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Book Sources of Particulate Matter Emissions Variability from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

Download or read book Sources of Particulate Matter Emissions Variability from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine written by Manuel José Matos Graça Ramos and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Fuel Influence on Gasoline Direct Injection Particulate Matter Emissions

Download or read book Fuel Influence on Gasoline Direct Injection Particulate Matter Emissions written by Khaled Rais and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particulate emissions from gasoline direct injected engines are a topic of growing research interest due to health concerns. Using engine tests of extended length and fueled with custom hydrocarbon blends, this study aimed to experimentally investigate temporal and test-to-test gasoline particulate emissions variability that has been observed in earlier work. Gasoline property changes during engine operation and engine control module adjustments were ruled out as the source of the temporal variation. Crankcase ventilation system deposits were also ruled out but they were found to increase average particle numbers. Testing of custom fuel blends demonstrated that transient cold and hot start particulate emissions are fuel independent, steady state emissions are highly influenced by fuel properties and the commonly used model to assess that influence, the PM Index, is incomplete, and that the use of fuel of consistent composition reduces test-to-test variability.

Book Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines

Download or read book Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines written by Thorsten Boger and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2018-11-28 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For years, diesel engines have been the focus of particulate matter emission reductions. Now, however, modern diesel engines emit less particles than a comparable gasoline engine. This transformation necessitates an introduction of particulate reduction strategies for the gasoline-powered vehicle. Many strategies can be leveraged from diesel engines, but new combustion and engine control technologies will be needed to meet the latest gasoline regulations across the globe. Particulate reduction is a critical health concern in addition to the regulatory requirements. This is a vital issue with real-world implications. Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines encompasses the current strategies and technologies used to reduce particulates to meet regulatory requirements and curtail health hazards - reviewing principles and applications of these techniques. Highlights and features in the book include: Gasoline particulate filter design, function and applications Coated and uncoated three way catalyst design and integration Measurement of gasoline particulate matter emission, both laboratory and PEMS The goal is to provide a comprehensive assessment of gasoline particulate emission control to meet regulatory and health requirements - appealing to calibration, development and testing engineers alike.

Book Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines

Download or read book Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines written by Jerzy Merkisz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.

Book Determination of the spatial and temporal variability of size resolved PM2 5 composition and mixing state in multiple regions in California

Download or read book Determination of the spatial and temporal variability of size resolved PM2 5 composition and mixing state in multiple regions in California written by Kimberly Prather and published by California Air Resources Board. This book was released on 2009-12-01 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Final report for California Air Resources Board contract 04-336. For an abstract and link to full text, please see: http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/single-project.php?row_id=64974

Book Engine Exhaust Particulates

Download or read book Engine Exhaust Particulates written by Avinash Kumar Agarwal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comparative analysis of both diesel and gasoline engine particulates, and also of the emissions resulting from the use of alternative fuels. Written by respected experts, it offers comprehensive insights into motor vehicle particulates, their formation, composition, location, measurement, characterisation and toxicology. It also addresses exhaust-gas treatment and legal, measurement-related and technological advancements concerning emissions. The book will serve as a valuable resource for academic researchers and professional automotive engineers alike.

Book Automotive Spark Ignited Direct Injection Gasoline Engines

Download or read book Automotive Spark Ignited Direct Injection Gasoline Engines written by F. Zhao and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-02-08 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of fuel injection, spray atomization and vaporization, charge cooling, mixture preparation and the control of in-cylinder air motion are all being actively researched and this work is reviewed in detail and analyzed. The new technologies such as high-pressure, common-rail, gasoline injection systems and swirl-atomizing gasoline fuel injections are discussed in detail, as these technologies, along with computer control capabilities, have enabled the current new examination of an old objective; the direct-injection, stratified-charge (DISC), gasoline engine. The prior work on DISC engines that is relevant to current GDI engine development is also reviewed and discussed. The fuel economy and emission data for actual engine configurations have been obtained and assembled for all of the available GDI literature, and are reviewed and discussed in detail. The types of GDI engines are arranged in four classifications of decreasing complexity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each class are noted and explained. Emphasis is placed upon consensus trends and conclusions that are evident when taken as a whole; thus the GDI researcher is informed regarding the degree to which engine volumetric efficiency and compression ratio can be increased under optimized conditions, and as to the extent to which unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), NOx and particulate emissions can be minimized for specific combustion strategies. The critical area of GDI fuel injector deposits and the associated effect on spray geometry and engine performance degradation are reviewed, and important system guidelines for minimizing deposition rates and deposit effects are presented. The capabilities and limitations of emission control techniques and after treatment hardware are reviewed in depth, and a compilation and discussion of areas of consensus on attaining European, Japanese and North American emission standards presented. All known research, prototype and production GDI engines worldwide are reviewed as to performance, emissions and fuel economy advantages, and for areas requiring further development. The engine schematics, control diagrams and specifications are compiled, and the emission control strategies are illustrated and discussed. The influence of lean-NOx catalysts on the development of late-injection, stratified-charge GDI engines is reviewed, and the relative merits of lean-burn, homogeneous, direct-injection engines as an option requiring less control complexity are analyzed.

Book Effect of the Seasonal Changes in Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

Download or read book Effect of the Seasonal Changes in Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine written by Abhikaran Singh and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) found that black carbons (BC) concentrations were significantly higher in summer than in winter, which could be attributed to the seasonal variations in fuel composition. This experimental study investigated the impact of fuel seasonal changes on particulate matter (PM) emissions using a Ford Focus wall-guided GDI engine. Fuels from five public gas stations having octane rating of 87 and 91 were analyzed and tested. This study demonstrated that summer fuels contained higher aromatics than winter fuels which led to higher PM emissions and BC concentrations during steady state and transient state conditions. Moreover, the removal of ethanol content resulted in lower PM emissions and BC concentrations during steady state conditions. This study suggested that an increase in aromatics in summer fuels could be root cause for higher BC concentrations, however, similar study should be performed in other engines to support this conclusion.

Book Linking Laboratory Engine Studies to Real world Observations

Download or read book Linking Laboratory Engine Studies to Real world Observations written by Naomi Zimmerman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to stringent regulations on fleet-average fuel economy, vehicle manufacturers have increasingly replaced port fuel injection (PFI) engines with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. These engines emit substantial quantities of ultrafine particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) which is of concern due to their associated health and climate effects, respectively. This thesis investigated GDI emissions, with a focus on the particle phase, in both laboratory and real-world environments to help understand the air quality impacts of this engine technology. As part of the study, advanced PM measurement techniques were assessed, and a correction protocol for a popular high-time resolution particle sizing instrument needed to accurately measure vehicle exhaust size distributions was developed. A laboratory study to quantify phase-partitioned polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations was also conducted. Compared to PFI engines, GDI engines emitted elevated concentrations of heavy molecular weight PAHs, including benzo(a)pyrene, a PAH with established associations to negative health outcomes. The GDI engine exhaust also had elevated concentrations of the PAHs pyrene and fluoranthene; these PAHs also exhibited the greatest extent of particle-gas partitioning. A study of real-world GDI emissions in an urban environment showed that GDI particle number and BC emissions were in the upper end of the fleet distribution, and that exhaust plumes exhibited dynamic behaviour in the near-road region, with increasing particle number emission factors with increasing distance from the roadway. This behaviour was unique to GDI vehicles, the same effects were not observed for heavy-duty garbage trucks or a PFI-equipped vehicle. Comparing size distributions at different distances from the roadway, rapid particle growth of sub-5 nm soot cores due to condensation of low volatility organic gases, such as pyrene and fluoranthene, was proposed to be the dominant growth mechanism in GDI vehicle exhaust. Comparing laboratory and real-world emission factors, BC emission factors were in good agreement, while real-world particle number emission factors were up to an order of magnitude higher. An estimate of the climate impacts of increased BC relative to fuel savings from GDI also showed that fuel economy gains of up to 12% may be needed to offset the radiative forcing of BC.

Book Particulate Matter Formation Mechanisms in a Direct injection Gasoline Engine

Download or read book Particulate Matter Formation Mechanisms in a Direct injection Gasoline Engine written by Jared Cromas and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for the Automotive Sector

Download or read book Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for the Automotive Sector written by Akhilendra Pratap Singh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-10 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the recent advances in combustion strategies and engine technologies, with specific reference to the automotive sector. Chapters discuss the advanced combustion technologies, such as gasoline direct ignition (GDI), spark assisted compression ignition (SACI), gasoline compression ignition (GCI), etc., which are the future of the automotive sector. Emphasis is given to technologies which have the potential for utilization of alternative fuels as well as emission reduction. One special section includes a few chapters for methanol utilization in two-wheelers and four wheelers. The book will serve as a valuable resource for academic researchers and professional automotive engineers alike.

Book The Ongoing Challenge of Managing Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Fairbanks Alaska

Download or read book The Ongoing Challenge of Managing Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Fairbanks Alaska written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-08-22 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic air pollutant produced largely from vehicle emissions. Breathing CO at high concentrations leads to reduced oxygen transport by hemoglobin, which has health effects that include impaired reaction timing, headaches, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, clouding of consciousness, coma, and, at high enough concentrations and long enough exposure, death. In recognition of those health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as directed by the Clean Air Act, established the health-based National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for CO in 1971. Most areas that were previously designated as "nonattainment" areas have come into compliance with the NAAQS for CO, but some locations still have difficulty in attaining the CO standards. Those locations tend to have topographical or meteorological characteristics that exacerbate pollution. In view of the challenges posed for some areas to attain compliance with the NAAQS for CO, congress asked the National Research Council to investigate the problem of CO in areas with meteorological and topographical problems. This interim report deals specifically with Fairbanks, Alaska. Fairbanks was chosen as a case study because its meteorological and topographical characteristics make it susceptible to severe winter inversions that trap CO and other pollutants at ground level.