Download or read book Study of the Strength of Soft Clay in Reinforced with Group Encapsulated Bottom Ash Columns written by Nur Aqilah Mohd Drus and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing of the demand and restrictions on the suitable land for construction in recent time led the construction industries to exploit sites that were previously considered as the uneconomical site to develop such as soft clay soil. Luckily, the advance of the technology prove that there is an alternative to using soft clay in construction by ground improvement or modification technique. The ground improvement method are increasing the shear strength, reduces the permeability and the compressibility of the soft soil. The stone column method is the most preferable and widely used in construction. This study are used the waste materials known as bottom ash as a replacement to the usage of natural materials in the stone column. Hence, by reutilize the waste of bottom ash, the construction cost can be reduce and thus, the disposal area also decreasing. This research is to determine the strength of the soft clay in reinforced with group encapsulated bottom ash columns. The bottom ash in encapsulated with geotextile are used as the stone column in kaolin clay. At the first part of the study, the physical and mechanical properties of the kaolin clay and bottom ash are determine. There is proven that the kaolin clay can be classified as silty soils while, the bottom ash have the relative characteristic with granular materials. At the second part of study, the sample of soft clay in reinforced with group of three encapsulated bottom ash columns are tested under Unconsolidated Undrained Test with difference various of diameter and height of bottom ash column. It can be concluded that the presence of encapsulated bottom ash column, are increasing the shear strength parameter of the soft clay.
Download or read book Study of the Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Square and Triangular Encapsulated Bottom Ash Column written by Nurul Aina Husaini and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soft clay is known as problematic soil that consists of low shear strength, low permeability and high compressibility where the existing soil on the given site is unable to carry the load of proposed structure by itself, so the use of ground improvement is necessary. The stone columns are increasingly being used as ground improvement technique for supporting a wide variety of structures including buildings and flexible structures. In practice, the bearing capacity on soft clay can be improved by a layer of compacted sand or gravel. Bottom ash as by product of coal burning that has similar properties to granular material can be apply as one of the stabilizing method to the existing soil. Hence, by using bottom ash as substitute, the cost of construction can be reduced and make great progress of a growing awareness of the environmental consideration. This research discusses the results of the improvement in the shear strength of soft clay after being reinforced with a group of square and triangular encapsulated bottom ash columns. The physical and mechanical properties of the materials used such as kaolin and bottom ash were determined first. The results show that kaolin can be classified ad clayey soil and bottom ash has similarities of characteristic with granular material. A total of 52 unconfined compression tests had been conducted on kaolin specimens to determine the shear strength. The diameter for specimen is 50mm and 100mm in height. The diameter of bottom ash columns are 10mm and 16mm respectively and the height of the column are 60mm, 80mm and 100mm. The group columns have been arranged in square and triangular pattern. It can be concluded that the shear strength parameters were improved based on the different diameter and the height of the column.
Download or read book Study of the Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Single Encapsulated Bottom Ash Columns written by Nurain Zahidah Nazarudin and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stone column is one of the ground improvement techniques that are environmental friendly with effective cost and viable to reduce settlement of foundations on cohesive soft soil. Installation of stone column can increase the bearing capacity and the shear resistance of the soil mass. Bottom ash is the waste of coal burning generally is a coarse, granular in shape material that is used as stone columns and it is probably reducing usage of non-renewable material such as stone and sand. Besides that, by introducing bottom ash columns, sustainability can be achieved and the disposal problem for bottom ash can be solved. This paper discusses the results of the strength of soft clay reinforced with single encapsulated bottom ash columns. A total of six (6) batches of kaolin samples had been tested to determine the shear strength. Each batch consisted of three (3) samples to represent different size of height of bottom ash columns. A total of 18 unconsolidated- undrained triaxial tests had been conducted on soft kaolin specimens. The specimens were used in this project is 38 mm in diameter and 76 mm in height. The diameter of the bottom ash columns is 6 mm and 8 mm and the heights of the column are 38 mm, 57 mm and 76 mm. For diameter of the bottom ash columns 6 mm, the value of strength parameters of soft clay inserted with 38 mm height of the columns increased more significant compared to the fully penetrating column which is 76 mm in height of the columns. The diameter of the bottom ash columns 8 mm, the value of strength parameters of soft clay inserted with fully penetrating column which is 76 mm in height increased more significant compared to the 38 mm in height of column.
Download or read book A Study of the Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 10mm and 16mm Diameter Single Encapsulated Bottom Ash Column written by Suzillco Suki and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Study of the Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 8 Mm Diameter Group of Four Bottom Ash Column written by Nur Illani Hayon and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 10 Mm Diameter of Group Bottom Ash Column written by Raja Nur Shahira Raja Sharudin and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 8mm Diameter Group of Bottom Ash Column written by Nurul Fauziana Abu Bakar and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 8mm and 16mm Diameter a Group of Bottom Ash Column written by Nurhamizah Zainal Abidin and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Undrained Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 8 Mm and 16 Mm Diameter of Single Bottom Ash Column written by Nor Fazlina Mohd Radzi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 10mm Diameter of Single Bottom Ash Column written by Sharifah Ilya Nur Shuhada Syed Abdullah and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Group Crushed Polypropylene PP Columns written by Nuraini Yusuf and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of granular columns as soil reinforcement technique has proved useful in problems of foundation stability and settlement, as well as improving soft clay for foundation construction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the enhancement of shear strength of soft kaolin clay when it is reinforced with group crushed polypropylene (PP) columns. Since PP is a waste material, the cost of soil improvement can be reduced which currently was disposed totally in large quantity into landfill. In order to proceed the study, physical and mechanical properties of materials used that are kaolin (soil sample) and PP (reinforcing columns) must be identify first. Then, consolidated kaolin as soft clay was reinforced with group crushed PP columns, and subsequently tested under Unconfined Compression Test (UCT). A total of 7 batches of kaolin sample including control sample had been tested to identify the shear strength. Each batches involved of four samples to find the average value of maximum stress. The variables used for the columns installation were the column height that are 60 mm, 80 mm and 100 mm, where the column penetrating ratio are 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 respectively. In addition, different values of columns diameter had been used that are 6 mm and 10 mm for every different height of columns. A total of 28 unconfined compression tests had been conducted on kaolin samples. The kaolin samples had the dimensions of 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height. For the group PP reinforcement, shear strength increased about 2.13%, 13.51% and 12.84% for 1.44% area replacement ratio and 6.85%, 14.26% and 13.79% for 4% area replacement ratio at sample penetration ratio 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 respectively. In the other hand, the relationship of the increment of shear strength with the various column penetration ratio show different pattern. The shear strength of both area replacement ratio increases constantly as the column penetrating ratio increased, but after it reach 80mm height of column, the shear strength decrease slightly and this support the 'critical column length' idea. It can be concluded that the shear strength parameters were affected by the diameter and the height of the columns and the presence of PP column greatly improve the shear strength.
Download or read book Bearing Capacity of Soft Clay Installed with Singular and Group of Encased Bottom Ash Column written by Nur Aidil Rosly and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction written by George C. Wang and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-06-24 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction strives to integrate the theory, research, and practice of slag utilization, including the production and processing of slags. The topics covered include: production and smelting processes for metals; chemical and physical properties of slags; pretreatment and post-treatment technology to enhance slag properties; potential environmental impact; mechanisms of potential expansion; special testing methods and characteristics; slag processing for aggregate and cementitious applications; suitability of slags for use in specific applications; overall properties of materials containing slags; and commercialization and economics. The focus of the book is on slag utilization technology, with a review of the basic properties and an exploration of how its use in the end product will be technically sound, environment-friendly, and economic. - Covers the production, processing, and utilization of a broad range of ferrous, non-ferrous, and non-metallurgical slags - Provides information on applicable methods for a particular slag and its utilization to reduce potential environmental impacts and promote natural resource sustainability - Presents the overall technology of transferring a slag from the waste stream into a useful materials resource - Provides a detailed review of the appropriate utilization of each slag from processing right through to aggregate and cementitious use requirements
Download or read book The Deep Mixing Method written by Masaki Kitazume and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Deep Mixing Method (DMM), a deep in-situ soil stabilization technique using cement and/or lime as a stabilizing agent, was developed in Japan and in the Nordic countries independently in the 1970s. Numerous research efforts have been made in these areas investigating properties of treated soil, behavior of DMM improved ground under static and d
Download or read book Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement written by Jie Han and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gain a stronger foundation with optimal ground improvement Before you break ground on a new structure, you need to analyze the structure of the ground. Expert analysis and optimization of the geo-materials on your site can mean the difference between a lasting structure and a school in a sinkhole. Sometimes problematic geology is expected because of the location, but other times it's only unearthed once construction has begun. You need to be able to quickly adapt your project plan to include an improvement to unfavorable ground before the project can safely continue. Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement is the only comprehensive, up-to-date compendium of solutions to this critical aspect of civil engineering. Dr. Jie Han, registered Professional Engineer and preeminent voice in geotechnical engineering, is the ultimate guide to the methods and best practices of ground improvement. Han walks you through various ground improvement solutions and provides theoretical and practical advice for determining which technique fits each situation. Follow examples to find solutions to complex problems Complete homework problems to tackle issues that present themselves in the field Study design procedures for each technique to simplify field implementation Brush up on modern ground improvement technologies to keep abreast of all available options Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement can be used as a textbook, and includes Powerpoint slides for instructors. It's also a handy field reference for contractors and installers who actually implement plans. There are many ground improvement solutions out there, but there is no single right answer to every situation. Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement will give you the information you need to analyze the problem, then design and implement the best possible solution.
Download or read book Ground Improvement Third Edition written by Klaus Kirsch and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-11-26 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When finding another location, redesigning a structure, or removing troublesome ground at a project site are not practical options, prevailing ground conditions must be addressed. Improving the ground—modifying its existing physical properties to enable effective, economic, and safe construction—to achieve appropriate engineering performance is an increasingly successful approach. This third edition of Ground Improvement provides a comprehensive overview of the major ground improvement techniques in use worldwide today. Written by recognized experts who bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to bear on their contributions, the chapters are fully updated with recent developments including advancements in equipment and methods since the last edition. The text provides an overview of the processes and the key geotechnical and design considerations as well as equipment needed for successful execution. The methods described are well illustrated with relevant case histories and include the following approaches: Densification using deep vibro techniques or dynamic compaction Consolidation employing deep fabricated drains and associated methods Injection techniques, such as permeation and jet grouting, soil fracture grouting, and compaction grouting New in-situ soil mixing processes, including trench-mixing TRD and panel-mixing CSM approaches The introductory chapter touches on the historical development, health and safety, greenhouse gas emissions, and two less common techniques: blasting and the only reversible process, ground freezing. This practical and established guide provides readers with a solid basis for understanding and further study of the most widely used processes for ground improvement. It is particularly relevant for civil and geotechnical engineers as well as contractors involved in piling and ground engineering of any kind. It would also be useful for advanced graduate and postgraduate civil engineering and geotechnical students.
Download or read book Soil Mechanics Fundamentals written by Muniram Budhu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-04-24 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This accessible, clear and concise textbook strikes a balance between theory and practical applications for an introductory course in soil mechanics for undergraduates in civil engineering, construction, mining and geological engineering. Soil Mechanics Fundamentals lays a solid foundation on key principles of soil mechanics for application in later engineering courses as well as in engineering practice. With this textbook, students will learn how to conduct a site investigation, acquire an understanding of the physical and mechanical properties of soils and methods of determining them, and apply the knowledge gained to analyse and design earthworks, simple foundations, retaining walls and slopes. The author discusses and demonstrates contemporary ideas and methods of interpreting the physical and mechanical properties of soils for both fundamental knowledge and for practical applications. The chapter presentation and content is informed by modern theories of how students learn: Learning objectives inform students what knowledge and skills they are expected to gain from the chapter. Definitions of Key Terms are given which students may not have encountered previously, or may have been understood in a different context. Key Point summaries throughout emphasize the most important points in the material just read. Practical Examples give students an opportunity to see how the prior and current principles are integrated to solve ‘real world’ problems.
