Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near neutral PH Solutions written by Weize Yu and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near neutral PH Solutions written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines written by Y. Frank Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-19 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking—the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies—this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.
Download or read book Effect of Plasticity on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X 52 Pipeline Steel in Near neutral PH Environment written by Xiaochun Li and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Growth Behavior of Surface Cracks in Pipeline Steels Exposed to Near neutral PH Environments written by Afolabi T. Egbewande and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study is part of a larger study designed to help a consortium of pipeline operators replace current (very expensive) approaches to managing stress corrosion cracking (SCC) concerns in near-neutral pH (NNPH) environments with mathematical models that predict SCC growth rates. This could significantly reduce the cost of pipeline integrity management programs. The goal was to help find ways to improve the accuracy of existing models. NNPHSCC cracks are surface-type flaws. However, NNPHSCC was typically modelled as through-thickness cracks in previous laboratory studies. This was identified as a major reason why current NNPHSCC models are inaccurate. Therefore, this study was designed to model NNPHSCC cracks as surface-type flaws rather than through-thickness cracks. Results showed contrary to popular opinion that surface-type flaws propagated less rapidly than through-thickness cracks in NNPHSCC environments. Also, inherent variations in the local environment under a disbondment produce hydrogen concentration gradients that result in very high propagation rates at the open mouth of a disbondment. The propagation rate declines very sharply non-linearly distance away from the open mouth inside the disbondment. It was determined the environmental factor used to account for the contribution of the environment to crack propagation, could be up to ten times higher at the open mouth compared to other locations under the disbondment. Identifying these issues helps to guide NNPHSCC modellers in selecting more appropriate growth rates for SCC programs. A series of propagation rate ranges under various environmental and mechanical loading conditions were determined. Contrary to popular opinions, increased CO2 concentration in groundwater decreased crack propagation rates by intensifying (environmental) crack tip blunting. This delayed crack re-initiation from a dormant state. Under benign loading conditions, this helps to reduce/stop iv crack growth by driving towards dormancy. Mechanically blunting a crack tip was found to produce the same effect. Hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity (also called hydrogen enhanced low temperature creep) was found to be responsible for this blunting effect. Means of manipulating the mechanical loading factors to produce this effect were identified.
Download or read book Effect of the Environment on Near neutral PH Stress Corrosion Cracking of X 52 Pipeline Steel written by Haishan Wang and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mechanistic Studies on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Steels in Near neutral PH Environments written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines in Contact with Near neutral PH Solutions written by Redvers N. Parkins and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigating the Mechanism of Transgranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in Near neutral Ph Environments on Buried Fuel Transmission Pipelines written by Stefanie Lynn Asher and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research investigates the mechanism of transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) on fuel transmission pipelines. This research proposes that in near-neutral pH environments, hydrogen can be generated by the dissociation of carbonic acid and the reaction of metal ions with bicarbonate solutions, significantly increasing the available hydrogen for diffusion into the pipeline steel. This research has shown that TGSCC of pipeline steels is possible in simple groundwater solutions containing bicarbonate ions and carbon dioxide. Microstructural characterization coupled with hydrogen permeation indicates that the level of strain in the microstructure has the most influence on hydrogen diffusivity. Hydrogen accumulation occurs preferentially in at high energy discontinuous interfaces such as inclusion interfaces. It was determined that a stress concentration is required to facilitate sufficient hydrogen accumulation in the pipeline steel in order to initiate TGSCC. It was discovered that these stress concentrations develop from inclusions falling out of the pipeline surface. Slow strain rate tests found that TGSCC occurred in a wide range of compositions and temperatures as long as near-neutral conditions were maintained. Microcracks ahead of the crack tip provide evidence of hydrogen in these cracking processes. Morphology of these microcracks indicates that cracks propagate by the coalescence of microcracks with the main crack tip. Further research findings, scientific impact, and potential future work are also discussed.
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Linepipe Steels in Near Neutral PH Environment written by W. Zheng and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), a form of environment-assisted cracking, has caused 24 major pipeline failures in the Canadian oil and gas pipeline system. The role of stress in the SCC of linepipe steels in near-neutral pH environment, as in other SCC systems, is complex. In this paper, the effects of stress on the development of both axial cracking and circumferential cracking are reviewed. The long-term beneficial effect of compressive stress introduced by hydrostatic testing is also discussed.
Download or read book Crack Growth Behavior of Pipeline Steels Under Variable Pressure Fluctuations in a Near neutral PH Environment written by Mengshan Yu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research aims at understanding the crack propagation behavior of pipeline steels under variable pressure fluctuations in a near-neutral pH environment. Although pressure fluctuations have been recognized as the driving force for crack growth for more than two decades, the mechanisms governing their effects on crack growth have yet to be determined. Existing crack growth models that consider the effect of pressure fluctuations are established primarily by assuming a fatigue loading with constant stress amplitudes. This often yields a predicted life that well exceeds the service lifetime observed in the field. We believe that the significant discrepancies between laboratory findings and field observations could be bridged by modeling crack growth through a consideration of variable amplitude fatigue loadings, which are the conditions in the field. This investigation has focused on the evaluation of a variable amplitude fatigue waveform consisting of cycles with higher R ratios (minimum stress/maximum stress), termed as minor cycles, and periodic underload cycles with lower R ratios. Such a waveform is typical for the pressure fluctuations in pipeline discharge sections, which was performed both in air and in near-neutral pH solution. Compared with the corresponding constant amplitude loadings, the variable amplitude waveform significantly enhanced fatigue crack growth. The waveform was varied to study the effects of various contributing factors, including loading frequency, maximum stress intensity factor, number of minor cycles, and amplitudes of underload and minor cycles. By comparing results in near-neutral pH solution with that in air, the role of hydrogen and corrosion in crack growth was characterized and clearly defined. The obtained results agree with various failure scenarios found in the field, including the high frequency of failures found at the discharge sections of pipelines, and the different crack growth characteristics between oil pipelines and gas pipelines. Based on these findings, practical strategies were proposed for avoiding accelerated crack growth.
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of API X 60 Pipeline Steel in Dilute Near neutral Solution written by Xiaoying Zhang and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Iron Oxides written by Damien Faivre and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-08 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alle relevanten Informationen zu Eisenoxiden, von der Struktur und Transformation über Charakterisierungsverfahren bis hin zu den neuesten AnwendungEN. Ein Muss für alle, die in dem Fachgebiet arbeiten.
Download or read book Crack Growth Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near neutral PH Environment written by Mohammad Hassan Marvasti and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Crack Growth Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near Neutral PH Soil Environment written by Mohammad Hassan Marvasti and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of the Environment on the Initiation of Crack Growth written by William Alan Van der Sluys and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1997 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Corrosion and Protection of Metals written by David M Bastidas and published by . This book was released on 2020-09-16 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction and Scope-During the last few decades, an enormous effort has been made to understand corrosion phenomena and their mechanisms, and to elucidate the causes that dramatically influence the service lifetime of metal materials. The performance of metal materials in aggressive environments is critical for a sustainable society. The failure of the material in service impacts the economy, the environment, health, and society. In this regard, corrosion-based economic losses due to maintenance, repair, and the replacement of existing structures and infrastructure account for up to 4% of gross domestic product (GDP) in well developed countries. One of the biggest issues in corrosion engineering is estimating service lifetime. Corrosion prediction has become very difficult, as there is no direct correlation with service lifetime and experimental lab results, usually as a result of discrepancies between accelerated testing and real corrosion processes. It is of major interest to forecast the impact of corrosion-based losses on society and the global economy, since existing structures and infrastructure are becoming old, and crucial decisions now need to be made to replace them. On the other hand, environmental protocols seek to reduce greenhouse effects. Therefore, low emission policies, in force, establish regulations for the next generation of materials and technologies. Advanced technologies and emergent materials will enable us to get through the next century. Great advances are currently in progress for the development of corrosion-resistant metal materials for different sectors, such as energy, transport, construction, and health. This Special Issue on the corrosion and protection of metals is focused on current trends in corrosion science, engineering, and technology, ranging from fundamental to applied research, thus covering subjects related to corrosion mechanisms and modelling, protection and inhibition processes, and mitigation strategies.
