear or multi-objective optimization algorithm platforms such as COMPOSE, EnergyPLAN or DER-CAM. A dual-axis solar tracker and single-axis solar tracker may use a sun tracker program or sun tracker algorithm to position a solar dish, solar panel array, heliostat array, PV panel, solar antenna or infrared solar nantenna. A self-tracking solar concentrator performs automatic solar tracking by computing the solar vector. Solar position algorithms (TwinCAT, SPA, or PSA Algorithms) use an astronomical algorithm to calculate the position of the sun. It uses astronomical software algorithms and equations for solar tracking in the calculation of sun's position in the sky for each location on the earth at any time of day. Like an optical solar telescope, the solar position algorithm pin-points the solar reflector at the sun and locks onto the sun's position to track the sun across the sky as the sun progresses throughout the day. Optical sensors such as photodiodes, light-dependant-resistors (LDR) or photoresistors are used as optical accuracy feedback devices. Lately we also included a section in the book (with links to microprocessor code) on how the PixArt Wii infrared camera in the Wii remote or Wiimote may be used in infrared solar tracking applications. In order to harvest free energy from the sun, some automatic solar positioning systems use an optical means to direct the solar tracking device. These solar tracking strategies use optical tracking techniques, such as a sun sensor means, to direct sun rays onto a silicon or CMOS substrate to determine the X and Y coordinates of the sun's position. In a solar mems sun-sensor device, incident sunlight enters the sun sensor through a small pin-hole in a mask plate where light is exposed to a silicon substrate. In a web-camera or camera image processing sun tracking and sun following means, object tracking software performs multi object tracking or moving object tracking methods. In an solar object tracking technique, image processing software performs mathematical processing to box the outline of the apparent solar disc or sun blob within the captured image frame, while sun-localization is performed with an edge detection algorithm to determine the solar vector coordinates. An automated positioning system help maximize the yields of solar power plants through solar tracking control to harness sun's energy. In such renewable energy systems, the solar panel positioning system uses a sun tracking techniques and a solar angle calculator in positioning PV panels in photovoltaic systems and concentrated photovoltaic CPV systems. Automatic on-axis solar tracking in a PV solar tracking system can be dual-axis sun tracking or single-axis sun solar tracking. It is known that a motorized positioning system in a photovoltaic panel tracker increase energy yield and ensures increased power output, even in a single axis solar tracking configuration. Other applications such as robotic solar tracker or robotic solar tracking system uses robotica with artificial intelligence in the control optimization of energy yield in solar harvesting through a robotic tracking system. Automatic positioning systems in solar tracking designs are also used in other free energy generators, such as concentrated solar thermal power CSP and dish Stirling systems. The sun tracking device in a solar collector in a solar concentrator or solar collector Such a performs on-axis solar tracking, a dual axis solar tracker assists to harness energy from the sun through an optical solar collector, which can be a parabolic mirror, parabolic reflector, Fresnel lens or mirror array/matrix. A parabolic dish or reflector is dynamically steered using a transmission system or solar tracking slew drive mean. In steering the dish to face the sun, the power dish actuator and actuation means in a parabolic dish system optically focusses the sun's energy on the focal point of a parabolic dish or solar concentrating means. A Stirling engine, solar heat pipe, thermosyphin, solar phase change material PCM receiver, or a fibre optic sunlight receiver means is located at the focal point of the solar concentrator. The dish Stirling engine configuration is referred to as a dish Stirling system or Stirling power generation system. Hybrid solar power systems (used in combination with biogas, biofuel, petrol, ethanol, diesel, natural gas or PNG) use a combination of power sources to harness and store solar energy in a storage medium. Any multitude of energy sources can be combined through the use of controllers and the energy stored in batteries, phase change material, thermal heat storage, and in cogeneration form converted to the required power using thermodynamic cycles (organic Rankin, Brayton cycle, micro turbine, Stirling) with an inverter and charge controller. В этой книге подробно Автоматическая Solar-Tracking, ВС-Tracking-Systems, Solar-трекеры и ВС Tracker Systems. Интеллектуальный автоматический солнечной слежения является устройством, которое ориентирует полезную нагрузку к солнцу. Такое программируемый компьютер на основе солнечной устройство слежения включает принципы солнечной слежения, солнечных систем слежения, а также микроконтроллер, микропроцессор и / или ПК на базе управления солнечной отслеживания ориентироваться солнечных отражателей, солнечные линзы, фотоэлектрические панели или другие оптические конфигурации к ВС Моторизованные космические кадры и кинематические системы обеспечения динамики движения и использовать приводной техники и готовится принципы, чтобы направить оптические конфигурации, такие как Манжен, параболических, конических или Кассегрена солнечных коллекторов энергии, чтобы лицом к солнцу и следовать за солнцем контур движения непрерывно. В обуздывать силу от солнца через солнечный трекер или практической солнечной системы слежения, системы возобновляемых контроля энергии автоматизации требуют автоматического солнечной отслеживания программного обеспечения и алгоритмов солнечные позиции для достижения динамического контроля движения с архитектуры автоматизации управления, печатных плат и аппаратных средств. На оси системы слежения ВС, таких как высота-азимут двойной оси или многоосевые солнечные системы трекер использовать алгоритм отслеживания солнце или трассировки лучей датчиков или программное обеспечение, чтобы обеспечить прохождение солнца по небу прослеживается с высокой точностью в автоматизированных приложений Солнечная Tracker , прямо через летнего солнцестояния, солнечного равноденствия и зимнего солнцестояния.Высокая точность позиции ВС калькулятор или положение солнца алгоритм это важный шаг в проектировании и строительстве автоматической системой солнечной слежения. 這本書詳細介紹了全自動太陽能跟踪，太陽跟踪系統的出現，太陽能跟踪器和太陽跟踪系統。智能全自動太陽能跟踪器是定向向著太陽的有效載荷設備。這種可編程計算機的太陽能跟踪裝置，包括太陽跟踪，太陽能跟踪系統，以及微控制器，微處理器和/或基於PC機的太陽跟踪控制，以定向太陽能反射器，太陽透鏡，光電板或其他光學配置朝向太陽的原理。機動空間框架和運動系統，確保運動動力學和採用的驅動技術和傳動原理引導光學配置，如曼金，拋物線，圓錐曲線，或卡塞格林式太陽能集熱器面向太陽，不斷跟隨太陽運動的輪廓。 從陽光透過太陽能跟踪器或實用的太陽能跟踪系統利用電力，可再生能源控制的自動化系統需要自動太陽跟踪軟件和太陽位置算法來實現控制與自動化架構，電路板和硬件的動態運動控制。上軸太陽跟踪系統，如高度，方位角雙軸或多軸太陽跟踪系統使用太陽跟踪算法或光線追踪傳感器或軟件，以確保通過天空中太陽的通道被跟踪的高精度的自動太陽跟踪器的應用，通過正確的夏至，春分太陽和冬至。一種高精度太陽位置計算器或太陽位置算法是這樣的自動太陽能跟踪系統的設計和施工中的重要一步。

Download or read book Automatic Solar Tracking Sun Tracking Satellite Tracking rastreador solar seguimento solar seguidor solar autom tico de seguimiento solar written by Gerro Prinsloo and published by Gerro Prinsloo. This book was released on 2015-11-01 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Automatic Solar Tracking Sun Tracking : This book details Automatic Solar-Tracking, Sun-Tracking-Systems, Solar-Trackers and Sun Tracker Systems. An intelligent automatic solar tracker is a device that orients a payload toward the sun. Such programmable computer based solar tracking device includes principles of solar tracking, solar tracking systems, as well as microcontroller, microprocessor and/or PC based solar tracking control to orientate solar reflectors, solar lenses, photovoltaic panels or other optical configurations towards the sun. Motorized space frames and kinematic systems ensure motion dynamics and employ drive technology and gearing principles to steer optical configurations such as mangin, parabolic, conic, or cassegrain solar energy collectors to face the sun and follow the sun movement contour continuously (seguimiento solar y automatización, automatización seguidor solar, tracking solar e automação, automação seguidor solar, inseguimento solare, inseguitore solare, energia termica, sole seguito, posizionatore motorizzato) In harnessing power from the sun through a solar tracker or practical solar tracking system, renewable energy control automation systems require automatic solar tracking software and solar position algorithms to accomplish dynamic motion control with control automation architecture, circuit boards and hardware. On-axis sun tracking system such as the altitude-azimuth dual axis or multi-axis solar tracker systems use a sun tracking algorithm or ray tracing sensors or software to ensure the sun's passage through the sky is traced with high precision in automated solar tracker applications, right through summer solstice, solar equinox and winter solstice. A high precision sun position calculator or sun position algorithm is this an important step in the design and construction of an automatic solar tracking system. The content of the book is also applicable to communication antenna satellite tracking and moon tracking algorithm source code for which links to free download links are provided. From sun tracing software perspective, the sonnet Tracing The Sun has a literal meaning. Within the context of sun track and trace, this book explains that the sun's daily path across the sky is directed by relatively simple principles, and if grasped/understood, then it is relatively easy to trace the sun with sun following software. Sun position computer software for tracing the sun are available as open source code, sources that is listed in this book. The book also describes the use of satellite tracking software and mechanisms in solar tracking applications. Ironically there was even a system called sun chaser, said to have been a solar positioner system known for chasing the sun throughout the day. Using solar equations in an electronic circuit for automatic solar tracking is quite simple, even if you are a novice, but mathematical solar equations are over complicated by academic experts and professors in text-books, journal articles and internet websites. In terms of solar hobbies, scholars, students and Hobbyist's looking at solar tracking electronics or PC programs for solar tracking are usually overcome by the sheer volume of scientific material and internet resources, which leaves many developers in frustration when search for simple experimental solar tracking source-code for their on-axis sun-tracking systems. This booklet will simplify the search for the mystical sun tracking formulas for your sun tracker innovation and help you develop your own autonomous solar tracking controller. By directing the solar collector directly into the sun, a solar harvesting means or device can harness sunlight or thermal heat. This is achieved with the help of sun angle formulas, solar angle formulas or solar tracking procedures for the calculation of sun's position in the sky. Automatic sun tracking system software includes algorithms for solar altitude azimuth angle calculations required in following the sun across the sky. In using the longitude, latitude GPS coordinates of the solar tracker location, these sun tracking software tools supports precision solar tracking by determining the solar altitude-azimuth coordinates for the sun trajectory in altitude-azimuth tracking at the tracker location, using certain sun angle formulas in sun vector calculations. Instead of follow the sun software, a sun tracking sensor such as a sun sensor or webcam or video camera with vision based sun following image processing software can also be used to determine the position of the sun optically. Such optical feedback devices are often used in solar panel tracking systems and dish tracking systems. Dynamic sun tracing is also used in solar surveying, DNI analyser and sun surveying systems that build solar infographics maps with solar radiance, irradiance and DNI models for GIS (geographical information system). In this way geospatial methods on solar/environment interaction makes use use of geospatial technologies (GIS, Remote Sensing, and Cartography). Climatic data and weather station or weather center data, as well as queries from sky servers and solar resource database systems (i.e. on DB2, Sybase, Oracle, SQL, MySQL) may also be associated with solar GIS maps. In such solar resource modelling systems, a pyranometer or solarimeter is normally used in addition to measure direct and indirect, scattered, dispersed, reflective radiation for a particular geographical location. Sunlight analysis is important in flash photography where photographic lighting are important for photographers. GIS systems are used by architects who add sun shadow applets to study architectural shading or sun shadow analysis, solar flux calculations, optical modelling or to perform weather modelling. Such systems often employ a computer operated telescope type mechanism with ray tracing program software as a solar navigator or sun tracer that determines the solar position and intensity. The purpose of this booklet is to assist developers to track and trace suitable source-code and solar tracking algorithms for their application, whether a hobbyist, scientist, technician or engineer. Many open-source sun following and tracking algorithms and source-code for solar tracking programs and modules are freely available to download on the internet today. Certain proprietary solar tracker kits and solar tracking controllers include a software development kit SDK for its application programming interface API attributes (Pebble). Widget libraries, widget toolkits, GUI toolkit and UX libraries with graphical control elements are also available to construct the graphical user interface (GUI) for your solar tracking or solar power monitoring program. The solar library used by solar position calculators, solar simulation software and solar contour calculators include machine program code for the solar hardware controller which are software programmed into Micro-controllers, Programmable Logic Controllers PLC, programmable gate arrays, Arduino processor or PIC processor. PC based solar tracking is also high in demand using C++, Visual Basic VB, as well as MS Windows, Linux and Apple Mac based operating systems for sun path tables on Matlab, Excel. Some books and internet webpages use other terms, such as: sun angle calculator, sun position calculator or solar angle calculator. As said, such software code calculate the solar azimuth angle, solar altitude angle, solar elevation angle or the solar Zenith angle (Zenith solar angle is simply referenced from vertical plane, the mirror of the elevation angle measured from the horizontal or ground plane level). Similar software code is also used in solar calculator apps or the solar power calculator apps for IOS and Android smartphone devices. Most of these smartphone solar mobile apps show the sun path and sun-angles for any location and date over a 24 hour period. Some smartphones include augmented reality features in which you can physically see and look at the solar path through your cell phone camera or mobile phone camera at your phone's specific GPS location. In the computer programming and digital signal processing (DSP) environment, (free/open source) program code are available for VB, .Net, Delphi, Python, C, C+, C++, PHP, Swift, ADM, F, Flash, Basic, QBasic, GBasic, KBasic, SIMPL language, Squirrel, Solaris, Assembly language on operating systems such as MS Windows, Apple Mac, DOS or Linux OS. Software algorithms predicting position of the sun in the sky are commonly available as graphical programming platforms such as Matlab (Mathworks), Simulink models, Java applets, TRNSYS simulations, Scada system apps, Labview module, Beckhoff TwinCAT (Visual Studio), Siemens SPA, mobile and iphone apps, Android or iOS tablet apps, and so forth. At the same time, PLC software code for a range of sun tracking automation technology can follow the profile of sun in sky for Siemens, HP, Panasonic, ABB, Allan Bradley, OMRON, SEW, Festo, Beckhoff, Rockwell, Schneider, Endress Hauser, Fudji electric. Honeywell, Fuchs, Yokonawa, or Muthibishi platforms. Sun path projection software are also available for a range of modular IPC embedded PC motherboards, Industrial PC, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and PAC (Programmable Automation Controller) such as the Siemens S7-1200 or Siemens Logo, Beckhoff IPC or CX series, OMRON PLC, Ercam PLC, AC500plc ABB, National Instruments NI PXI or NI cRIO, PIC processor, Intel 8051/8085, IBM (Cell, Power, Brain or Truenorth series), FPGA (Xilinx Altera Nios), Intel, Xeon, Atmel megaAVR, MPU, Maple, Teensy, MSP, XMOS, Xbee, ARM, Raspberry Pi, Eagle, Arduino or Arduino AtMega microcontroller, with servo motor, stepper motor, direct current DC pulse width modulation PWM (current driver) or alternating current AC SPS or IPC variable frequency drives VFD motor drives (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) for electrical, mechatronic, pneumatic, or hydraulic solar tracking actuators. The above motion control and robot control systems include analogue or digital interfacing ports on the processors to allow for tracker angle orientation feedback control through one or a combination of angle sensor or angle encoder, shaft encoder, precision encoder, optical encoder, magnetic encoder, direction encoder, rotational encoder, chip encoder, tilt sensor, inclination sensor, or pitch sensor. Note that the tracker's elevation or zenith axis angle may measured using an altitude angle-, declination angle-, inclination angle-, pitch angle-, or vertical angle-, zenith angle- sensor or inclinometer. Similarly the tracker's azimuth axis angle be measured with a azimuth angle-, horizontal angle-, or roll angle- sensor. Chip integrated accelerometer magnetometer gyroscope type angle sensors can also be used to calculate displacement. Other options include the use of thermal imaging systems such as a Fluke thermal imager, or robotic or vision based solar tracker systems that employ face tracking, head tracking, hand tracking, eye tracking and car tracking principles in solar tracking. With unattended decentralised rural, island, isolated, or autonomous off-grid power installations, remote control, monitoring, data acquisition, digital datalogging and online measurement and verification equipment becomes crucial. It assists the operator with supervisory control to monitor the efficiency of remote renewable energy resources and systems and provide valuable web-based feedback in terms of CO2 and clean development mechanism (CDM) reporting. A power quality analyser for diagnostics through internet, WiFi and cellular mobile links is most valuable in frontline troubleshooting and predictive maintenance, where quick diagnostic analysis is required to detect and prevent power quality issues. Solar tracker applications cover a wide spectrum of solar applications and solar assisted application, including concentrated solar power generation, solar desalination, solar water purification, solar steam generation, solar electricity generation, solar industrial process heat, solar thermal heat storage, solar food dryers, solar water pumping, hydrogen production from methane or producing hydrogen and oxygen from water (HHO) through electrolysis. Many patented or non-patented solar apparatus include tracking in solar apparatus for solar electric generator, solar desalinator, solar steam engine, solar ice maker, solar water purifier, solar cooling, solar refrigeration, USB solar charger, solar phone charging, portable solar charging tracker, solar coffee brewing, solar cooking or solar dying means. Your project may be the next breakthrough or patent, but your invention is held back by frustration in search for the sun tracker you require for your solar powered appliance, solar generator, solar tracker robot, solar freezer, solar cooker, solar drier, solar pump, solar freezer, or solar dryer project. Whether your solar electronic circuit diagram include a simplified solar controller design in a solar electricity project, solar power kit, solar hobby kit, solar steam generator, solar hot water system, solar ice maker, solar desalinator, hobbyist solar panels, hobby robot, or if you are developing professional or hobby electronics for a solar utility or micro scale solar powerplant for your own solar farm or solar farming, this publication may help accelerate the development of your solar tracking innovation. Lately, solar polygeneration, solar trigeneration (solar triple generation), and solar quad generation (adding delivery of steam, liquid/gaseous fuel, or capture food-grade CO$_2$) systems have need for automatic solar tracking. These systems are known for significant efficiency increases in energy yield as a result of the integration and re-use of waste or residual heat and are suitable for compact packaged micro solar powerplants that could be manufactured and transported in kit-form and operate on a plug-and play basis. Typical hybrid solar power systems include compact or packaged solar micro combined heat and power (CHP or mCHP) or solar micro combined, cooling, heating and power (CCHP, CHPC, mCCHP, or mCHPC) systems used in distributed power generation. These systems are often combined in concentrated solar CSP and CPV smart microgrid configurations for off-grid rural, island or isolated microgrid, minigrid and distributed power renewable energy systems. Solar tracking algorithms are also used in modelling of trigeneration systems using Matlab Simulink (Modelica or TRNSYS) platform as well as in automation and control of renewable energy systems through intelligent parsing, multi-objective, adaptive learning control and control optimization strategies. Solar tracking algorithms also find application in developing solar models for country or location specific solar studies, for example in terms of measuring or analysis of the fluctuations of the solar radiation (i.e. direct and diffuse radiation) in a particular area. Solar DNI, solar irradiance and atmospheric information and models can thus be integrated into a solar map, solar atlas or geographical information systems (GIS). Such models allows for defining local parameters for specific regions that may be valuable in terms of the evaluation of different solar in photovoltaic of CSP systems on simulation and synthesis platforms such as Matlab and Simulink or in linear or multi-objective optimization algorithm platforms such as COMPOSE, EnergyPLAN or DER-CAM. A dual-axis solar tracker and single-axis solar tracker may use a sun tracker program or sun tracker algorithm to position a solar dish, solar panel array, heliostat array, PV panel, solar antenna or infrared solar nantenna. A self-tracking solar concentrator performs automatic solar tracking by computing the solar vector. Solar position algorithms (TwinCAT, SPA, or PSA Algorithms) use an astronomical algorithm to calculate the position of the sun. It uses astronomical software algorithms and equations for solar tracking in the calculation of sun's position in the sky for each location on the earth at any time of day. Like an optical solar telescope, the solar position algorithm pin-points the solar reflector at the sun and locks onto the sun's position to track the sun across the sky as the sun progresses throughout the day. Optical sensors such as photodiodes, light-dependant-resistors (LDR) or photoresistors are used as optical accuracy feedback devices. Lately we also included a section in the book (with links to microprocessor code) on how the PixArt Wii infrared camera in the Wii remote or Wiimote may be used in infrared solar tracking applications. In order to harvest free energy from the sun, some automatic solar positioning systems use an optical means to direct the solar tracking device. These solar tracking strategies use optical tracking techniques, such as a sun sensor means, to direct sun rays onto a silicon or CMOS substrate to determine the X and Y coordinates of the sun's position. In a solar mems sun-sensor device, incident sunlight enters the sun sensor through a small pin-hole in a mask plate where light is exposed to a silicon substrate. In a web-camera or camera image processing sun tracking and sun following means, object tracking software performs multi object tracking or moving object tracking methods. In an solar object tracking technique, image processing software performs mathematical processing to box the outline of the apparent solar disc or sun blob within the captured image frame, while sun-localization is performed with an edge detection algorithm to determine the solar vector coordinates. An automated positioning system help maximize the yields of solar power plants through solar tracking control to harness sun's energy. In such renewable energy systems, the solar panel positioning system uses a sun tracking techniques and a solar angle calculator in positioning PV panels in photovoltaic systems and concentrated photovoltaic CPV systems. Automatic on-axis solar tracking in a PV solar tracking system can be dual-axis sun tracking or single-axis sun solar tracking. It is known that a motorized positioning system in a photovoltaic panel tracker increase energy yield and ensures increased power output, even in a single axis solar tracking configuration. Other applications such as robotic solar tracker or robotic solar tracking system uses robotica with artificial intelligence in the control optimization of energy yield in solar harvesting through a robotic tracking system. Automatic positioning systems in solar tracking designs are also used in other free energy generators, such as concentrated solar thermal power CSP and dish Stirling systems. The sun tracking device in a solar collector in a solar concentrator or solar collector Such a performs on-axis solar tracking, a dual axis solar tracker assists to harness energy from the sun through an optical solar collector, which can be a parabolic mirror, parabolic reflector, Fresnel lens or mirror array/matrix. A parabolic dish or reflector is dynamically steered using a transmission system or solar tracking slew drive mean. In steering the dish to face the sun, the power dish actuator and actuation means in a parabolic dish system optically focusses the sun's energy on the focal point of a parabolic dish or solar concentrating means. A Stirling engine, solar heat pipe, thermosyphin, solar phase change material PCM receiver, or a fibre optic sunlight receiver means is located at the focal point of the solar concentrator. The dish Stirling engine configuration is referred to as a dish Stirling system or Stirling power generation system. Hybrid solar power systems (used in combination with biogas, biofuel, petrol, ethanol, diesel, natural gas or PNG) use a combination of power sources to harness and store solar energy in a storage medium. Any multitude of energy sources can be combined through the use of controllers and the energy stored in batteries, phase change material, thermal heat storage, and in cogeneration form converted to the required power using thermodynamic cycles (organic Rankin, Brayton cycle, micro turbine, Stirling) with an inverter and charge controller.