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Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 850 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes all works deriving from DOE, other related government-sponsored information and foreign nonnuclear information.

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Download or read book The Sources of Innovation written by Eric A. von Hippel and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a series of studies showing that the sources of innovation vary greatly; possible sources include innovation users, suppliers of innovation-related components, and product manufacturers. These types of roles are known as functional areas. Specific areas of innovation are marked by having innovators predominantly in one specific functional area. Using empirical data from industrial histories, the authors show that this innovation-function relationship has held in scientific instrument, semiconductor and printed circuit board assembly process innovations. Users are predominantly the innovators in these fields. Also identifies a few industries where manufacturers are typically the innovators and a few others where suppliers tend to be. Analysis of the economic rents of innovation expected by potential innovators can often, if not always, by itself predict the functional source of innovation. Innovating firms will do so only when these rents prove attractive. Two factors suggest that this will tend to limit exploitation of the innovation to a functional area. First, it is difficult for innovators to adopt new functional relationships to their innovations. Second, innovators face a poor ability to capture innovation rents by licensing their innovation-related knowledge to others. This hypothesis and its implications are tested against the empirical datasets used initially. The role of informal R&D know-how trading is also discussed and analyzed using the Prisoner's Dilemma. Guidance is given to innovation managers and policymakers. (CAR).

Download or read book Ionospheric Prediction and Forecasting written by Bruno Zolesi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-25 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes how to predict and forecast the state of planet Earth’s ionosphere under quiet and disturbed conditions in terms of dynamical processes in the weakly ionized plasma media of the upper atmosphere and their relation to available modern measurements and modelling techniques. It explains the close relationship between the state of the media and the radio wave propagation conditions via this media. The prediction and forecasting algorithms, methods and models are oriented towards providing a practical approach to ionospherically dependent systems design and engineering. Proper understanding of the ionosphere is of fundamental practical importance because it is an essential part of telecommunication and navigation systems that use the ionosphere to function or would function much better in its nonappearance on the Earth and on any planet with an atmosphere.

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Download or read book Stratosphere Troposphere Interactions written by K. Mohanakumar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-07-03 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stratospheric processes play a signi?cant role in regulating the weather and c- mate of the Earth system. Solar radiation, which is the primary source of energy for the tropospheric weather systems, is absorbed by ozone when it passes through the stratosphere, thereby modulating the solar-forcing energy reaching into the t- posphere. The concentrations of the radiatively sensitive greenhouse gases present in the lower atmosphere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone, control the radiation balance of the atmosphere by the two-way interaction between the stratosphere and troposphere. The stratosphere is the transition region which interacts with the weather s- tems in the lower atmosphere and the richly ionized upper atmosphere. Therefore, this part of the atmosphere provides a long list of challenging scienti?c problems of basic nature involving its thermal structure, energetics, composition, dynamics, chemistry, and modeling. The lower stratosphere is very much linked dynamically, radiatively,and chemically with the upper troposphere,even though the temperature characteristics of these regions are different. The stratosphere is a region of high stability, rich in ozone and poor in water - por and temperature increases with altitude. The lower stratospheric ozone absorbs the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and protects life on the Earth. On the other hand, the troposphere has high concentrations of water vapor, is low in ozone, and temperature decreases with altitude. The convective activity is more in the troposphere than in the stratosphere.