Download or read book Stimulation and Recording Electrodes for Neural Prostheses written by Naser Pour Aryan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-29 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with basic principles of the electrochemistry of the electrodes used in modern, implantable neural prostheses. The authors discuss the boundaries and conditions in which the electrodes continue to function properly for long time spans, which are required when designing neural stimulator devices for long-term in vivo applications. Two kinds of electrode materials, titanium nitride and iridium are discussed extensively, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The influence of the counter electrode on the safety margins and electrode lifetime in a two electrode system is explained. Electrode modeling is handled in a final chapter.

Download or read book Indwelling Neural Implants written by William M. Reichert and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-12-17 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite enormous advances made in the development of external effector prosthetics over the last quarter century, significant questions remain, especially those concerning signal degradation that occurs with chronically implanted neuroelectrodes. Offering contributions from pioneering researchers in neuroprosthetics and tissue repair, Indwel

Download or read book Implantable Neural Prostheses 2 written by David Zhou and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-07-10 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Signi?cant progress has been made in the development of neural prostheses for restoration of human functions and improvement of the quality of life. Biomedical engineers and neuroscientists around the world are working to improve the design and performance of existing devices and to develop novel devices for arti?cial vision, arti?cial limbs, and brain-machine interfaces. This book, Implantable Neural Prostheses 2: Techniques and Engineering Approaches, is part two of a two-volume sequence that describes state-of-the-art advances in techniques associated with implantable neural prosthetic devices. The techniques covered include biocompatibility and biostability, hermetic packaging, electrochemical techniques for neural stimulation applications, novel electrode materials and testing, thin-?lm ?exible microelectrode arrays, in situ char- terization of microelectrode arrays, chip-size thin-?lm device encapsulation, microchip-embedded capacitors and microelectronics for recording, stimulation, and wireless telemetry. The design process in the development of medical devices is also discussed. Advances in biomedical engineering, microfabrication technology, and neu- science have led to improved medical-device designs and novel functions. However, many challenges remain. This book focuses on the engineering approaches, R&D advances, and technical challenges of medical implants from an engineering p- spective. We are grateful to leading researchers from academic institutes, national laboratories, as well as design engineers and professionals from the medical device industry who have contributed to the book. Part one of this series covers designs of implantable neural prosthetic devices and their clinical applications.

Download or read book Neurobionics written by Robert K. Shepherd and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2016-08-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technological advances have greatly increased the potential for, and practicability of, using medical neurotechnologies to revolutionize how a wide array of neurological and nervous system diseases and dysfunctions are treated. These technologies have the potential to help reduce the impact of symptoms in neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s Disease and depression as well as help regain lost function caused by spinal cord damage or nerve damage. Medical Neurobionics is a concise overview of the biological underpinnings of neurotechnologies, the development process for these technologies, and the practical application of these advances in clinical settings. Medical Neurobionics is divided into three sections. The first section focuses specifically on providing a sound foundational understanding of the biological mechanisms that support the development of neurotechnologies. The second section looks at the efforts being carried out to develop new and exciting bioengineering advances. The book then closes with chapters that discuss practical clinical application and explore the ethical questions that surround neurobionics. A timely work that provides readers with a useful introduction to the field, Medical Neurobionics will be an essential book for neuroscientists, neuroengineers, biomedical researchers, and industry personnel.

Download or read book Functional Electrical Stimulation written by F. Terry Hambrecht and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Neural Prostheses for Restoration of Sensory and Motor Function written by John K. Chapin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-09-27 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prospect of interfacing the nervous system with electronic devices to stimulate or record from neural tissue suggests numerous possibilities in the field of neuroprosthetics. While the creation of a "six million dollar man" may still be far into the future, neural prostheses are rapidly becoming viable theories for a broad range of patients wit

Download or read book Micro Electro Mechanical Systems written by Qing-An Huang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook volume aims to provide a comprehensive, self-contained, and authoritative reference in MEMS. It covers the theoretical and practical aspects including but not limited to sensors, actuators, RF MEMS, micro fluids and bio MEMS systems. It is particularly recommended to undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, scientists, and field experts. This comprehensive summary will provide a solid knowledge background and inspire innovations in this highly interdisciplinary field. The handbook series consists of 5 volumes: Micro/nano fabrication technology, MEMS, Nanomaterial, Nanomedicine and Applications of micro-/nanotechnologies in IT. Experienced researchers and experts are invited to contribute in each of these areas.The series is published under Springer Major Reference works, which allows continuous online update and publication. These features allow newcomers and other readers to keep in touch with the most up-to-date information in micro-/nanotechnologies.It presents an overview of the knowledge base, as well as selected topics and provides comprehensive and authoritative information on the field for researchers, engineers, scientists and graduate students who are involved in different aspects of micro-/nanotechnologies.This publication will provide inspiration for innovative research and application ideas for continued growth of the field.

Download or read book Sputtered Electrode Coatings for Neural Stimulation and Recording written by Bitan Chakraborty and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrode coatings form an integral part of implantable microelectrode arrays (MEAs) which are the basis for chronic neural interfaces capable of providing feedback though neural recording and eliciting functional response through electrical stimulation in patients with lost or impaired neurological functionality. The aim of this dissertation was to develop and assess chronically stable electrode materials with low-impedance and high charge-injection capacity for neural recording and stimulation respectively. To this end, we have investigated three types of transition metal oxide thin-films, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide and a mixed ruthenium/titanium oxide formed by a DC magnetron reactive sputtering process. We have characterized these films in terms of their microstructure, composition and electrochemistry in order to establish the relationship between film properties and electrochemical charge-injection capacities. Sputtered iridium oxide films (SIROF) and ruthenium oxide films (RuOx) were deposited by reactive sputtering in a DC magnetron sputtering system using water-vapor as a reactive plasma constituent. The films deposited using a combination of oxygen and water-vapor showed lower impedance and higher charge-injection capacity than the films deposited using oxygen alone. The films deposited using only water-vapor as the reactive gas showed the presence of nano-sized metallic iridium and ruthenium on the SIROF and RuOx films respectively. Systematic investigation by plasma optical spectroscopy, surface characterization and electrochemical measurements revealed that the incorporation of water-vapor as a reactive gas constituent, along with oxygen, alters the reduction-oxidation (redox) state of the plasma as well as the microstructure and the electrochemical characteristics for the SIROF and RuOx films. A 3:1 water-vapor to oxygen plasma condition formed a hydrous, low-crystallinity and nodular film microstructure that enabled both electronic and ionic conduction producing an apparent optimal electrode coating with low impedance for recording and high charge-injection capacity for stimulation. Electrochemical measurements on SIROF and RuOx electrodes, deposited using a ratio of watervapor to oxygen 3:1, demonstrated that these have minimal contribution towards oxygen reduction, an unwanted side reaction and also showed rapid reversibility of their respective Faradaic processes during stimulation current pulsing. These films were found to be electrochemically stable for ~1 billion pulses at biphasic 8 nC/phase (0.4 mC/cm2 ) constant current stimulation in an inorganic model of interstitial fluid at 37o C and also showed no indication of cytotoxicity towards primary cortical neurons in a cell viability assay. Additionally, we investigated the deposition and characterization of sputtered mixed oxide films consisting of ruthenium/titanium oxide (RuTiOx) as a neural stimulation and recording electrode. This study was motivated by the observation that RuOx films deposited at optimal watervapor:oxygen gas flow ratios were more friable and thus less physically stable than SIROF deposited under the same conditions. Incorporation of titanium resulted in an increased the hardness of the film, by a factor of two with respect to RuOx films, while still maintaining an adequately low enough impedance for recording and a charge-injection capacity suitable for clinical neural stimulation.

Download or read book Microfabricated Cortical Neuroprostheses written by Andre Mercanzini and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-01-14 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite their demonstrated effectiveness, the long term use of microscale neuroprosthetic devices is compromised by the post-implantation tissue reaction that often forms around the device. This book studies ways to improve the tissue reaction to implanted neuroprosthesis by use of a controlled drug release mechanism, quantified by novel measurement techniques. The author describes solutions to the problem of tissue reaction around microscale neuroprostheses and an also examines an improvement in neural stimulation and recording capability. The author, Andre Mercanzini is Review Editor for Frontiers in Neuroengineering. He holds two U.S. patents on microassembly.

Download or read book Neuroprosthetics written by Kenneth W. Horch and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2004 with total page 1292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of neuroprosthetics. It is broadly divided into three sections which address: neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, biomaterials and biocompatibility, stimulation and recording techniques; clinical applications of neuroprosthetics; and future developments.

Download or read book Implantable Neural Prostheses 1 written by David Zhou and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-10 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant progress has been made in the development of neural prostheses to restore human functions and improve the quality of human life. Biomedical engineers and neuroscientists around the world are working to improve design and performance of existing devices and to develop novel devices for artificial vision, artificial limbs, and brain–machine interfaces. This book, Implantable Neural Prostheses 1: Devices and Applications,ispart one of a two-book series and describes state-of-the-art advances in techniques associated with implantable neural prosthetic devices and their applications. Devices covered include sensory prosthetic devices, such as visual implants, cochlear implants, auditory midbrain implants, and spinal cord stimulators. Motor prosthetic devices, such as deep brain stimulators, Bion microstimu- tors, the brain control and sensing interface, and cardiac electro-stimulation devices are also included. Progress in magnetic stimulation that may offer a non-invasive approach to prosthetic devices is introduced. Regulatory approval of implantable medical devices in the United States and Europe is also discussed.

Download or read book Neural Microelectrodes Design and Applications written by Stuart Cogan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neural electrodes enable the recording and stimulation of bioelectrical activity in the nervous system. This technology provides neuroscientists with the means to probe the functionality of neural circuitry in both health and disease. In addition, neural electrodes can deliver therapeutic stimulation for the relief of debilitating symptoms associated with neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and may serve as the basis for the restoration of sensory perception through peripheral nerve and brain regions after disease or injury. Lastly, microscale neural electrodes recording signals associated with volitional movement in paralyzed individuals can be decoded for controlling external devices and prosthetic limbs or driving the stimulation of paralyzed muscles for functional movements. In spite of the promise of neural electrodes for a range of applications, chronic performance remains a goal for long-term basic science studies, as well as clinical applications. New perspectives and opportunities from fields including tissue biomechanics, materials science, and biological mechanisms of inflammation and neurodegeneration are critical to advances in neural electrode technology. This Special Issue will address the state-of-the-art knowledge and emerging opportunities for the development and demonstration of advanced neural electrodes.

Download or read book Intrafascicular Electrodes for the Activation of Peripheral Nerves written by Aritra Kundu and published by . This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The success of a neural electrode is often measured by its performance in the selective stimulation of or recording from individual fascicles within a peripheral nerve without damaging the nerve. Neural prostheses are limited by the availability of peripheral neural electrodes that can be used to record the user's intention or to provide sensory feedback through functional electrical stimulation for an extended duration. Improvement in future neural prostheses may be achieved through the availability of multichannel, bidirectional neural interfaces, such as the transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrode (TIME). The aim of this thesis was to investigate the biofunctionality, biostability, and biosafety of the TIME in an animal model that bears a close neuroanatomical resemblance to the human. To this end, four research questions were formulated: 1) Is the pig model neuro-anatomically suitable for the simulation of the actions and reactions of a neural electrode in a large human-sized peripheral nerve? This question was addressed in study 1 in which a comparative morphology study was performed on the median and ulnar nerves of Danish landrace pigs and Gottingen mini-pigs. Nerve specimens were selected at different levels for analysis. The number of fascicles in each nerve was counted, and the fascicle diameters were measured. 2) How selective is the TIME compared to other intrafascicular electrodes, such as the thin-film longitudinal intrafascicular electrode (tfLIFE)? Study 2 was performed to address this question. A comparative stimulation selectivity study was performed in Danish Landrace pigs with the TIME and tfLIFE. Electrodes were implanted in the median nerve, and sequential electric stimulation was applied to individual contacts. The compound muscle action potentials of seven forelimb muscles were recorded to quantify muscle recruitment. 3) Is the TIME biostable and biofunctional for long-term implantation? This question was addressed in study 3 in which the chronic stimulation selectivity of the TIME was evaluated on Gottingen mini-pigs. 4) Does the TIME fulfil the criteria of biocompatibility and chronic stability? Study 4 was conducted to address this question. Immunohistological analysis was conducted on nerve specimens from chronic experiment pigs that had been implanted with TIMEs in study 3.

Download or read book Neural Computation Neural Devices and Neural Prosthesis written by Zhi Yang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-15 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past decades, interdisciplinary investigations overlapping biology, medicine, information science, and engineering have formed a very exciting and active field that attracts scientists, medical doctors, and engineers with knowledge in different domains. A few examples of such investigations include neural prosthetic implants that aim to improve the quality of life for patients suffering from neurologic disease and injury; brain machine interfaces that sense, analyze, and translate electrical signals from the brain to build closed-loop, biofeedback systems; and fundamental studies of intelligence, cognitive functions, and psychological behaviors correlated to their neurological basis. Although this interdisciplinary area is still in its infancy, it can potentially create some of the most significant impact: treating diseases that are considered untreatable, interpretation and communication of neuron ensembles, or even a revolutionary perception and understanding of life different from philosophical or immaterial approaches. Fortunately, several academic societies recognize the value and impact of this growing field, firmly supporting related research. Such support will drive a booming future in the next twenty or thirty years. Research in this area is frequently project-driven, and the generated knowledge has been scattered in different fields of neuroscience, computation, material and technology, circuits and system, clinical reports, and psychology—the scope considerably across the boundary of traditionally defined disciplines. Neural Computation, Neural Devices, and Neural Prosthesis is intended to assemble such knowledge, from there suggesting a systematic approach guiding future educational and research activities. The targeted audience includes both students and researchers.

Download or read book Neural Prostheses written by William F. Agnew and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Advances in Neural and Electromyographic Recording Techniques and Applications to Powered Prostheses written by Dean Charles and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New types of implantable electrode arrays are described which may be allowed to remain in living animal tissue over an extended period of time and which provide useful clinical and experimental information without causing inflammation, infection or rejection. The devices and methods described differ from classical electrophysiological recording techniques in that they provide long term stable behavioural recordings in freely moving unanaesthetized subjects. Besides providing an opportunity to obtain data useful for basic research, these devices provide a potential interface for obtaining signals for the control of powered artificial limbs and a means for transmitting sensory or positional feedback to the person wearing the artificial limb. Different types of electrode arrays are described both in construction and in implementation, including the earlier regeneration electrode unit, and the more recent cuff electrode units. The results of testing these cuff electrodes in mammals and eventually testing a single unit in a human amputee are described. The author's primary contributions to this area of the research have been in a technical capacity, and the contributions made by individual members of the group will be described in the body of the thesis. The applicability of different recording techniques and different types and configurations of electrode arrays are compared and evaluated with respect to basic research data collection as well as potential and realized prosthetic use. More than one cuff electrode assembly may be used at the same time in a single human or laboratory subject, and more than one type of electrode assembly may be used as well. Individual or collective elements of any given electrode array may be used for either recording or stimulating, or stimulating may be done via one electrode array while recording is done from another. Thus one system may be used to apply stimulation in one selected area of the nervous system, while yet another device is used to monitor patterns of activity in a different or related area of the nervous system. The usefulness of the devices and techniques described is thus documented with respect to setting up controlled situations of stimulating and recording the activity of the peripheral nervous system, particularly with respect to investigating posture and locomotion. The devices and procedures are described as developed in more or less chronological order with the earlier devices developed discussed first, and with the more recent cuff electrodes discussed later. Reasons for the earlier methods are given, as well as reasons why mammalian research has focussed more recently on the cuff electrode assembly. Experience has been gained with the clinical requirements of amputees, and with problems that may be encountered in future implantation procedures when applying the devices and methods described to the control of artificial limbs on a larger number of amputees. Since the primary thrust of the research is directed towards exploring improved methods for the control of artificial limbs rather than the design or construction of such limbs, a brief review of the most practical components commercially available for the construction of powered prostheses is given. Successful fittings and unsuccessful fittings are described, and some of the reasons influencing the outcome when using powered prostheses are given. Clinical implementation of successful modular techniques are discussed in some detail.

Download or read book Study of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Techniques for Neural Prostheses Development written by José Luis Vargas Luna and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The neural engineering is a broad and highly investigated field. Specifically, the use of electrical stimulation (ES) to activate nerves and muscle fibers is a powerful and widely used tool for therapy, research and diagnostic. The design of the optimal ES technique is not trivial, since each parameter has different effect over the stimulus outcome. Moreover, the effect of the parameters’ interactions could be unexpected if the knowledge on the actuation mechanisms of the ES is not solid. Such knowledge must be multidisciplinary and include biological/physiological, engineering, anatomical and clinical bases. A pilot study for the development of assisted- ventilation device, based on the functional electrical stimulation of the abdominal muscles (FESAM), shows that although a technique has been successful in specific applications, the extrapolation to different clinical conditions could be limited for many reasons: pain, fatigue and lack of selectivity. Due to these findings, it was concluded that an extensive study in the transcutaneous electrical stimulation techniques is required previous to the further development of such application. It is presented the evaluation of the effect of three alternative biphasic-based pulses over the fiber excitability. The use of a hyperpolarizing (HPP) or depolarizing (DPP) pre-pulse previous to a conventional charge-balanced biphasic (BP) pulse was studied. In the same way, the effect of the inclusion of an inter-phase pause (BR) was analyzed. An HPP, applied transcutaneously, is able to pre- hyperpolarize the nerve fibers, increasing their excitability to ES. Similarly, transcutaneous DPPs are able to pre-hyperpolarize the nerve fibers, decreasing the excitability of the fibers. Such effects are proportional to the pre-pulse duration and were validated in the range of 500 up to 15,000μs. The use of HPP increases the overall efficiency of the BP pulse, which reduces the required current density to achieve a given contraction level or, on the other hand, increases the contraction levels within the same current density range. The DPP, on the other hand, affect the bigger diameter fibers (e.g. sensory fibers) first, reducing the perception of ES-induced pain. A quantitative comparison between the most used output topologies, CC and VC, was done. The results shown that CC has better control capabilities, since the stimulation outcome can be controlled with either amplitude or pulse width, unlike VC, where only the amplitude is able to control the stimulation effect after a certain PW threshold. Such threshold varies between electrodes, being directly proportional to the time constant of the skin- electrode impedance. In both stimulation techniques, the electrode selection also affects the saturation levels of the recruitment curves and how fast they are reached. In general, VC stimulation devices require smaller voltage compliance than CC to achieve the same contraction. A novel model of the skin-electrode interface impedance is developed for high-charge pulses during conventional TES pulses. The proposed model is able to predict the skin-electrode interface impedance dynamically for different electrode sizes (with the same construction) and stimulation types (CC and VC). The mathematic model is based on the anatomical structure of the interface, and all its variables are represent a biological phenomenon or structure. This thesis provides new tools, with their proper scientific and statistic validation, to develop more efficient, safety, selective and painless stimulation techniques, which could increase the therapeutic benefits of the neural prostheses and orthoses, and the overall quality of life for the patients."--descripción del autor.