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Book Standardizing the Bedside Shift Report Process to Improve Communication and Promote Patient Safety

Download or read book Standardizing the Bedside Shift Report Process to Improve Communication and Promote Patient Safety written by Gilbert Young and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Title: Standardizing the Bedside Shift Report Process to Improve Communication and Promote Patient Safety. Author: Gilbert Young, RN, BSN Setting: Unit 1 North is a 32-bed cardiovascular specialty unit that specializes in the care of post-cardiac surgery and complex telemetry patients. The typical length of stay is between 5-7 days. Patients are admitted to the unit from the ICU, ED, or other medical facility for cardiac surgery. Rationale: The quality gaps are nurse communication HCAHPS scores not being consistent with performance goals, the unit had 16 documented patient falls in 2016, and patient surveys and staff handoff observations supported the need for this project. The project aim is to (1) improve nurse communication, (2) increase the nurses' consistency and satisfaction with handoff (3) implement the clinical report tool, and (4) reduce patient falls by 25% on cardiovascular specialty unit by August 2017. Return on Investment: Reducing four patient falls or 25% of last year's total will be an annual cost avoidance of $120,000 once this performance improvement plan is implemented. The initial annual savings is estimated at $110,300 Literature Review: The studies assert the importance of bedside report as a means to include the patient, eliminate information gaps, visualize the patient and surroundings for patient safety, and improve team communication. Additional studies examined the use of a standardized nursing handoff tool and saw improvement in patient satisfaction and a reduction in nursing errors. Methodology: Institute of Healthcare Improvement model for improvement and Lewin's change management model. Collaborated with unit council to develop clinical handoff tool. Educational plan includes PowerPoint presentation and simulation sessions. Project implemented in February 2017 and guided by PDSA (plan-do-study-act) cycle. Nurse leaders to observe use of clinical handoff tool during shift handoff. Results: Since implementation in February, average daily census of 32 patients and averaged 66 survey responses each month. Nurse communication scores have been consistently 4 Stars since implementation of this QI project. Current HCAHPS scores up to May 2017. There was a 12.5% reduction in patient falls compared to the same time period last year. Nurse leader observation of NKE using the handoff competency checklist demonstrated successful use of the handoff tool by all nurses, including remediation for some staff. Patient and staff surveys revealed positive improvements in seeking patient input and staff experiencing more satisfaction with the quality if information they receive at shift handoff.

Book Standardizing the Bedside Shift Report  Improving Communications and Promoting Patient Safety

Download or read book Standardizing the Bedside Shift Report Improving Communications and Promoting Patient Safety written by Chona C. Alforque and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PROBLEM: Nursing shift reports are integral to nursing as they allow for the transfer of critical information and responsibility of patient care from one nurse to another. Ineffective communication during shift-to-shift reports can contribute to gaps in patient care and breaches in patient safety, including medication errors, falls, and sentinel events. The greatest risk of communication breakdown is during transitions in care. CONTEXT: St. Louise Regional Hospital, a small community hospital, consisting of an eight-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit lacked structure in how handoff should occur and had variances in shift handoffs. Observation of the shift handoff at the nurses' station revealed many communication gaps that have shown negative impacts on patient safety and outcomes. The improvement project described in this paper focused on evidence-based practices that support the benefits of bedside shift and implementations of standardized handoff tools. INTERVENTION: Intervention included an education in-service for unit managers, educational coordinators, and staff nurses to emphasize the important benefits of bedside shift report. MEASURES: The three components for evaluating improvement include outcome, process, and balancing measures to determine whether the improvement project has had the desired impact. The outcome measure expected to yield the following: direct observation of nurses during bedside report to calculate how often is being done, monitor for decrease in overtime due to more efficient shift-to-shift bedside reports, and a review of risk management reports observing for effect on the number and severity of medication errors. RESULTS: The outcome measure is to increase the nurses' compliance with bedside shift report in the intensive care unit to at least 80% within six months of implementation. CONCLUSION: With the proposed change, bedside shift report will addresses all the safety hazards by reducing adverse events, such as medical errors, patient falls at shift change, and sentinel events. Bedside shift report improves patient safety, enhances the quality of care, improves patient and nurse satisfaction, decrease unnecessary healthcare expenditure, and saves time.

Book Increasing Patient Safety with Bedside Shift Report

Download or read book Increasing Patient Safety with Bedside Shift Report written by Karen L. Lewis and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Change of shift report in acute care facilities is a unique activity where nurses transfer critical information to promote patient safety and best practices. Traditionally, nurse shift report takes place at the nurse's station before patients have been visualized, in a process that lacks effective communication and is contrary to patient-centered care. A review a literature indicates an effective strategy to overcome these patient safety issues is a standardized process of bedside shift report. This paper details the implementation plan of a pilot program on a 28 bed medical surgical unit. Direct observation and surveys are the evaluation methods used, and a dissemination plan for findings will be discussed. Bedside shift report can be an effective strategy to increase safety for best patient outcomes.

Book Improve Communication and Promote Patient Safety During Bedside Shift Report  BSSR

Download or read book Improve Communication and Promote Patient Safety During Bedside Shift Report BSSR written by Christa Shine and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A requirement for bedside shift report is effective communication. Improving handoff report between nurses in a clinical environment that will promote patient and family center care. Poor communication will lead to medical errors, negative effect on patient safety and outcomes. Bedside shift report is the exchange of responsibility of patient care from one nurse to another. The exchange of information typically occurs in the present of the patient. Many times, report between nurses happens at the nurses' station, hallway, or break area, away from the patient. The purpose of this quality improvement project is to improve communication and to promote patient safety during bedside shift report on the medical-surgical unit in 3 months. Reestablishing the microsystem current standard of practice on the first-floor inpatient unit. A 34-bed unit divided into three units. Having a daily huddle with the nurses about the use of the SBAR communication tool, with a laminated card that will be handed out to each nurse to keep during change of shift report. There is a survey sent to patients at the end of their hospital stay: At the change of shift how often did the off-going nurse and on-coming nurse discussed your plan of care at the bedside? The first floor HCAPHS scores for Q1-20 52.4%, Q2-20 52.3%, Q3-20 56.4%, and Q4-20 72.3%. Reestablishing the current standard will have a positive impact on patient satisfaction scores, nurse satisfaction and patient safety.

Book Significance of Bedside Reporting on Patient Safety and Staff Satisfaction

Download or read book Significance of Bedside Reporting on Patient Safety and Staff Satisfaction written by Caitlin Garmon and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ineffective communication at change of shift can put the safety of patients at risk. The purpose of this study is to show bedside shift report increases patient safety as well as staff satisfaction. This study found bedside report lead to less falls and medication errors. Communication breakdowns are the cause of a significant number of sentinel events. Staff was satisfied with shorter report times and improved communication between shifts. Nurses were better prepared and were able to better assess patient needs after implementation of bedside shift report. Nurses were held more accountable and patients became more involved in their care. This new process gave the oncoming nurse the opportunity to visualize the patient and ask questions. Finding of this report confirmed how important having a standardized report system is in reducing errors. Accurate and consistent communication was improved after the implementation of bedside reporting. Effective communication at shift change is a fundamental component of nursing and the culture of safety. This study was conducted within a large hospital on medical and surgical units. A survey was obtained before the implementation of bedside report and several times over the first year post. Along with the use of surveys visual observations were done as well as in person interviews. Results of this study show that bedside report increased nurse's satisfaction, helped in the prioritization of patients which increased work flow, and decreased the amount of time for handoff.

Book Bedside Shift Report

Download or read book Bedside Shift Report written by Kimberly K. Gormley and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Change-of-shift report is the time when responsibility and accountability of the patient is transferred from one nurse to another. The communication that ensues during this process is linked to both patient safety and continuity of care. This type of reporting method allows patients to participate in their plan of care, reduce errors from oversight and to allow visualization of the patient's condition at change of shift. Shift change was included in The Joint Commission's 2009 National Patient Safety Goals, which requires that shift hand off must include up-to-date information about the care, treatment, current condition and recent or anticipated changes in the patient. Bedside reporting addresses The Joint Commission's goal 13, a safety strategy that encourages a patient's active involvement in care. A review of literature of both staff and patient's perceptions of bedside hand off describes studies using qualitative, anecdotal and/or indirect measurement along with quantitative and direct measurement. Statistical implications show that bedshand offdoff is most effective when completed consistently.

Book Implementation of Bedside Shift Report in the Medical Surgical Unit

Download or read book Implementation of Bedside Shift Report in the Medical Surgical Unit written by Perla Alday and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Change of shift report is a critical time when nurses transfer information about the patient. Failure to communicate efficiently can cause medical errors. A typical nurse-to-nurse report does not allow the visualization of the patient or patient/family concerns to be addressed. This can cause vital information to be missed, therefore placing the patient at risk. In order to provide safe patient care, the adequate transfer of information needs to be provided. To decrease the frequency of medical errors, the implementation of a standardized communication tool is required. The use of bedside shift report is essential to nursing practice. Bedside repot is a method of nurse to nurse handoff communication performed at the patient's bedside. Nurses are able to assess the patient in person while obtaining vital information. A nurse's accountability can be higher while including the patient in their plan of care and patient satisfaction improved. Any issues and concerns can be addressed at the moment, increasing patient safety. As concerns arise with the traditional method of nursing handoff tool, the need for bedside shift report is needed to increase patient safety, therefore decreasing the number of medical errors and sentinel events. Bedside shift report is implemented to a medical surgical unit with the main goal of increasing patient safety using an improved method of nurse-to-nurse handoff communication. This paper will describe the problem, solution to the process of the issue, implementation plan, evaluation, and dissemination plan. It will also describe studies before and after the implementation with nurse and patient's perception of the process. Results from the review of studies shown reveal how other clinical settings have benefited from bedside shift report, improving patient's safety.

Book Promoting Patient Safety by Implementing Bedside Shift Report

Download or read book Promoting Patient Safety by Implementing Bedside Shift Report written by Maroof A. Olanigan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT Patient safety is a very broad and general term used to ensure that all aspects of patient care, from medical and nursing services to social and spiritual, are provided with the best interest of the patient. The aim statement for the project is improving patient safety by ensuring the implementation of bedside shift report by 80% of nurses by August 2016. Kurt Lewin's change theory is going to be used to effect the change. There were in-services given to nurses on the floor and the project was also discussed in staff meetings. Flyers were posted around the units to help build up and maintain enthusiasm for the implementation of BSR. Implementation was initiated behind schedule due to conflict in schedules and bureaucratic hoops. The implementation was started on April 28, 2016 and so there are no exact numbers at this time because there is a two week trial period. But I have had conversations with the some nurses that have started the project since initiation. So far they seem to be very receptive of the change. Most of the patients have been neutral at this time but we'll see if that's going to be the case in two weeks. There are numerous publications that support the efficacy of bedside shift report in relation to patient care and safety. Publications from the Agency for healthcare research & quality (AHRQ), MEDSURG Nursing, American nurse today, Journal of Clinical Nursing and the Nursing journal are some of the articles that were used to investigate and develop ideas and policies for the project. Patient experience with the bedside shift report (BSR) will be tracked and the data collected will be used to improve the process in order to enhance the patient experience. Patient experience would include if the patient felt more engaged in their care, if they felt safer and had more confidence in the personnel helping out with the care. Also nurse satisfaction is another benchmark that would be measured by sending out surveys periodically in an effort to gauge the opinions of the staff members. The data collected from the surveys will be used to develop improvements to the process and increase the comfort level of the nurses in giving BSR. We would also track if the nurses feel more accountable for the care they delivered during the shift and if the accountability translates to nurses being more responsible in the care that they deliver. Periodic collection of data will be used to monitor patient satisfaction and nursing compliance. The data would be monitored by the appointed BSR champions because they would be able to monitor and collect data on compliance of the floor nurses in real time and compare it with data collected from patient satisfaction surveys. There are going to be bi-weekly meetings to analyze and improve the process by applying PDSA cycle. Analysis of the data can also help to recognize fallouts earlier and provide opportunity to make corrections. In conclusion, sustainability is what is important. One of the ways I recommend to ensure continuity of the project by making sure that the new employees, regardless of experience, are trained during their eight to twelve week floor orientation. After conducting a failure mode effect analysis coupled with experience, I concluded that continuity is also dependent on proper training of new employees. I concluded this because nursing is a high turnover profession and if the current nurses don't teach the new nurses before they leave the facility then the whole process will have to be restarted.

Book Switch to Shift Report at the Bedside

Download or read book Switch to Shift Report at the Bedside written by Eileen Mahoney and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research has been performed to show that bedside nursing increases patient care by allowing better communication between nurses at change of shift. Bedside handoff is more beneficial for patients and nurses rather than the current practice happening in hospitals. Through a literature review of articles it has been determined that there is no standard for nursing shift handoffs. The Joint Commission has made a patient safety goal and proposed that there be a standardized handoff communication in hospitals. Performing shift change at the bedside with a standard template to be used at the change can be the new standard and will increase patient care and help nurses feel more empowered with the communication received and given. The results showed that the information being reported previously to bedside shift change was often poor, and that much of the information was easily accessed in the chart and did not need to be part of report. They also found that the inefficiencies in communication is a factor associated with sentinel events. Making the switch to bedside shift reporting and making it the standard in hospitals around the world can make a safer, smarter tomorrow. This project will outline the problem of the current shift change process, how to implement the change, the theory that goes into the change, how to evaluate the implementation, and how dissemination can be done. There is a literature review, an appendix and a complete reference list that are all included.

Book Nursing2022 Drug Handbook

    Book Details:
  • Author : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
  • Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
  • Release : 2021-03-04
  • ISBN : 1975160150
  • Pages : 2933 pages

Download or read book Nursing2022 Drug Handbook written by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2021-03-04 with total page 2933 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE #1 Drug Guide for nurses & other clinicians...always dependable, always up to date! Look for these outstanding features: Completely updated nursing-focused drug monographs featuring 3,500 generic, brand-name, and combination drugs in an easy A-to-Z format NEW 32 brand-new FDA-approved drugs in this edition, including the COVID-19 drug remdesivir—tabbed and conveniently grouped in a handy “NEW DRUGS” section for easy retrieval NEW Thousands of clinical updates—new dosages and indications, Black Box warnings, genetic-related information, adverse reactions, nursing considerations, clinical alerts, and patient teaching information Special focus on U.S. and Canadian drug safety issues and concerns Photoguide insert with images of 439 commonly prescribed tablets and capsules

Book Importance of Implementing Bedside Shift Rounding in Facilities

Download or read book Importance of Implementing Bedside Shift Rounding in Facilities written by Kristiana Blankenship and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The acuity and complexity of inpatients' conditions have increased, therefore, effective communication among caregivers is of utmost importance in order to meet patient safety goals. A key aspect of communication among nurses is during their handoff or shift change report. By providing accurate patient information during their shift change report, nurses can prevent adverse events from happening to their patients. Information can be lost with traditional shift reports that are recorded or given at the nurses' station that provide for many distractions. There may also be problems with the patient that was not provided in the shift report such as infiltrated IV sites, missed medication, and a change in the patients' condition. Therefore, a solution needs to be made in order to correct the inaccuracies with traditional reports. The Joint Commission have also identified the need to improve effective communication among caregivers. The Joint Commission has implemented National Patient Safety Goals (NPSG) that discuss issues such as effective communication, handoffs, and encouraging patients to be involved in their own health care. Facilities have had to look at their current communication and handoff procedures in order to meet all of the Joint Commission guidelines. Does implementing bedside shift rounding improve patient satisfaction, patient safety, nurse satisfaction, and nurse accountability compared with traditional oral shift change reports given at the nurses' station? This PICO question and provided literature and evidence based practice is the basis for stressing the importance of implementing bedside shift rounding in facilities. This paper will discuss the importance of implementing bedside shift rounding in facilities, theory and literature supporting bedside shift rounding, the implementation, dissemination, and evaluation of the plan, and getting approval for the proposed plan. The key stakeholders will also be addressed and the importance of communication between the implementation team and the stakeholders.

Book Qualitative Interviewing

Download or read book Qualitative Interviewing written by Herbert J. Rubin and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2005 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2nd edition of this work has been completely rewritten to add new examples & to better integrate the presentation of topics. Readers will see how the choice of topic influences question wording & how the questions asked influence the analysis.

Book Using Bedside Hand Off Nurse Shift Report to Improve Staff Communication and Patient Safety

Download or read book Using Bedside Hand Off Nurse Shift Report to Improve Staff Communication and Patient Safety written by Kim Mills and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Communication failures are a leading cause of sentinel events in the United States. In the 24 hour work context of the acute care hospital, accurate and effective nurse shift report is essential to the continuity of safe patient care, where the patient care extends beyond a single nurse or nursing team. Current traditional nurse shift report consists of verbal or taped report relaying information to the entire oncoming shift, regardless of patient group assignment. This type of report is often lengthy, lacks standardization and does not provide opportunities to ask questions or seek clarifications, leaving staff feeling poorly prepared to assume responsibility for care of the patient. A review of literature was conducted with several themes emerging that indicated the value of bedside hand off report in improving staff communication and patient safety.

Book Resident Duty Hours

    Book Details:
  • Author : Institute of Medicine
  • Publisher : National Academies Press
  • Release : 2009-04-27
  • ISBN : 0309131529
  • Pages : 427 pages

Download or read book Resident Duty Hours written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-04-27 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical residents in hospitals are often required to be on duty for long hours. In 2003 the organization overseeing graduate medical education adopted common program requirements to restrict resident workweeks, including limits to an average of 80 hours over 4 weeks and the longest consecutive period of work to 30 hours in order to protect patients and residents from unsafe conditions resulting from excessive fatigue. Resident Duty Hours provides a timely examination of how those requirements were implemented and their impact on safety, education, and the training institutions. An in-depth review of the evidence on sleep and human performance indicated a need to increase opportunities for sleep during residency training to prevent acute and chronic sleep deprivation and minimize the risk of fatigue-related errors. In addition to recommending opportunities for on-duty sleep during long duty periods and breaks for sleep of appropriate lengths between work periods, the committee also recommends enhancements of supervision, appropriate workload, and changes in the work environment to improve conditions for safety and learning. All residents, medical educators, those involved with academic training institutions, specialty societies, professional groups, and consumer/patient safety organizations will find this book useful to advocate for an improved culture of safety.

Book Bedside Shift Change Report Increases Patient Safety and Staff Satisfaction

Download or read book Bedside Shift Change Report Increases Patient Safety and Staff Satisfaction written by Doris Onuwa and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Change of shift is a very important time in nursing as it is a time when continuity of care is being transferred from one nurse to the other at the end of the shift. It allows for information regarding a patient condition to be handed over to the incoming nurse by the outgoing nurse. Various method have been used by different facilities which include tape method of shift handoff, nurses station report system et cetera Based on research study, the system of nurses exchanging information at the patient`s bedside with the patient being involved have many benefits over the other methods of shift hand over. Patient safety being the watch word in patient care, have been the reason for the adoption and implementation of bedside shift change report. Effective communication at the patient bedside increases safety as research has shown, and also accuracy of report using the bedside shift change report have been demonstrated. This system of patient handover is associated with decreased call light during change of shift, and also fall reduction. Errors in patient care have been reduced according to research with the use of bedside change of shift report. Also staff satisfaction have been noted with the use of bedside shift change report as staff verbalized that they were able to go home on time, thus reducing incidental overtime. Many research studies have suggested the use of this method for the sake of patient safety and improved outcome, and also for staff satisfaction.

Book Fundamentals of Nursing E Book

Download or read book Fundamentals of Nursing E Book written by Barbara L Yoost and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-01-23 with total page 1171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Yoost and Crawford’s Fundamentals of Nursing is back for a second-edition encore! The text that made its name by focusing on simple language and active learning continues its focus on helping you truly understand, apply, and retain important nursing information and concepts. Using a warm and conversational style, this new second edition guides you towards a basic understanding of the nursing profession and then logically progresses through the nursing process and into the safe and systematic methods of applying care. Each chapter features realistic and complex case studies and critical thinking exercises woven throughout the content to help you continually apply what you've learned to actual patient care. A conceptual care mapping approach — created by Yoost and Crawford themselves — further your ability to make clinical judgments and synthesize knowledge as you develop plans of care after analyzing and clustering related patient assessment data. All of this paired with a wealth of student-friendly learning features and clinically-focused content offers up a fundamentally different — and effective — way for you to easily master the fundamentals of nursing. UNIQUE! Warm, friendly writing style slows down the pace of information to give readers time to critically think and master all fundamental concepts and skills. UNIQUE! Building block approach groups topics and concepts together thematically, in the order needed for readers to build their knowledge. UNIQUE! Objective-driven approach presents clearly defined, numbered objectives that coordinate with all content and then wrap up with Objective Summaries. UNIQUE! Active learning activities are incorporated throughout every chapter to help readers learn to apply chapter content to broader nursing concepts and realistic patient scenarios. UNIQUE! Conceptual care mapping is taught and used throughout the text in conjunction with the Conceptual Care Map Creator. UNIQUE! Emphasis on QSEN reinforces the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses competencies, including: patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, and informatics. Special feature boxes cover the areas of: diversity consideration, evidence-based practice, informatics, patient education, healthy literacy, health assessment questions, interprofessional collaboration and delegation, ethical and legal practice, home care considerations, safe practice alerts, QSEN, critical thinking exercises, and nursing care guidelines. NEW! Interprofessional collaboration and delegation content appears throughout the text along with new IPE activities that are integrated into the Evolve resources. NEW & UNIQUE! Review and exam questions tied to learning objectives use a building-block style approach that starts at lower Bloom’s taxonomy levels in early chapters and builds to more complex levels as readers acquire more knowledge. NEW! Emphasis on assignment and delegation covers the differences between them and how and when they’re appropriate for an RN. NEW! Content on complementary therapies has been integrated throughout the text to reflect the changes to the NCLEX exam. NEW! Additional information has been added in the areas of HCAHPS, Health Literacy, Patient Education, Drugs of Abuse, Zika, Ebola, and more.

Book Constructing the Written Evidence Based

Download or read book Constructing the Written Evidence Based written by Sharlisa Raley and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditionally, nurses have given report in various ways and in many places. Nurses' stations, hallways and break rooms are common areas nurses have used to do shift hand-off. It can cause poor and ineffective communication among health care providers. Many medical errors and sentinel events are due to inaccuracies or miscommunication. Initiating bedside shift to- shift handoff can enhance communication between patient and nurses. Research results show that improved communication can improve patient outcomes (Abraham, Nguyen, Almoosa, Patel, and Patel, 2011). By moving shift report to the bedside, the patient can be a part of the discussion and decision-making process. The patient can correct any inaccurate information, ask questions and clarify miscommunication during the bedside shift-to-shift handoff. Enhanced communication between patient and health care provider can decease patient anxiety level and increase the patient's perception of quality of care received in a healthcare environment.