Download or read book Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Single Crushed Polypropylene PP Column written by Noor Amirah Noor Shahrudeen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The strength of the kaolin clay increases when being reinforced with a material that are stronger than itself. The reason for conducting this study is to solve certain problem that related to the bearing capacity of the soft clay on the ground. Besides of throwing out an excessive amount of uncycled material, this study proposed to save an environment by re-use the excessive material to strengthen up the soft clay. There is two objective of this study that need to be completed by the end of the research. The first one is to determine the physical characteristics of kaolin clay and PP and morphological characteristic of PP. The second objective is to determine the undrained shear strength of soft clay reinforced with various dimensions of single PP column. Generally, soft clays can be defined as a disturbed cohesive soil that its water content is higher than its liquid limit. Soft clay also is one of the fine grained soils types that experiences the change in volume when it is different from elastic deformation, consolidation and secondary compression. Rock that rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay. Kaolin or china clay is a hydrated aluminium silicate crystalline mineral (kaolinite) formed over many millions of years by the hydrothermal decomposition of granite rocks. Kaolin clay is a versatile industrial mineral and generally used as fillers or raw material in ceramic, paints, plastics, paper, rubber, ink, catalyst, insecticide, pharmaceutical formulation and etc. Kaolin clay was familiarly experience with a various type of soil failure because of its characteristics due to the weak in strength. The failure that frequently happened to this kind of soil was the settlement failure. It is because the soil can't resist the large amount of loads through the member of the structure. Many improvement of soft clay has been discovered in order to make the strength of the kaolin clay rise. Meanwhile, Polypropylene (PP) are the general class of thermoplastics produced from propylene gas. Propylene gas is derived from the cracking of natural gas or petroleum by-products. The symbol for this polymer was (C3H6)n. Production of PP takes place by slurry, solution or gas phase process, in which the propylene monomer is subjected to heat and pressure in the presence of a catalyst system. Polymerisation is achieved at relatively low temperature and pressure and the product yielded is translucent, but readily coloured. Differences in catalyst and production conditions can be used to alter the properties of the plastic. As for the testing, there is six (6) basic tests that need to be conducted towards the kaolin clay and two (2) basic tests for PP. The UCT will be proceed after all the basics test of the material has been done. A total of 28 sample need to be tested using the UCT. Four of the 28 sample was taken out to be the controlled sample. The other 24 samples with the PP column are tested and the results was compared to the controlled sample. If the results of the 24 samples showing an improvement of soil strength, the experiment was considered successful.

Download or read book Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Group Crushed Polypropylene PP Columns written by Nuraini Yusuf and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of granular columns as soil reinforcement technique has proved useful in problems of foundation stability and settlement, as well as improving soft clay for foundation construction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the enhancement of shear strength of soft kaolin clay when it is reinforced with group crushed polypropylene (PP) columns. Since PP is a waste material, the cost of soil improvement can be reduced which currently was disposed totally in large quantity into landfill. In order to proceed the study, physical and mechanical properties of materials used that are kaolin (soil sample) and PP (reinforcing columns) must be identify first. Then, consolidated kaolin as soft clay was reinforced with group crushed PP columns, and subsequently tested under Unconfined Compression Test (UCT). A total of 7 batches of kaolin sample including control sample had been tested to identify the shear strength. Each batches involved of four samples to find the average value of maximum stress. The variables used for the columns installation were the column height that are 60 mm, 80 mm and 100 mm, where the column penetrating ratio are 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 respectively. In addition, different values of columns diameter had been used that are 6 mm and 10 mm for every different height of columns. A total of 28 unconfined compression tests had been conducted on kaolin samples. The kaolin samples had the dimensions of 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height. For the group PP reinforcement, shear strength increased about 2.13%, 13.51% and 12.84% for 1.44% area replacement ratio and 6.85%, 14.26% and 13.79% for 4% area replacement ratio at sample penetration ratio 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 respectively. In the other hand, the relationship of the increment of shear strength with the various column penetration ratio show different pattern. The shear strength of both area replacement ratio increases constantly as the column penetrating ratio increased, but after it reach 80mm height of column, the shear strength decrease slightly and this support the 'critical column length' idea. It can be concluded that the shear strength parameters were affected by the diameter and the height of the columns and the presence of PP column greatly improve the shear strength.

Download or read book Undrained Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 8 Mm and 16 Mm Diameter of Single Bottom Ash Column written by Nor Fazlina Mohd Radzi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 10mm Diameter of Single Bottom Ash Column written by Sharifah Ilya Nur Shuhada Syed Abdullah and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Study of the Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 10mm and 16mm Diameter Single Encapsulated Bottom Ash Column written by Suzillco Suki and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Study of the Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Square and Triangular Encapsulated Bottom Ash Column written by Nurul Aina Husaini and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soft clay is known as problematic soil that consists of low shear strength, low permeability and high compressibility where the existing soil on the given site is unable to carry the load of proposed structure by itself, so the use of ground improvement is necessary. The stone columns are increasingly being used as ground improvement technique for supporting a wide variety of structures including buildings and flexible structures. In practice, the bearing capacity on soft clay can be improved by a layer of compacted sand or gravel. Bottom ash as by product of coal burning that has similar properties to granular material can be apply as one of the stabilizing method to the existing soil. Hence, by using bottom ash as substitute, the cost of construction can be reduced and make great progress of a growing awareness of the environmental consideration. This research discusses the results of the improvement in the shear strength of soft clay after being reinforced with a group of square and triangular encapsulated bottom ash columns. The physical and mechanical properties of the materials used such as kaolin and bottom ash were determined first. The results show that kaolin can be classified ad clayey soil and bottom ash has similarities of characteristic with granular material. A total of 52 unconfined compression tests had been conducted on kaolin specimens to determine the shear strength. The diameter for specimen is 50mm and 100mm in height. The diameter of bottom ash columns are 10mm and 16mm respectively and the height of the column are 60mm, 80mm and 100mm. The group columns have been arranged in square and triangular pattern. It can be concluded that the shear strength parameters were improved based on the different diameter and the height of the column.

Download or read book Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 8mm and 16mm Diameter a Group of Bottom Ash Column written by Nurhamizah Zainal Abidin and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 10 Mm Diameter of Group Bottom Ash Column written by Raja Nur Shahira Raja Sharudin and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Study of the Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 8 Mm Diameter Group of Four Bottom Ash Column written by Nur Illani Hayon and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 8mm Diameter Group of Bottom Ash Column written by Nurul Fauziana Abu Bakar and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Study of the Strength of Soft Clay in Reinforced with Group Encapsulated Bottom Ash Columns written by Nur Aqilah Mohd Drus and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing of the demand and restrictions on the suitable land for construction in recent time led the construction industries to exploit sites that were previously considered as the uneconomical site to develop such as soft clay soil. Luckily, the advance of the technology prove that there is an alternative to using soft clay in construction by ground improvement or modification technique. The ground improvement method are increasing the shear strength, reduces the permeability and the compressibility of the soft soil. The stone column method is the most preferable and widely used in construction. This study are used the waste materials known as bottom ash as a replacement to the usage of natural materials in the stone column. Hence, by reutilize the waste of bottom ash, the construction cost can be reduce and thus, the disposal area also decreasing. This research is to determine the strength of the soft clay in reinforced with group encapsulated bottom ash columns. The bottom ash in encapsulated with geotextile are used as the stone column in kaolin clay. At the first part of the study, the physical and mechanical properties of the kaolin clay and bottom ash are determine. There is proven that the kaolin clay can be classified as silty soils while, the bottom ash have the relative characteristic with granular materials. At the second part of study, the sample of soft clay in reinforced with group of three encapsulated bottom ash columns are tested under Unconsolidated Undrained Test with difference various of diameter and height of bottom ash column. It can be concluded that the presence of encapsulated bottom ash column, are increasing the shear strength parameter of the soft clay.

Download or read book The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction written by George C. Wang and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-06-24 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction strives to integrate the theory, research, and practice of slag utilization, including the production and processing of slags. The topics covered include: production and smelting processes for metals; chemical and physical properties of slags; pretreatment and post-treatment technology to enhance slag properties; potential environmental impact; mechanisms of potential expansion; special testing methods and characteristics; slag processing for aggregate and cementitious applications; suitability of slags for use in specific applications; overall properties of materials containing slags; and commercialization and economics. The focus of the book is on slag utilization technology, with a review of the basic properties and an exploration of how its use in the end product will be technically sound, environment-friendly, and economic. - Covers the production, processing, and utilization of a broad range of ferrous, non-ferrous, and non-metallurgical slags - Provides information on applicable methods for a particular slag and its utilization to reduce potential environmental impacts and promote natural resource sustainability - Presents the overall technology of transferring a slag from the waste stream into a useful materials resource - Provides a detailed review of the appropriate utilization of each slag from processing right through to aggregate and cementitious use requirements

Download or read book Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement written by Jie Han and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gain a stronger foundation with optimal ground improvement Before you break ground on a new structure, you need to analyze the structure of the ground. Expert analysis and optimization of the geo-materials on your site can mean the difference between a lasting structure and a school in a sinkhole. Sometimes problematic geology is expected because of the location, but other times it's only unearthed once construction has begun. You need to be able to quickly adapt your project plan to include an improvement to unfavorable ground before the project can safely continue. Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement is the only comprehensive, up-to-date compendium of solutions to this critical aspect of civil engineering. Dr. Jie Han, registered Professional Engineer and preeminent voice in geotechnical engineering, is the ultimate guide to the methods and best practices of ground improvement. Han walks you through various ground improvement solutions and provides theoretical and practical advice for determining which technique fits each situation. Follow examples to find solutions to complex problems Complete homework problems to tackle issues that present themselves in the field Study design procedures for each technique to simplify field implementation Brush up on modern ground improvement technologies to keep abreast of all available options Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement can be used as a textbook, and includes Powerpoint slides for instructors. It's also a handy field reference for contractors and installers who actually implement plans. There are many ground improvement solutions out there, but there is no single right answer to every situation. Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement will give you the information you need to analyze the problem, then design and implement the best possible solution.

Download or read book The Deep Mixing Method written by Masaki Kitazume and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Deep Mixing Method (DMM), a deep in-situ soil stabilization technique using cement and/or lime as a stabilizing agent, was developed in Japan and in the Nordic countries independently in the 1970s. Numerous research efforts have been made in these areas investigating properties of treated soil, behavior of DMM improved ground under static and d

Download or read book Designing with Geosynthetics written by Robert M. Koerner and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geosynthetic materials have entered the mainstream in the professional arena and are no longer considered new construction material. Professionals need to keep up with the nuances of how geosynthetics work. Emphasizes design by function; overviews all types of geosynthetics, with stand-alone units on particular materials. Uses S.I. units for all problems and examples. Expands coverage of containers and tubes in the geotextile chapter. Discusses walls and slope design, including seismic analysis, in the geogrid chapter. Treats wet landfills, agricultural waste, waste stability, and dam waterproofing in the geomembrane chapter. Discusses new products and related performances in the geosynthetic clay liner chapter. Discusses new products and related behavior, including fiber reinforcement and wall drainage, in the geocomposite chapter. Adds a completely new chapter on geofoam. A useful reference for transportation, geotechnical, environmental, and hydraulics professionals and engineers.

Download or read book Excavations and Foundations in Soft Soils written by Hans-Georg Kempfert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-07-01 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book reviews recent developments and research results on excavations and foundations found in and on soft soil deposits. It gives an overview of the material properties of soft soils and offers new foundation improvement techniques in road and railways. It also examines different types of foundations and stabilization methods. The book will serve both practicing and research engineers in the field of geotechnical engineering.

Download or read book Introduction to Industrial Polypropylene written by Dennis B. Malpass and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-07-02 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introductory text is an important resource for new engineers, chemists, students, and chemical industry personnel to understand the technical aspects of polypropylene which is the 2nd largest synthetics polymer in manufactured output. The book considers the following topics: What are the principal types of polypropylene and how do they differ? What catalysts are used to produce polypropylene and how do they function? What is the role of cocatalysts and how have they evolved over the years? How are industrial polypropylene catalysts tested and the resultant polymer evaluated? What processes are used in the manufacture of polypropylene? What are the biopolymer alternatives to polypropylene? What companies are the major industrial manufacturers of polypropylene? What is the environmental fate of polypropylene?