Download or read book Surface Spectroscopic Characterization of Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts Molybdenum alumina Catalysts and Ni W A1203 Catalysts and Molybdenum titania Catalysts written by Chung Ping Li and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Engineering Index Annual written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 2264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its creation in 1884, Engineering Index has covered virtually every major engineering innovation from around the world. It serves as the historical record of virtually every major engineering innovation of the 20th century. Recent content is a vital resource for current awareness, new production information, technological forecasting and competitive intelligence. The world?s most comprehensive interdisciplinary engineering database, Engineering Index contains over 10.7 million records. Each year, over 500,000 new abstracts are added from over 5,000 scholarly journals, trade magazines, and conference proceedings. Coverage spans over 175 engineering disciplines from over 80 countries. Updated weekly.

Download or read book Standard Reference Materials written by Harvey Yakowitz and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of a Nickel Alumina Catalyst written by Stephen Whitty and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ultrafast Surface Specific Spectroscopy of Dyes and Catalysts at the Solid Air Interface written by Carmella Calabrese and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy drifts of Molecules Adsorbed on Nickel Rhodium and Ruthenium Catalysts written by Lawrence Nwankwo Orji and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Unraveling Mechanisms and Quantifying Active Sites by Using In situ and Ex situ Infrared Spectroscopy written by Shao-Chun Wang (Ph.D.) and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The molecular-level understanding of surface sites and reaction mechanisms is key for the development of the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Infrared spectroscopy, studying molecular vibrations, is widely used to investigate the structures of surface-bound species in heterogeneous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalytic reactions proceed via adsorption of the reagent(s), surface reaction, and desorption of the product(s), leading to complex in-situ or operando IR spectra. However, the information of active species is usually concealed by spectator species which do not participate in the catalytic cycle. Modulation excitation spectroscopy serves as a tool to increase the signal-to-noise level and to differentiate between the active species and spectator species during a catalytic reaction. In Chapter 2, we report on the use of diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy (DRIFTS) with a modulation excitation (ME) approach followed by mass spectrometry (MS) to investigate the reaction of ethanol to n-butanol over hydroxyapatite (HAP). The approach allows for a vibrational characterization of the active surface species and the formulation of a consistent mechanism. Based on our experimental observations, Ca2+/OH- can be put forward as the main active site for the aldol condensation. POH/OH- acid-base pair is proposed as the active site for the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) direct hydrogen transfer for the n-butanol formation.In Chapter 3, we describe the use of NO as a probe molecule in low-temperature IR spectroscopy to identify and quantify copper species in the state-of-the-art commercial NOx abatement catalyst, Cu ion-exchanged chabazite zeolite. While bulk analysis can reveal the total concentration of copper in the catalyst, the amount of ion-exchanged copper is more difficult to determine due to the appearance of non-exchanged Cu species, CuOx. Molecules such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) are routinely used as a probe to investigate the copper speciation in order to draw structure-activity correlations. However, NO is easy to decompose and reacts with copper species at ambient temperature, causing complexity in IR spectra. Here, we develop NO adsorption IR spectroscopy at cryogenic conditions to avoid the undesired reactions. The observed IR peaks for Cu+(NO)2 and Cu2+(NO) species can be used to quantify the amount of exchanged copper species in a broad range of samples, including a commercial wash-coated honeycomb. Calibration curves for Cu+(NO)2 and Cu2+(NO) are determined for copper loadings up to 3.99 wt% with silica to alumina ratio of 16-22 and quantitative agreement with complementary hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) results is established. Our methodology allows us to identify different Cu species in Cu-CHA, such as Z2Cu(II), Z1Cu(II)OH and Cu dimers, based on their distinct IR signatures. In addition, the perturbed T-O-T framework vibration - characterized at 400 oC - can also be used as a complementary method to quantify Z2Cu(II) species. This work demonstrates that cryogenic NO-IR is a facile technique to identify and quantify the exchanged copper species in Cu-CHA to accelerate catalyst development. In chapter 4, we extend the NO-IR method to characterize the ion-exchanged species in Cu-ZSM-5 and Fe-CHA. The adsorbed NO shows distinct IR characteristics for exchanged copper species at 1914 cm-1 and the calibration curve for Cu2+ species for estimating high Cu-loading Cu-ZSM-5 is determined. In the case of Fe-CHA, the NO-IR is not efficient due to the formation of NO monomer and trimer on copper species, causing complexity in the IR spectra. Carbon monoxide (CO) is then applied as an alternative probe molecule. The results of CO-IR for Fe-CHA showed more defined IR features for Fe2+(CO) than in NO-IR. With this toolbox in hand, the calibration curve for the concentration of Fe2+ in Fe-CHA by CO-IR is then established. Perspectives for future research are outlined in Chapter 5, the preliminary results for a Cu-Ga binary catalyst for methanol production from CO2 hydrogenation was tested by using the DRIFTS cell with ambient pressure. However, due to thermodynamic limitation, the reaction favors reverse water gas shift under ambient pressure. The newly designed operando DRIFTS cell allows to minimize the exchange time of concentration modulation and have the capability of holding at high pressure (> 25 bar) and high temperature (> 250 oC) which is suitable for investigating the heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation. With the well-establish tool, we will be able to investigate surface-bound species and reaction mechanisms under working conditions by IR spectroscopy. Not only can gas phase catalytic reactions be studied by DRIFTS, but heterogeneous catalytic reactions in liquid phase can also be investigated by attenuation total reflection IR spectroscopy (ATR-IR). Competitive adsorption with reactants and solvents is especially important in the case of (micro-) porous catalysts where the composition inside the pores can be very different from the bulk due to size exclusion and confinement effects. ATR-IR with the ME approach can shed light on mechanistic insights for liquid phase reactions. Lastly, with the success of low temperature NO and CO-IR method development, characterizing different metal ion-exchanged zeolites for various applications such as methane to methanol, syngas to dimethyl ether, and NOx abatement is crucial for structure-reactivity correlation. Ultimately, low temperature NO and CO-IR can be established as facile techniques to identify and quantify metal ion species located in different types of zeolites.

Download or read book Principles and Methods for Accelerated Catalyst Design and Testing written by E.G. Derouane and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High throughput experimentation has met great success in drug design but it has, so far, been scarcely used in the field ofcatalysis. We present in this book the outcome of a NATO ASI meeting that was held in Vilamoura, Portugal, between July 15 and 28, 2001, with the objective of delineating and consolidating the principles and methods underpinning accelerated catalyst design, evaluation, and development. There is a need to make the underlying principles of this new methodology more widely understood and to make it available in a coherent and integrated format. The latter objective is particularly important to the young scientists who will constitute the new catalysis researchers generation. Indeed, this field which is at the frontier offundamental science and may be a renaissance for catalysis, is one which is much more complex than classical catalysis itself. It implies a close collaboration between scientists from many disciplines (chemistry, physics, chemical and mechanical engineering, automation, robotics, and scientific computing in general). In addition, this emerging area of science is also of paramount industrial importance, as progress in this area would collapse the time necessary to discover new catalysts or improve existing ones.

Download or read book Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis written by J.R. Jennings and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The phenomenon of catalysis is found in many homogeneous and heterogeneous systems undergoing chemical change, where it effects the rates of approach to the equilibrium state in processes as diverse as those found in the stars, the earth's mantle, living organisms, and the various chemistries utilized by industry. The economies and the living standards of both developed and developing countries depend to varying degrees upon the efficacy of their chemical industries. Con sequently, this century has seen a wide exploration and expansion of catalytic chemistry together with an intensive investigation of specific, essential processes like those contributing to life-supporting agricultures. Prime among the latter must surely be the "fixation" of atmospheric nitrogen by catalytic hydrogenation to anhydrous ammonia, still the preferred synthetic precursor of the nitrogenous components of fertilizers. In each decade contemporary concepts and techniques have been used to further the understanding, as yet incomplete, of the catalyst, the adsorbates, the surface reactions, and the technology of large-scale operation. The contributors to the present volume review the state of the art, the science, and the technology; they reveal existing lacunae, and suggest ways forward. Around the turn of the century, Sabatier's school was extending the descriptive catalytic chemistry of hydrogenation by metals to include almost all types of multiple bond. The triple bond of dinitrogen, which continued to be more resistant than the somewhat similar bonds in carbon monoxide and ethyne, defied their efforts.

Download or read book Principles of Catalyst Development written by James T. Richardson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-21 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Successful industrial heterogeneous catalysts fulfill several key require ments: in addition to high catalytic activity for the desired reaction, with high selectivity where appropriate, they also have an acceptable commercial life and are rugged enough for transportation and charging into plant reactors. Additional requirements include the need to come online smoothly in a short time and reproducible manufacturing procedures that involve convenient processes at acceptable cost. The development of heterogeneous catalysts that meet these (often mutually exclusive) demands is far from straightforward, and in addition much of the actual manufacturing tech nology is kept secret for commercial reasons-thus there is no modern text that deals with the whole of this important subject. Principles of Catalyst Development, which deals comprehensively with the design, development, and manufacture of practical heterogeneous catalysts, is therefore especially valuable in meeting the long-standing needs of both industrialists and academics. As one who has worked extensively on a variety of catalyst development problems in both industry and academia, James T. Richardson is well placed to write an authoritative book covering both the theory and the practice of catalyst development. Much of the material contained in this book had its origin in a series of widely acclaimed lectures, attended mainly by industrial researchers, given over many years in the United States and Europe. All those in industry who work with catalysts, both beginners and those of considerable experience, should find this volume an essential guide.

Download or read book Preparation of Catalysts III written by G. Poncelet and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1983-04-01 with total page 871 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis is one of the oldest and most cited series in the field. It offers a privileged view of the topic covering the theory, applications and engineering of all topics of catalysis, including Heterogeneous-Homogeneous, Biocatalysis and Catalysis for Polymerization. This volume provides an invaluable source of information for academics and industrialists as well as graduate students.

Download or read book Comprehensive Guide for Mesoporous Materials written by Mahmood Aliofkhazraei and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the final volume of the four volume set of Comprehensive Guide for Mesoporous Materials. Mesoporous materials are found abundant in biological systems and minerals and some of these materials have long been used in various industries. Recent advances in scientific understanding and manipulating in nanoscale caused an increase in the usage of these materials. One of the most important applications of mesoporous membranes are due to the special ability of pores. For example, controls of specific DNA structures and molecules filtration are possible. This volume mainly discusses the application and commercialization of mesoporous materials.

Download or read book Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes written by Yan Li and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Download or read book Coal Science written by Martin L. Gorbaty and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coal Science, Volume 3 presents and evaluates selected fundamental scientific areas on coal structure, reactivity, and utilization. This book describes the organic geochemistry of coal, role of oxygen functionality in coal and coal liquids reactivity, chemistry of hydrocarbon syntheses from carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and chemistry of coal in carbon monoxide/water systems. Other topics discussed include intermediates and mechanisms of the FTS of hydrocarbons; synthesis of oxygenates; and structural features of vitrinite macerals. The molecular weight determination for coal derivatives; thermal reactions of oxygen compounds; and alternative methods for removing oxygen compounds from coal-derived liquids are also elaborated. This publication likewise covers the aqueous coal conversions and conversion mechanism. This volume serves as a valuable source of information and guide to scientists and researchers interested in the coal literature.

Download or read book Experimental Methods and Instrumentation for Chemical Engineers written by Gregory S. Patience and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental Methods and Instrumentation for Chemical Engineers, Second Edition, touches many aspects of engineering practice, research, and statistics. The principles of unit operations, transport phenomena, and plant design constitute the focus of chemical engineering in the latter years of the curricula. Experimental methods and instrumentation is the precursor to these subjects. This resource integrates these concepts with statistics and uncertainty analysis to define what is necessary to measure and to control, how precisely and how often.The completely updated second edition is divided into several themes related to data: metrology, notions of statistics, and design of experiments. The book then covers basic principles of sensing devices, with a brand new chapter covering force and mass, followed by pressure, temperature, flow rate, and physico-chemical properties. It continues with chapters that describe how to measure gas and liquid concentrations, how to characterize solids, and finally a new chapter on spectroscopic techniques such as UV/Vis, IR, XRD, XPS, NMR, and XAS. Throughout the book, the author integrates the concepts of uncertainty, along with a historical context and practical examples.A problem solutions manual is available from the author upon request. - Includes the basics for 1st and 2nd year chemical engineers, providing a foundation for unit operations and transport phenomena - Features many practical examples - Offers exercises for students at the end of each chapter - Includes up-to-date detailed drawings and photos of equipment

Download or read book Solid Base Catalysis written by Yoshio Ono and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-31 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of solid base catalysts has come to be recognized for their environmentally benign qualities, and much significant progress has been made over the past two decades in catalytic materials and solid base-catalyzed reactions. The book is focused on the solid base. Because of the advantages over liquid bases, the use of solid base catalysts in organic synthesis is expanding. Solid bases are easier to dispose than liquid bases, separation and recovery of products, catalysts and solvents are less difficult, and they are non-corrosive. Furthermore, base-catalyzed reactions can be performed without using solvents and even in the gas phase, opening up more possibilities for discovering novel reaction systems. Using numerous examples, the present volume describes the remarkable role solid base catalysis can play, given the ever increasing worldwide importance of "green" chemistry. The reader will obtain an overall view of solid base catalysis and gain insight into the versatility of the reactions to which solid base catalysts can be utilized. The concept and significance of solid base catalysis are discussed, followed by descriptions of various methods for the characterization of solid bases, including spectroscopic methods and test reactions. The preparation and properties of base materials are presented in detail, with the two final chapters devoted to surveying the variety of reactions catalyzed by solid bases.

Download or read book Nanocomposites for the Desulfurization of Fuels written by Saleh, Tawfik Abdo and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-11-01 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on nanotechnology has mainly focused on the aspects of synthesis of nanomaterials that have unique chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties applicable to a wide range of applications. A variety of properties and phenomena have been investigated, and many of the studies have been directed toward understanding the properties and applications of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials have properties that are useful for enhancing surface-to-volume ratio, reactivity, strength, and durability. Due to their enhanced chemical and mechanical properties, the nanomaterials play promising roles in enhancing the desulfurization. Nanocomposites for the Desulfurization of Fuels is an essential reference source that discusses the synthesis, properties, and technological developments of nanomaterials and their applications in petroleum. Featuring research on topics such as hybrid materials, catalytic properties, and environmental concerns, this book is ideally designed for chemical engineers, scientists, researchers, academicians, and students in fields that include chemistry, petroleum, materials science, physics, and engineering.