Download or read book Surface Hardening of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 written by John Christian Dalton and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased use of second-generation duplex stainless steels is expected as demands for tougher, more economical, and corrosion resistant alloys increase. A novel gas-phase carburizing and nitriding procedure operating in the temperature range of 325 °C to 440 °C was utilized with the intent of improving both the tribological and electrochemical performance of the 2205 duplex alloy (22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-0.15N) under so-called paraequilibrium conditions. A suite of state-of-the-art microchemical and structural characterization tools were employed following each treatment, and performance of the treated alloys assessed by chloride-based cyclic polarization and nano-indentation hardness measurements. Particular emphasis was placed on understanding the response of the ferritic phase, which has been a source of speculation and confusion since the development of such treatments. CALPHAD-based thermodynamic modeling was also used to predict phase stability in the 2205 system subjected to gas-phase paraequilibrium nitridation or carburization. Analysis of the interstitially-hardened layer in the austenitic phase of 2205 provides results consistent with similar surface hardening treatments of single-phase austenitic stainless steels: a colossally supersaturated and precipitate-free hardened layer of expanded austenite is formed. The interstitial concentration, case depth, and concomitant mechanical properties can be tailored through control of the temperature, duration, and chemical activity with the gas-phase process. Spatially-resolved chemical and structural analysis within the d-ferrite of 2205 revealed two competitive transformation behaviors following nitridation, while carburization led to only one response. For both carburization and nitridation, carbon or nitrogen supersaturations in ferrite on the order of 20 at.% and 25 at.%, respectively, were observed--greater than 10^6 times the equilibrium concentration at room temperature, yet remarkably with unmeasurable expansion or distortion of the bcc lattice. These supersaturated ferrite grains appear `featureless' in the TEM, suggesting the presence of a high density of strain centers. High-resolution TEM revealed that, unlike austenite, ferrite may accommodate colossal concentrations of carbon or nitrogen through the formation of an ultra-high density dislocation network = 10^16 m-2, as opposed to occupation of lattice-expanding interstitial sites. These linear defects, presumably formed during yielding under the large residual stresses of restricted lattice expansion, enhanced the kinetics of spinodal-like decomposition of the ferrite to nm-scale Fe-rich (aFe) and Cr-rich (aCr) ferrite domains within the carburized or nitrided layer, and apparently provide lower-energy sites for carbon and nitrogen than in potential secondary phases. Elsewhere in the case of nitrided 2205, an isothermal, nitrogen-induced ferrite-to-austenite phase transformation occurred due to the potent austenite-stabilizing nature of nitrogen. The austenite transformation product formed in a partitionless manner from the parent ferrite with a high-aspect-ratio plate-like morphology in Nishiyama-Wassermann orientation relationship. These, and other microstructural signatures lead to the conclusion that the austenite formed by a shear-like mechanism characteristic of martensitic reactions. The microstructural evolution of these phase transformations in d-ferrite accompanying low-temperature nitridation of 2205, and lack of carburization-induced transformation of ferrite to austenite, are discussed in light of the chemical and strain energies involved.
Download or read book Steel Heat Treatment written by George E. Totten and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-09-28 with total page 850 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of two self-contained volumes belonging to the newly revised Steel Heat Treatment Handbook, Second Edition, this book examines the behavior and processes involved in modern steel heat treatment applications. Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies presents the principles that form the basis of heat treatment processes while incorporating detailed descriptions of advances emerging since the 1997 publication of the first edition. Revised, updated, and expanded, this book ensures up-to-date and thorough discussions of how specific heat treatment processes and different alloy elements affect the structure and the classification and mechanisms of steel transformation, distortion of properties of steel alloys. The book includes entirely new chapters on heat-treated components, and the treatment of tool steels, stainless steels, and powder metallurgy steel components. Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies provides a focused resource for everyday use by advanced students and practitioners in metallurgy, process design, heat treatment, and mechanical and materials engineering.
Download or read book Duplex Stainless Steels written by R Gunn and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 1997-10-21 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two very successful conferences - in Glasgow and Beaune - were held on duplex stainless steels during the first half of the '90s. This book takes keynote papers from each, and develops and expands them to bring the topics right up to date. There is new material to cover grades, specifications and standards, and the book is fully cross-references and indexed. The first reference book to be published on the increasingly popular duplex stainless steels, it will be widely welcomed by metallurgists, design and materials engineers, oil and gas engineers and anyone involved in materials development and properties. The first reference book on this relatively new engineering material Based on keynote papers from major international contributors Covers grades, standards and specifications
Download or read book Practical Guidelines for the Fabrication of Duplex Stainless Steels written by International Molybdenum Association and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Surface Hardening of Steels written by Joseph R. Davis and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation A practical selection guide to help engineers and technicians choose the mot efficient surface hardening techniques that offer consistent and repeatable results. Emphasis is placed on characteristics such as processing temperature, case/coating thickness, bond strength, and hardness level obtained. The advantages and limitations of the various thermochemical, thermal and coating/surface modification technologies are compared
Download or read book Stainless Steels and Alloys written by Zoia Duriagina and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-02-13 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Materials science is the magic that allows us to change the chemical composition and microstructure of material to regulate its corrosion-mechanical, technological, and functional properties. Five major classes of stainless steels are widely used: ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening. Austenitic stainless steels are extensively used for service down to as low as the temperature of liquid helium (-269oC). This is largely due to the lack of a clearly defined transition from ductile to brittle fracture in impact toughness testing. Steels with ferritic or martensitic structures show a sudden change from ductile (safe) to brittle (unsafe) fracture over a small temperature difference. Even the best of these steels shows this behavior at temperatures higher than -100oC and in many cases only just below zero. Various types of stainless steel are used across the whole temperature range from ambient to 1100oC. This book will be useful to scientists, engineers, masters, graduate students, and students. I hope readers will enjoy this book and that it will serve to create new materials with unique properties.
Download or read book High Performance Stainless Steels written by Curtis W. Kovach and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Duplex Stainless Steels written by Iris Alvarez-Armas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-01-16 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Duplex Stainless Steels (DSSs) are chromium-nickel-molybdenum-iron alloys that are usually in proportions optimized for equalizing the volume fractions of austenite and ferrite. Due to their ferritic-austenitic microstructure, they possess a higher mechanical strength and a better corrosion resistance than standard austenitic steels. This type of steel is now increasing its application and market field due to its very good properties and relatively low cost. This book is a review of the most recent progress achieved in the last 10 years on microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical strength properties, as well as applications, due to the development of new grades. Special attention will be given to fatigue and fracture behavior and to proposed models to account for mechanical behavior. Each subject will be developed in chapters written by experts recognized around the international industrial and scientific communities. The use of duplex stainless steels has grown rapidly in the last 10 years, particularly in the oil and gas industry, chemical tankers, pulp and paper as well as the chemical industry. In all these examples, topics like welding, corrosion resistance and mechanical strength properties (mainly in the fatigue domain) are crucial. Therefore, the update of welding and corrosion properties and the introduction of topics like texture effects, fatigue and fracture strength properties, and mechanical behavior modeling give this book specific focus and character.
Download or read book Surface Hardening of Stainless Steel written by Andr√© Paulo Tschiptschin and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The addition of nitrogen to stainless steel improves mechanical and corrosion properties. Nitrogen-bearing stainless steel (HNSS) is a new corrosion-resistant alloy class exhibiting better tribological properties. High-pressure and powder metallurgy techniques were developed for the fabrication of HNSS. Solid-state routes allow nitrogen introduction through thermochemical, implantation, or plasma surface treatments. High-temperature gas nitriding (HTGN), carried out in an N2 atmosphere in the 1000¬∞C range, allows N uptake, obtaining thick, ~0.5,Äì1.0 wt.% N austenitic cases. HTGN is different from conventional nitriding, performed in the 500¬∞C range, where intense CrxNy precipitation occurs, impairing the corrosion resistance. Low-temperature plasma nitriding (LTPN) introduces more N in solution, and colossal supersaturated expanded phases (~45 at.%N) are formed. N supersaturation and compressive stresses increase the hardness of the surface layer to 10,Äì14¬†GPa. Ferritic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardened stainless steels can be surface-treated by LTPN, obtaining expanded ferrite and martensite. However, single LTPN stainless steel may prematurely fail when submitted to high loading, as the thin and hard expanded layers collapse due to lack of load-bearing capacity. Duplex-nitriding treatment (HTGN¬†+¬†LTPN) results in a thick nitrogen-rich hardened austenite substrate layer, granting mechanical support and adhesion to the expanded austenite layer.
Download or read book Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels written by Andrea Di Schino and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stainless steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, following to their excellent combination in terms of strength and ductility together with corrosion resistance. Thanks to such properties, stainless steels have been indispensable for the technological progress during the last century and their annual consumption increased faster than other materials. They find application in all these fields requiring good corrosion resistance together with ability to be worked into complex geometries. Despite to their diffusion as a consolidated materials, many research fields are active regarding the possibility to increase stainless steels mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by grain refinement or by alloying by interstitial elements. At the same time innovations are coming from the manufacturing process of such a family of materials, also including the possibility to manufacture them starting from metals powder for 3D printing. The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, applications including automotive, energy and structural.
Download or read book Cracking Phenomena in Welds IV written by Thomas Böllinghaus and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-10 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the fourth volume in the well-established series of compendiums devoted to the subject of weld hot cracking. It contains the papers presented at the 4th International Cracking Workshop held in Berlin in April 2014. In the context of this workshop, the term “cracking” refers to hot cracking in the classical and previous sense, but also to cold cracking, stress-corrosion cracking and elevated temp. solid-state cracking. A variety of different cracking subjects are discussed, including test standards, crack prediction, weldability determination, crack mitigation, stress states, numerical modelling, and cracking mechanisms. Likewise, many different alloys were investigated such as aluminum alloys, copper-aluminum dissimilar metal, austenitic stainless steel, nickel base alloys, duplex stainless steel, creep resistant steel, and high strength steel.
Download or read book Stainless Steels for Design Engineers written by Michael F. McGuire and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2008 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rate of growth of stainless steel has outpaced that of other metals and alloys, and by 2010 may surpass aluminum as the second most widely used metal after carbon steel. The 2007 world production of stainless steel was approximately 30,000,000 tons and has nearly doubled in the last ten years. This growth is occurring at the same time that the production of stainless steel continues to become more consolidated. One result of this is a more widespread need to understand stainless steel with fewer resources to provide that information. The concurrent technical evolution in stainless steel and increasing volatility of raw material prices has made it more important for the engineers and designers who use stainless steel to make sound technical judgments about which stainless steels to use and how to use them.
Download or read book WELDING METALLURGY AND WELDABILITY OF STAINLESS STEELS written by John C. Lippold and published by . This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Market_Desc: · Professional engineers, technicians, scientists, etc. working in industries where stainless steels are used for construction. This includes the power generation, energy, petrochemical, dairy, medical, electronic, defense, and construction industries.· Advanced undergraduate and graduate level students. Special Features: · Emphasizes solid fundamental underpinnings of the metallurgical principles that govern microstructure evolution and property develpment in welded stainless steels.· Presents many practical examples that demonstrate the application of fundamental metallurgical principles.· Greatly expands and updates what is currently available in other texts and handbooks in the subject matter. About The Book: This book describes the fundamental metallurgical principles that control microstructure and properties of welded stainless steels. It also serves as a practical how to guide that will allow engineers to select the proper alloys, filler metals, heat treatments, and welding conditions to insure that failures are avoided during fabrication and service. This book provides state of the art information on the topic and greatly expands and update what is currently available in other texts and handbooks.
Download or read book Additive Manufacturing Technologies written by Ian Gibson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook covers in detail digitally-driven methods for adding materials together to form parts. A conceptual overview of additive manufacturing is given, beginning with the fundamentals so that readers can get up to speed quickly. Well-established and emerging applications such as rapid prototyping, micro-scale manufacturing, medical applications, aerospace manufacturing, rapid tooling and direct digital manufacturing are also discussed. This book provides a comprehensive overview of additive manufacturing technologies as well as relevant supporting technologies such as software systems, vacuum casting, investment casting, plating, infiltration and other systems. Reflects recent developments and trends and adheres to the ASTM, SI and other standards; Includes chapters on topics that span the entire AM value chain, including process selection, software, post-processing, industrial drivers for AM, and more; Provides a broad range of technical questions to ensure comprehensive understanding of the concepts covered.
Download or read book Localized Corrosion written by Fumio Hine and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels Improving Materials Performance written by Eric J. Mittemeijer and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermochemical surface engineering significantly improves the properties of steels. Edited by two of the world s leading authorities, this important book summarises the range of techniques and their applications. It covers nitriding, nitrocarburizing and carburizing. There are also chapters on low temperature techniques as well as boriding, sheradizing, aluminizing, chromizing, thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion. Reviews the fundamentals of surface treatments and current performance of improved materialsCovers nitriding, nitrocarburizing and carburizing of iron and iron carbon alloysExamines how different thermochemical surface engineering methods can help against corrosion"
Download or read book Direct Observations of Sigma Phase Growth and Dissolution in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel written by T. Palmer and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formation and growth of sigma ({sigma}) phase in a 2205 duplex stainless steel is monitored during an 850 C isothermal heat treatment using an in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction technique. At this temperature, {sigma} phase is first observed within approximately 40 seconds of the start of the isothermal heat treatment and grows rapidly over the course of the 3600 second heat treatment to a volume fraction of approximately 13%. A simultaneous increase in the austenite ({gamma}) volume fraction and a decrease in the ferrite ({delta}) volume fraction are observed. The {sigma} phase formed at this temperature is rapidly dissolved within approximately 200 seconds when the temperature is increased to 1000 C. Accompanying this rapid dissolution of the {sigma} phase, the {delta} and {gamma} volume fractions both approach the balanced (50/50) level observed in the as-received material.
