Download or read book Standard Guide for Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Mass Masonry Walls for Changes to Thermal and Moisture Properties of the Wall written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evaluation of Existing Moisture Content in Brick for Hygrothermal Models in the Rehabilitation of Mass Masonry Walls written by Rex Cyphers and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A research study was undertaken to evaluate an in situ test method for determining the existing moisture content of brick masonry for use in hygrothermal models. Currently, ASTM E3069, Standard Guide for Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Mass Masonry Walls for Changes to Thermal and Moisture Properties of the Wall [1], is one of the only industry references providing guidance for evaluating the existing moisture content of masonry materials in buildings when the addition of insulation or other changes to the wall assembly are being considered. When interior insulation or a continuous air barrier is considered for addition to mass masonry walls to meet new energy standards, understanding the properties of the brick, the condition of the wall, and the existing moisture content of the brick are imperative for evaluating the hygrothermal performance of the wall assembly. The assumptions made for the initial moisture content of materials in the hygrothermal models for a mass masonry wall can change the design and alteration approach and, in some cases, could lead to a repair that would have detrimental long-term effects. In the laboratory, the interstitial relative humidity within the brick was measured utilizing temperature and humidity probes embedded within the brick body. The moisture content of the brick was measured at various humidity levels and then compared to various published isotherm curves. In addition to the laboratory testing, field-testing was conducted at five historic buildings with mass masonry wall assemblies to assess the moisture content of the masonry utilizing the same methods as were used for the laboratory testing. When within the hygroscopic range, these methods could be used as minimally invasive and direct techniques to measure the existing moisture content of the brick to develop more accurate and situationally specific hygrothermal models when evaluating existing mass masonry walls prior to a renovation.

Download or read book Development of Standards to Evaluate Analyze and Retrofit Mass Wall Assemblies and Steep Sloped Roof Assemblies of Existing Buildings for Compliance with Energy Codes written by Rex A. Cyphers and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance of historical buildings with mass masonry walls and ventilated attics has proven effective over time. By nature, the masonry wall is permitted to dry to both the interior and exterior, preventing moisture accumulation within the assembly. For attic spaces, the air movement under the roof deck has the same effect. With revisions to the energy codes now requiring insulation and continuous air barriers within the building envelope, the thermal and vapor-resistant properties of the assemblies are changing. As such, the assemblies of existing buildings must be evaluated prior to rehabilitation to ensure that the addition of insulation or vapor-resistant materials do not cause moisture-related issues over the life of the building. Two standards are currently under development to provide guidance on these topics: ASTM E3069, Standard Guide for Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Mass Masonry Walls for Changes to the Thermal and Moisture Properties of the Wall, and ASTM WK54379, Standard Guide for the Evaluation, Rehabilitation and Retrofit of Existing Steep Sloped Roof Assemblies. This paper discusses the application of these standards and the need for such guidelines based on the changes to the energy codes to improve the overall energy performance of existing mass masonry walls and steep sloped roofs.

Download or read book Role of Initial Moisture Content on Hygrothermal Models and Envelope Performance written by Carly May Wagner and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Countless inputs are used in transient hygrothermal analysis, just as countless variables determine the long-term hygrothermal performance of a real-world building envelope assembly. One variable often overlooked, oversimplified, and inaccurately accounted for is the initial moisture content of materials. This paper discusses the impact initial moisture content has on both the real-world performance and the accuracy of the modeled hygrothermal performance. ASHRAE Standard 160, Criteria for Moisture-Control Design Analysis in Buildings , provides guidelines for assumptions of initial moisture content inputs in hygrothermal analysis. These guidelines are generic in nature and are not necessarily representative of in-service conditions. The authors conducted a study to explore the role that a range of inputs have on the accuracy of hygrothermal models. Temperature and humidity data across a wall assembly along with all necessary interior and exterior climate data were collected over the course of several seasons. The data were used to develop a series of WUFI models, attempting to validate these models and the default or recommended inputs. The study indicated that the models did not accurately reflect the data recorded in the field unless values for the initial moisture content matched what was recorded in the field rather than the default ASHRAE 160 recommended values. This study, and several other real-world cases where excessive initial moisture content has led to envelope failures, highlights the importance of accurately accounting for initial moisture content. Particularly in the cases of renovations and restoration projects, methods are available to determine realistic values of the initial moisture content within the existing materials. Appropriate methods for determining the initial moisture content of materials comprising existing envelope assemblies are discussed, including the methods contained within the new standard ASTM E3069-19, Standard Guide for Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Mass Masonry Walls for Changes to Thermal and Moisture Properties of the Wall.

Download or read book Modifications in Recommended Minimum Requirements for Masonry Wall Construction written by United States. Bureau of Standards and published by . This book was released on 1931 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Publications of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Catalog written by National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evaluation of Structural Properties of Masonry in Existing Buildings written by S. G. Fattal and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effect of Heating and Cooling on the Permeability of Masonry Walls written by Cyrus C. Fishburn and published by . This book was released on 1940 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook written by James E. Amrhein and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-03-05 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook provides the coefficients, tables, charts, and design data required for the design of reinforced masonry structures. This edition improves and expands upon previous editions, complying with the current Uniform Building Code and paralleling the growth of reinforced masonry engineering. Discussions include: materials strength of masonry assemblies loads lateral forces reinforcing steel movement joints waterproofing masonry structures and products formulas for reinforced masonry design retaining walls and more This comprehensive, useful book serves as an exceptional resource for designers, contractors, builders, and civil engineers involved in reinforced masonry - eliminating repetitious and routine calculations as well as reducing the time for masonry design.

Download or read book Effects of Wetting and Drying on the Permeability of Masonry Walls written by Cyrus C. Fishburn and published by . This book was released on 1940 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Recommended Minimum Requirements for Masonry Wall Construction Report of the Building Code Committee June 26 1924 written by United States. National Bureau of Standards and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Practical Method to Estimate the Effective Thermal Resistance of Exterior Masonry Walls written by Maysoun Ismaiel and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluation of the thermal resistance of building envelope elements is essential for a reliable assessment of the thermal behaviour and energy efficiency of buildings. Energy codes continue to drive the building construction industry toward more stringent thermal performance standards. To reduce energy consumption in buildings and comply with newer, more stringent energy code requirements, evaluation of the thermal resistance of above-grade wall assemblies is becoming essential. Masonry veneer cladding is typically supported by the building structure using intermittent anchors and shelf angle bearing supports. However, elements with high thermal conductivity, such as floor intersections and cladding attachment systems, often penetrate the insulation and cause thermal bridging. Thermal bridges have a significant reduction effect on the elements' thermal resistance. Moreover, condensation on thermal bridging elements is expected. As a result, damage to building elements occurs. In terms of calculating the effective thermal resistance (R-value), the lateral heat flows caused by these highly conductive elements allow heat to be transferred in multiple directions, which is considered a challenge in the R-value estimations and causes the inability of a quick estimate of the effective thermal resistance of masonry components with sufficient precision due to the complexity of masonry construction. Currently, an accurate estimation of the R-value of masonry walls is a time-consuming task, which lengthens the design process, especially in the early design stage. Therefore, this study aims to provide efficient approaches for estimating the R-values of common concrete masonry cavity walls. Two estimation approaches are presented. First, the estimation of the R-value of common concrete masonry veneer wall configurations is presented in the form of simple design charts and R-value multipliers. Parameters such as the concrete block density, thermal insulation value, as well as the types of ties and shelf angles are addressed. The approach provides simultaneously the mechanical (the masonry compressive strength, fm') and thermal (R-value) properties of different veneer wall configurations, allowing designers to obtain appropriate structural and thermal properties during the preliminary design phase. In addition, the design charts and R-value multipliers help designers evaluate and compare the impacts of changes in different parameters on R-values, thereby facilitating their design development. A comparison of the impacts of different parameters on the thermal resistance of masonry walls was presented. The results showed that the thermal resistance of masonry cavity walls was improved by using different tie types and materials. In the case of using galvanized, stainless-steel and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) perforated fastened on block's surface ties, the thermal resistance improved by 25%, 43% and 60%, respectively, compared to the traditional galvanized solid block ties. Using knife plate galvanized and stainless-steel shelf angles in the intermediate floor intersection assemblies improved the overall average R-values by 30% and 63%, respectively, compared to the traditional galvanized steel directly attached shelf angle. Moreover, the results showed that the shape and material of the ties and shelf angles are more effective in the masonry wall assemblies with higher insulation R-values. Also, the effect of the concrete block density was addressed, and the results showed that, on average, the reduction of the concrete block density by 10% showed an improvement in the effective R-value of 3.5%. In addition, configurations with an expected lower effective thermal resistance are more sensitive to the concrete block density. Also, cases using solid ties are more sensitive to block density reduction than cases using perforated ties. The second approach provides adjustments to current analytical methods of thermal resistance estimation (i.e., isothermal plane and parallel path methods) to include the effect of the thermal bridge resulting from veneer ties and slab intersections. The R-values obtained from the suggested adjustments were compared with numerical simulations using a 3D steady-state finite element method (FEM) in addition to experimental validation obtained from the literature. The clear wall adjustment factors result showed an average accuracy of 2% in the case of using the suggested adjustments, compared to 19% and 25% for isothermal plane and parallel path methods, respectively. With the presented approaches, designers can choose the optimum wall components' material properties in the early design phase to meet structural and thermal requirements without using computer simulations or experimental investigations.

Download or read book Success and Failure in Applying ASTM Standards to the Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Historic Masonry Structures A Case Study written by K. Vance Kelley and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Material deterioration in historic masonry structures is typically diagnosed by field investigation and material testing. Detailing and specifying effective repairs requires understanding deterioration mechanisms and how to apply modern standards to archaic materials and construction. In 2008, the United States Army Corps of Engineers considered dismantling the 87-ft-tall Grant Hall Clock Tower that had stood sentinel over Fort Leavenworth since 1908. Falling masonry prompted an inspection that identified heavily coated, crumbling brick in the tower walls, but did not identify a cause of deterioration. A theory developed that the tower was constructed using the inconsistent-quality, prisoner-made brick, prevalent throughout the garrison and thus was at the end of its life. The architectural and engineering consultants hired to evaluate the tower and develop treatment recommendations considered this theory as they undertook a thorough examination of the tower's exterior and interior condition. Based on direct close-range observation and limited destructive investigation the A/E team theorized that the deterioration was not caused by inferior brick, but to decades of unchecked water penetration, unexpectedly hard original mortar, and coatings that prevented drying. Together, these conditions allowed moisture to saturate the full thickness of the walls. ASTM C67 [Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007] analysis of the brick supported this theory, but ASTM C1324-04 [Standard Test Method for Examination and Analysis of Hardened Masonry Mortar, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004] analysis of the mortar did not. The A/E team questioned the mortar analysis because the results were contrary to their direct physical experience with the mortar. Based on knowledge of historic mortar materials, the team relied on their field observations. Although the quality of the primary structural material was verified, the exterior wythe of brick was heavily coated and damaged. The A/E team was challenged to specify an innovative replacement of the entire exterior brick wythe in the three- and four-wythe structural masonry walls. The repairs needed to be constructible, compatible, and safe for the workers and occupants in the offices below.

Download or read book Masonry Design and Detailing Sixth Edition written by Christine Beall and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2012-06-04 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build a Solid Foundation in Masonry Essentials Focusing on brick and concrete block masonry, Masonry Design and Detailing, Sixth Edition is fully up to date with current MSJC codes and the latest LEED and sustainable materials and practices. Information on moisture and air management, adhered stone masonry veneer, and forensic investigations has been added. Featuring comprehensive coverage of the most popular and widely used brick and CMU masonry systems along with hundreds of illustrations, this is a practical guide for architects, engineers, and masonry contractors. Masonry Design and Detailing, Sixth Edition covers: Brick, concrete masonry units, and stone Mortar and grout Properties ASTM standards Expansion and contraction Moisture and air management Single-wythe wall details Multi-wythe wall details Anchored and adhered veneer details Special wall types Lintels and arches Structural masonry Installation and workmanship Specifications MSJC code Quality assurance and quality control Forensic investigations

Download or read book Water Problems in Building Exterior Walls written by Jon M. Boyd and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1999 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book ACI Manual of Concrete Practice written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Assessment of Water Damage in a Mass Masonry Wall Building written by E. Webb Wright and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following a modernization and expansion project of a historic school building constructed in 1927, facility personnel observed that moisture damage to interior finishes at the west wall of an auditorium had become more prominent. Damage was most evident in the cement plaster interior finish that had been applied to the interior surface of the exterior brick masonry mass wall. A comprehensive assessment of the mass wall assembly was performed to evaluate potential sources of moisture infiltration. This included a visual assessment of the exterior surface of the wall, which identified various distress conditions such as mortar joint cracks and cracked brick units as probable contributors to the interior moisture damage. In order to thoroughly evaluate other possible factors, an investigation was performed to assess the probability of vapor-driven moisture accumulation in the mass wall contributing to the moisture-related damage. The investigation included long-term monitoring of the interior environment with data loggers and hygrothermal modeling using the measured data to analyze the one-dimensional heat and moisture transfer behavior of the wall assembly. The hygrothermal analysis indicated it was unlikely that vapor-driven moisture accumulation would occur within the wall assembly to an extent necessary to contribute to the observed distress. Water penetration tests of the existing wall assembly and a mock-up of the repointed wall assembly in accordance with ASTM C1601, Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall Surfaces , confirmed that repointing of mortar joints would significantly improve the water penetration resistance of the wall. Repair documents were prepared to address the conditions found to be contributing to the interior damage.