Download or read book Surface Intermediates Mechanism and Reactivity of Soot Oxidation written by Shazam Williams and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factors that may govern diesel particulate matter (DPM) oxidation at low temperatures (∼200°C) were studied using reactivity and TP-ToFSIMS analysis. Best-case scenarios that give maximum gasification rates were determined for DPM impregnated with KOH and non-catalyzed DPM using temperature programmed oxidation and isothermal experiments. Conditions of intimate catalyst-carbon contact (K/C molar ratio=1/50) and high NO2 concentrations (1%) to improve the reactivity of the carbon reactive sites were unable to meet the steady state gasification rate needed for particulate filter regeneration for a modern diesel engine at 200°C. Oxygen-free thermal annealing (>500°C) caused reactivity losses of a maximum of 40% that correspond to changes to surface morphology and/or concentration of oxygen-containing functional groups.TP-ToFSIMS identified surface functional group changes with temperature on non-dosed and NOX pre-dosed (1.5%NO, 1%NO2, 4.5%O 2, balance helium) diesel soot and sucrose char. Detailed analysis of the NOX dosed sucrose char spectra using both inspection and principal component analysis techniques revealed that the 1200 ion fragments created could be reduced to five sets of ions that are chemically and kinetically distinct. These sets presumably represent surface functional groups on the carbon. For example, Set IV may represent carboxylic acid, lactone, or carboxylic anhydride functional groups. Based on these results a mechanism for the surface reaction of NO2 with carbon under vacuum conditions was postulated. At temperatures less than 200°C the ion fragments contain primarily carbon-NO 2 type ions. As temperature increases between 200 and 400°C the ion fragments are primarily carbon-NO and carbon-N type fragments. At higher temperatures (>500°C) the surface is enriched with nitrogen containing functional groups. A surface reaction mechanism is proposed where NO 2 is bonded to an armchair site and with increasing temperatures and molecular rearrangements the N is incorporated into the carbon ring. The initial surface composition of NOx containing functional groups changes within the area of relevance of low temperature soot regeneration (i.e. between 25° and 200°C). Further studies are needed to understand the effect of N-incorporation on carbon reactivity. No rate processes either in reactor studies or based on surface functional groups met the rate criteria for low temperature DPM oxidation.

Download or read book Development and Implementation of Detailed Soot Surface Oxidation Model Into Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations of Graphene Edge Oxidation written by Ravi Ishwar Singh and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents a newly established, detailed model of elementary reactions of soot oxidation. Surface oxidation is the primary mechanism by which carbon is removed from soot. Previously, soot oxidation has been modeled using a one-step global mechanism based on chemical analogy to phenyl oxidation. The one-step model, however, is limited to simple descriptions of surface geometry. Studies of soot growth revealed that chemical analogy alone is insufficient to describe the reactions taking place at the particle surface. Steric effects, neighboring sites, and substrate size must also be considered. For soot growth, studies performed by the Frenklach group found a much richer chemistry than previously thought to exist, most notably the incorporation of five-member rings into the substrate leading to curvature of the initially planar aromatics. Recent experimental studies have found that the soot oxidation rate depends on soot particle curvature, so a one-step global mechanism is insufficient to explain the experimental observations. The purpose of developing a detailed kinetic model is to gain a qualitative and quantitative understanding of oxidation processes of soot particles, large polycyclic aromatics, and graphene edges. To build the oxidation model, the energetics and kinetics of key elementary oxidation reactions were investigated. Reaction rate coefficients and product branching ratios were calculated for the oxidation of six- and five-member ring graphene-edges by molecular oxygen at temperatures and pressures relevant to combustion. The reactions and their corresponding rates were added to an existing model of soot surface growth along with reactions for oxidation of six-member rings by OH, thermal decomposition of oxyradicals, and O, H, and OH abstraction and addition. Detailed kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of high-temperature oxidation by molecular oxygen of a graphene sheet were performed using the newly established model of graphene-edge reactions. The KMC results revealed two principal pathways for an oxyradical site: oxidation and regeneration of an aromatic radical site. The overall oxidation rate is computed to be time-dependent, with reactivity decreasing over time as the ratio of reactive edge sites decreases relative to the number of basal-plane carbon atoms. At the same time, the oxidation rate was found to be higher for graphene with a higher initial curvature. Both results are in accord with experimental observations. Analysis showed that distinct aspects of graphene-edge morphology are responsible for curvature either raising or reducing the oxidative reactivity of the graphene edge. Oxidation pathways for graphene-edge five-member rings reacting with atomic oxygen were investigated. The rate coefficient for oxidation by atomic oxygen exceeded that of for oxidation by molecular oxygen by several orders of magnitude. The detailed surface oxidation model was augmented to include this reaction along with several more abstraction and oxidation reactions. KMC simulations were then performed in an evolving gas phase environment that was coupled to the surface chemistry for conditions analogous to those of shock tube experiments of soot oxidation at high temperatures. The KMC results showed that the oxidation rate was dependent on several factors. CO concentration profiles calculated from the KMC model were found to be in agreement with experimental measurements.

Download or read book Elementary Kinetics of Soot Oxidation by OH written by David Eugene Edwards and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this dissertation is to elucidate detailed pathways, products, and rates leading to soot oxidation by OH. Such information would supplement current soot modeling which has generally focused more on growth reactions. Indeed, OH oxidation of soot has received no detailed theoretical analysis. The results presented here are a first step to fill this gap in soot modeling. Due to the presumed importance of oxyradical decomposition to soot oxidation, the thermal decomposition of armchair oxyradicals was pursued. A number of different armchair prototype reactions were investigated to determine how rates vary based on oxyradical location and prototype size. Potential energy surfaces were explored and thermal decomposition rates were calculated. The results indicated that armchair edge oxyradicals decompose at rates similar to zigzag edge oxyradicals. These results were used in subsequent OH oxidation study. Next, OH oxidation was studied on a series of prototype soot surfaces to identify which edge sites would lead to rapid oxidation by OH. The potential energy surfaces of three different reactions were explored. The carbon radical site was identified as the most likely candidate for a single OH radical attack leading to CO expulsion. A phenanthrene radical was selected as the prototype structure for this site, and the kinetics of this most promising reaction, OH + phenanthrene radical, were explored. This system, including a number of barrierless reactions, was explored using both chemical-activation and thermal decomposition master-equation simulations. The results confirmed the assumption that oxyradicals are key intermediates; multiple oxyradicals were found, all leading to CO expulsion. The overall rate coefficient of phenanthrene radical oxidation by OH forming CO was found to be insensitive to pressure and temperature and was approximately 1E14 cm3 mol-1 s-1. The OH + phenanthrene radical was also studied on the triplet surface. The rate in this case was found to be about a factor of 6 smaller than the singlet surface results. The two principal processes involved in phenanthrene radical oxidation by OH were H atom migration/elimination followed by oxyradical decomposition. H atom migration/elimination made possible the relatively rapid rearrangement of the PAH edge, forming kinetically favorable oxyradicals which then decomposed. These same two processes are expected to be present in soot surface oxidation by OH. As a preliminary comparison of these theoretical results to soot oxidation experimental results, the collisional efficiency of OH with a phenanthrene radical was calculated and found to be a close match to the experimentally calculated collision efficiency of OH with a soot particle.

Download or read book Industrial Catalysis Chemistry And Mechanism written by James D Burrington and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2016-03-16 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Industrial Catalysis: Chemistry and Mechanism is an essential textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in the underlying concepts of catalysis, industrial organic chemistry and the mechanism of catalysis. For undergraduates it provides an introduction to the basic catalytic principles and industrial processes. Graduate students will find that the book gives an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of catalytic surface intermediates and the practice of modern catalysis research. For the post graduate and industrial chemist involved in catalysis research, it is a valuable reference text as a compendium of mechanisms by which major industrial catalytic processes operate.This unique book fills the gap between basic organic chemistry and fundamental chemical principles of catalysis, and is a must read for students and researchers in the field.

Download or read book New Concepts in Oxidation Processes written by Eric Genty and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-03-06 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Special Issue of Catalysts aims to cover the recent progress and novel trends in the field of catalytic oxidation reaction. Topics addressed in this special issue concern the influence of different parameters on catalytic activity at various scales (atomic, laboratory, pilot, or industrial scales), the development of new catalytic materials of environmental or industrial importance, as well as the development of new methods, both microscopic and spectroscopic, to analyze oxidation processes.

Download or read book Soot Formation in Combustion written by Henning Bockhorn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot Formation in Combustion represents an up-to-date overview. The contributions trace back to the 1991 Heidelberg symposium entitled "Mechanism and Models of Soot Formation" and have all been reedited by Prof. Bockhorn in close contact with the original authors. The book gives an easy introduction to the field for newcomers, and provides detailed treatments for the specialists. The following list of contents illustrates the topics under review:

Download or read book Surface Science Studies of Olefin Oxidation on the Silver Surface written by Ashay Dileep Javadekar and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The constant urge of making industrial chemical processes economically viable and highly selective to desired products triggers much catalysis research. A broad goal of catalysis research is to design and develop new or improved catalysts for variety of processes. Direct oxidation (oxidation using O 2 To date, ethylene oxide (EO) and epoxybutene (EpB) are the only two epoxides that have been successfully manufactured at industrial levels by direct heterogeneous oxidation. Surface science studies of the mechanisms of these epoxidation processes have demonstrated the formation of reaction intermediates, or air) represents a major class of chemical processes utilizing heterogeneous catalysis. Ethylene epoxidation has 40-50% share in the total value of large volume chemicals produced by direct heterogeneous oxidation. Epoxidation remains one of the most important chemical reactions, but little is understood in terms of reaction mechanism. Most of the catalyst design and improvement in this area has been carried out by empirical approaches at industrial scale. Epoxidation also represents one of most active areas of surface science research, mainly due to the utility of surface science techniques to develop a molecular understanding of epoxidation processes. Understanding reaction mechanisms at a molecular level helps in creating a rational basis for design of more efficient and more selective epoxidation catalysts. The aim of the work included in this thesis is to develop molecular understanding of non-selective pathways in ethylene epoxidation and to isolate intermediates in the formation of epoxybutene on the Ag(111) surface. To date, ethylene oxide (EO) and epoxybutene (EpB) are the only two epoxides that have been successfully manufactured at industrial levels by direct heterogeneous oxidation. Surface science studies of the mechanisms of these epoxidation processes have demonstrated the formation of reaction intermediates, oxametallacycles, in epoxidation reaction sequences. In the case of ethylene oxide, epoxidation proceeds via formation of an oxametallacycle, produced by reaction of ethylene and atomic oxygen on the silver catalyst surface. This oxametallacycle then reacts via one transition state to form EO and another transition state to form acetaldehyde and combustion products. The difference in the activation barriers for these two branching reactions is very small and hence selectivity to EO depends on these two competing pathways. Initial experiments in the current study concentrate on UHV studies of 'path 2', the non-selective pathway in ethylene epoxidation. In surface science experiments examining the reactions of acetaldehyde on an oxygen precovered Ag(111) surface, formation of acetate species was observed. At acetaldehyde exposures sufficient to completely consume oxygen to form acetates, the acetate species decompose to reaction products, predominantly CO 2, at ~550 K. Hence, the acetate species are found to be stable from 300 K to 500 K, within the temperature range at which ethylene oxide production is typically carried out in industry. At lower acetaldehyde coverages producing an adsorbed layer containing both acetates and oxygen atoms, the acetate species decompose near room temperature to form only combustion products, CO 2 and H 2 O, providing a combustion route accessible at the temperatures employed in ethylene epoxidation. These experiments are the first evidence of formation of acetate species on the Ag(111) surface and serve to map out the pathway for complete combustion in ethylene oxidation on silver catalysts. In experiments with 1-epoxy-3-butene on Ag(111) surface, at a lower dosing temperature of 190 K, molecular desorption of EpB is observed. At a higher dosing temperature of 300 K, a high temperature state was observed desorbing at around 510 K, suggesting formation of an intermediate. The product analysis of the desorption spectra indicated formation of EpB, 2,5-dihydrofuran (2,5-DHF) and crotonaldehyde. These observations support the conclusions from steady state reactor experiments, where crotonaldehyde and 2,5-DHF were reported in the final products. In the reactor studies, the rate determining step of butadiene epoxidation was reported to be the desorption of the final EpB product and its isomers, which is also supported by formation of stable intermediate upto 510 K which reacted to form products like 2,5-DHF and crotonaldehyde. For studying promoter effects in UHV, a cesium deposition source capable of producing controlled and very minute Cs loadings was developed. In studying Cs deposition on Ag(111), it has been observed that Cs stays on the Ag(111) surface up to 700 K. This observation is certainly helpful to carry out further research of promoter effects on the reactivity of the intermediate in the EpB formation, as the intermediate in the EpB formation is stable on the surface up to 510 K. Surface science experiments of EpB on the Cs-promoted Ag(111) surface can potentially explain, at the molecular level, the increase in selectivity observed in butadiene oxidation on the CsCl promoted silver catalyst in steady state reactor experiments. The ultimate impact of this research would be demonstration of successful approaches for designing more efficient and more selective epoxidation catalysts.

Download or read book Development of Kinetics for Soot Oxidation at High Pressures Under Fuel Lean Conditions written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The focus of the proposed research was to develop kinetic models for soot oxidation with the hope of developing a validated, predictive, multi-scale, combustion model to optimize the design and operation of evolving fuels in advanced engines for transportation applications. The work focused on the relatively unstudied area of the fundamental mechanism for soot oxidation. The objectives include understanding of the kinetics of soot oxidation by O2 under high pressure which require: 1) development of intrinsic kinetics for the surface oxidation, which takes into account the dependence of reactivity upon nanostructure and 2) evolution of nanostructure and its impact upon oxidation rate and 3) inclusion of internal surface area development and possible fragmentation resulting from pore development and /or surface oxidation. These objectives were explored for a variety of pure fuel components and surrogate fuels. This project was a joint effort between the University of Utah (UU) and Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). The work at the UU focuses on experimental studies using a two-stage burner and a high- pressure thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Penn State provided HRTEM images and guidance in the fringe analysis algorithms and parameter quantification for the images. This report focuses on completion done under supplemental funding.

Download or read book EPA 600 9 written by and published by . This book was released on 1980-08 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book NOx Trap Catalysts and Technologies written by Luca Lietti and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vehicle exhaust emissions, particularly from diesel cars, are considered to be a significant problem for the environment and human health. Lean NOx Trap (LNT) or NOx Storage/Reduction (NSR) technology is one of the current techniques used in the abatement of NOx from lean exhausts. Researchers are constantly searching for new inexpensive catalysts with high efficiency at low temperatures and negligible fuel penalties, to meet the challenges of this field. This book will be the first to comprehensively present the current research on this important area. Covering the technology used, from its development in the early 1990s up to the current state-of-the-art technologies and new legislation. Beginning with the fundamental aspects of the process, the discussion will cover the real application standard through to the detailed modelling of full scale catalysts. Scientists, academic and industrial researchers, engineers working in the automotive sector and technicians working on emission control will find this book an invaluable resource.

Download or read book Fundamentals of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion written by Kenneth Kuan-yun Kuo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-24 with total page 914 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Detailed coverage of advanced combustion topics from the author of Principles of combustion, Second Edition Turbulence, turbulent combustion, and multiphase reacting flows have become major research topics in recent decades due to their application across diverse fields, including energy, environment, propulsion, transportation, industrial safety, and nanotechnology. Most of the knowledge accumulated from this research has never been published in book form—until now. Fundamentals of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion presents up-to-date, integrated coverage of the fundamentals of turbulence, combustion, and multiphase phenomena along with useful experimental techniques, including non-intrusive, laser-based measurement techniques, providing a firm background in both contemporary and classical approaches. Beginning with two full chapters on laminar premixed and non-premixed flames, this book takes a multiphase approach, beginning with more common topics and moving on to higher-level applications. In addition, Fundamentals of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion: Addresses seven basic topical areas in combustion and multiphase flows, including laminar premixed and non-premixed flames, theory of turbulence, turbulent premixed and non-premixed flames, and multiphase flows Covers spray atomization and combustion, solid-propellant combustion, homogeneous propellants, nitramines, reacting boundary-layer flows, single energetic particle combustion, and granular bed combustion Provides experimental setups and results whenever appropriate Supported with a large number of examples and problems as well as a solutions manual, Fundamentals of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion is an important resource for professional engineers and researchers as well as graduate students in mechanical, chemical, and aerospace engineering.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering written by and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-03-23 with total page 3888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Erstmals eine umfassende und einheitliche Wissensbasis und Grundlage für weiterführende Studien und Forschung im Bereich der Automobiltechnik. Die Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering ist die erste umfassende und einheitliche Wissensbasis dieses Fachgebiets und legt den Grundstein für weitere Studien und tiefgreifende Forschung. Weitreichende Querverweise und Suchfunktionen ermöglichen erstmals den zentralen Zugriff auf Detailinformationen zu bewährten Branchenstandards und -verfahren. Zusammenhängende Konzepte und Techniken aus Spezialbereichen lassen sich so einfacher verstehen. Neben traditionellen Themen des Fachgebiets beschäftigt sich diese Enzyklopädie auch mit "grünen" Technologien, dem Übergang von der Mechanik zur Elektronik und den Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung sicherer, effizienterer Fahrzeuge unter weltweit unterschiedlichen wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen. Das Referenzwerk behandelt neun Hauptbereiche: (1) Motoren: Grundlagen; (2) Motoren: Design; (3) Hybrid- und Elektroantriebe; (4) Getriebe- und Antriebssysteme; (5) Chassis-Systeme; (6) Elektrische und elektronische Systeme; (7) Karosserie-Design; (8) Materialien und Fertigung; (9) Telematik. - Zuverlässige Darstellung einer Vielzahl von Spezialthemen aus dem Bereich der Automobiltechnik. - Zugängliches Nachschlagewerk für Jungingenieure und Studenten, die die technologischen Grundlagen besser verstehen und ihre Kenntnisse erweitern möchten. - Wertvolle Verweise auf Detailinformationen und Forschungsergebnisse aus der technischen Literatur. - Entwickelt in Zusammenarbeit mit der FISITA, der Dachorganisation nationaler Automobil-Ingenieur-Verbände aus 37 Ländern und Vertretung von über 185.000 Ingenieuren aus der Branche. - Erhältlich als stets aktuelle Online-Ressource mit umfassenden Suchfunktionen oder als Print-Ausgabe in sechs Bänden mit über 4.000 Seiten. Ein wichtiges Nachschlagewerk für Bibliotheken und Informationszentren in der Industrie, bei Forschungs- und Schulungseinrichtungen, Fachgesellschaften, Regierungsbehörden und allen Ingenieurstudiengängen. Richtet sich an Fachingenieure und Techniker aus der Industrie, Studenten höherer Semester und Studienabsolventen, Forscher, Dozenten und Ausbilder, Branchenanalysen und Forscher.

Download or read book Heterogeneous Reaction of NO2 on Soot Surfaces and the Effect of Soot Aging on Its Reactivity Leading to HONO Formation written by Miguel Cruz Quinones and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot aerosols are known to be an important atmospheric constituent. The physical and chemical properties of soot allows it to act as a precursor of gas-surface heterogeneous reactions, providing active sites for the reduction and oxidation of trace species in the atmosphere, potentially affecting atmospheric composition. In this work the heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on soot leading to nitrous acid (HONO) formation was studied through a series of kinetic uptake experiments and HONO yield measurements. The soot was collected from a diffusion flame using propane and kerosene fuels using two different methods. A low pressure fast-flow reactor coupled to a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (CIMS) was used to monitor NO2 and HONO signals evolution using atmospheric-level NO2 concentration. HONO yields up to 100 percent were measured and NO2 uptake coefficients varying from 5.6x10−6 to 1.6x10−4 were obtained. Heating soot samples before exposure to NO2 increased HONO yield and the NO2 uptake coefficient on soot due to the removal of the organic fraction from the soot backbone unblocking active sites, which become accessible for the heterogeneous reaction. From the kinetic uptake curves and the effect observed in the HONO yield and NO2 uptake coefficient measurements by heating the soot samples, our results support a complex oxidation-reduction mechanism of reaction. This heterogeneous reaction mechanism involves a combination of competitive adsorptive and reductive centers on soot surface where NO2 is converted into HONO, and the presence of processes on soot where HONO can be decomposed producing other products. Atmospheric soot "aging" effect on the reactivity of soot toward NO2 and HONO yield was studied by coating the soot surface with glutaric acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, and pyrene. Glutaric and succinic acid increased both HONO yield and the NO2 uptake coefficients, while sulfuric acid decreased both. However, pyrene did not show any particular trend.

Download or read book The Technology of Catalytic Oxidations written by Philippe Arpentinier and published by Editions TECHNIP. This book was released on 2001 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 1 covers the most important technological aspects of the use of molecular oxygen for catalytic oxidation reactions.Volume 2 addresses the safety issues associated with the use of oxygen in catalytic oxidation reactions.Contents Vol. 1: 1. Introduction. 2. Chemical-physical properties of molecular oxygen. 3. Oxygen production technologies. 4. Chemical fundamentals of oxidation reactions. 5. Reactor technologies for multiphase systems. 6. Liquid phase oxidations. 7. Gas phase selective oxidations. 8. Selective oxidation of paraffins. References. Index. Vol. 2: 9. Introduction to safety problems in the chemical industry. 10. Chemical aspects of combustion in the gaseous phase. 11. Homogeneous chemical explosions: autoignition or spontaneous ignition. 12. Deflagration or propagation of flame. 13. Conditions governing flame propagation capability. 14. Detonation in the gaseous phase. 15. Prevention of and protection against explosions. References. Index.

Download or read book Chemistry of Engine Combustion Deposits written by Lawrence B. Ebert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On March 30, 1981, a symposium entitled "Chemistry of Engine Combustion Deposits" was held at the 181st American Chemical Society National Meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, under the sponsorship of the Petroleum Division. This book is an out growth of that symposium, including papers from all of the At 1 anta presentors, as we 11 as from others who were i nvi ted to contribute. Research on engine deposits has not been as "glamorous" as in the rel ated fossil fuel areas of petrol eum, coal, or oil shale, and publications in the field have been largely confined to combustion and automotive engineering journals. One objec tive of this book is to bring a large body of work on the chemistry of deposits into more general accessibility. We hope to make people more familiar with what deposits are, with what problems they cause, and with what present workers are doing to solve these problems. The creation of the book has involved many people. Patricia M. Vann of Plenum Publishing Corporation gave guidance in planning. We thank Claire Bromley, Ellen Gabriel, and Halina Markowski for the preparation of many of the Exxon contribu tions. Finally, we thank Joseph C. Scanlon for his useful advice and encouragement.

Download or read book 12th International Congress on Catalysis written by A. Corma and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-07-05 with total page 2051 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The twelfth Congress on Catalysis was held in Granada (Spain) under the auspices of the International Association of Catalysis Societies and the Spanish Society of Catalysis. These four-volume Proceedings are the expression of the Scientific Sessions which constituted the main body of the Congress.They include 5 plenary lectures, 1 award lecture, 8 keynote lectures, 124 oral presentations and 495 posters. The oral and poster contributions have been selected on the basis of the reports of at least two international reviewers, according to standards comparable to those used for specialised journals.

Download or read book Carbon Black written by Jean-Baptiste Donnet and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this reference provides comprehensive examinations of developments in the processing and applications of carbon black, including the use of new analytical tools such as scanning tunnelling microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inverse gas chromatography.;Completely rewritten and updated by numerous experts in the field to reflect the enormous growth of the field since the publication of the previous edition, Carbon Black: discusses the mechanism of carbon black formation based on recent advances such as the discovery of fullerenes; elucidates micro- and macrostructure morphology and other physical characteristics; outlines the fractal geometry of carbon black as a new approach to characterization; reviews the effect of carbon black on the electrical and thermal conductivity of filled polymers; delineates the applications of carbon black in elastomers, plastics, and zerographic toners; and surveys possible health consequences of exposure to carbon black.;With over 1200 literature citations, tables, and figures, this resource is intended for physical, polymer, surface and colloid chemists; chemical and plastics engineers; spectroscopists; materials scientists; occupational safety and health physicians; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.