Download or read book Sources Fate and Transport of Fecal Indicator and Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria in Coastal Environments written by Marisol Cira and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial contamination of coastal waters is a global environmental and public health concern. However, monitoring and tracking of microbial contaminants may require technical expertise and may be costly and labor-intensive. Thus, to address this environmental issue in both developed and developing countries, current methods need to be cross-validated, and more accessible methods need to be proposed. Therefore, this dissertation investigates the sources, fate, and transport of fecal indicator and antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal watersheds. This dissertation utilizes culture-, molecular-, and satellite-based techniques to provide cross comparison. Additionally, this dissertation implements these techniques into course-based research experiences (CREs) for graduate students to assess whether CREs influence graduate students' confidence and interest in research. In chapter 1, a team of collaborators from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the University of Pennsylvania, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Health the Bay investigate oceanic responses to the 2018 Woolsey Fire using in-situ data of fecal indicator bacteria and satellite-derived data of turbidity. Chapter 2 examines commercially available garden products as sources of antibiotic resistance genes. In Chapter 3, researchers from UCLA and the Autonomous University of Baja California evaluate the effects of reclaimed water irrigation on antibiotic resistance gene levels in a coastal agricultural region in Mexico. Further, chapter 4 and 5 implement traditional and novel culture- and molecular-based methods to quantify antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes to examine the microbial burden hospital sewage discharges to the sewershed and to assess impacts of urbanization by comparing an urbanized watershed to an adjacent natural watershed. Lastly, chapter 6 incorporates these methods into a CRE for graduate students. Ultimately, this dissertation showcases the utility of equitable research methodologies in the field and the classroom.
Download or read book Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Southern California Coastal Waters Environmental Exposure to Humans and Stormwater Biofilters as a Preventative Solution written by Megyn Brynna Rugh and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest challenges to modern global health. Sources of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistances genes (ARGs) to surface water include wastewater treatment plants, medical waste streams, and agricultural sites. Recent studies have identified stormwater as a source of ARGs, and often stormwater contains other contaminants such as heavy metals and antibiotics that select for antibiotic resistance. As an emerging contaminant, ARB and ARGs are not regulated or traditionally monitored in recreational swimming waters that may receive stormwater runoff. This research is divided into two parts: 1) Chapter 1 is an epidemiological study on surfers' exposure to ARB in the ocean, and 2) Chapters 2 and 3 investigate the fate and transport of ARB, ARGs, and other pathogens and indicators in stormwater biofilters.Exposure to sources of ARB has been associated with colonization and infection in human populations, and recent work suggests the environment serves as an open reservoir available for transferring human pathogens. Surfers are a unique population for evaluating the relationship between environmental exposure and ARB colonization. Surfing involves a high frequency of unanticipated head submersions, exposures of long duration, and surfers are in the ocean year-round, particularly in the winter when storms occur, resulting in poor water quality due to urban stormwater contaminants. Beginning Fall 2018, two Santa Monica Bay surfing beaches were monitored for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Nasal swab samples were concurrently taken from a group of surfers and a non-surfing control group to investigate how this pathogen colonizes humans. Presumptive MRSA was always detected in marine samples, with highly elevated levels observed after stormwater runoff events. Surfers that surfed during wet-weather events were over six times more likely to be colonized by MRSA compared to controls, and also over three times more likely to be colonized than dry-weather surfers. This research suggests that the ocean may be an important reservoir of MRSA and have a special role in pathogen transmission to humans. Stormwater biofilters are a promising passive treatment solution for reducing microbial pollution in surface waters. While bioretention systems (biofilters) have been widely and effectively used to capture chemical pollutants from surface runoff, the effect of biofilters on both heavy metals and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been relatively understudied. The co-occurrence of heavy metals and ARGs is important because of known heavy metal co-selection in environmental compartments. Surface soil samples from six biofilters and bioswales in Southern California over three time periods were analyzed for ARGs, mobile genetic element (intI1), and 16S rRNA (proxy for total bacterial load). The impact of soil properties and the co-selective effect of nine heavy metals (both bioavailable fraction and total) on ARG levels in the biofilters were also investigated. Both relative sul1 and intI1 levels in biofilters were statistically greater than those detected in pristine soils. Total concentrations of arsenic, copper, lead, vanadium, and zinc exhibited significant correlations individually with relative abundances of sul1, sul2, tetW, and intI1. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total carbon, and the percentage of sand and silt within biofilters appeared to be significantly associated with absolute gene abundances of sul1, sul2, and tetW. Stronger relationships were found using a multiple linear regression model, suggesting multiple effects of soil properties, in addition to bioavailable and total heavy metals on the microorganisms within biofilters. While stormwater biofilters have been shown to remove chemical contaminants such as nutrients and heavy metals, their efficacy in removing microbial pathogens has been understudied. Full-scale biofilter studies are rare as most biofilter research has been conducted with laboratory-scale biofilters. Additionally, microbial removal is typically evaluated using traditional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) as a proxy for pathogen removal, and it is not known if traditional indicators accurately reflect pathogen removal within biofilters. A pilot-scale biofilter located on the Glassell Public Works campus (Orange, CA) was synergistically studied for removal of conventional fecal indicators, bacterial and viral fecal source markers, antibiotic resistance genes, and bacterial and viral pathogens. Log reduction of fecal indicator bacteria (both genetic and culture-based) was high. Some of the pathogens tested were effectively removed, while the biofilter itself served as a reservoir for two pathogens (Campylobacter and Salmonella). The removal of HF183 did not match FIB or pathogen removal, with no removal observed. Viral fecal source markers PMMoV and crAssphage had satisfactory log reductions that were more comparable to those observed in both FIB and some pathogens. ARGs and intI1 showed gene-specific log reduction. These findings suggest that FIB and fecal source markers may not adequately represent pathogen removal in stormwater biofilters. This research will enhance our knowledge of the fate and transport of ARG and ARB in surface water and stormwater biofilter infrastructure. Additionally, it will serve to further our understanding of how the environment may transfer ARB to humans. The results of this research can illuminate appropriate public health responses and mitigation efforts for reducing antibiotic resistance in the environment.
Download or read book Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-06-19 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent and forecasted advances in microbiology, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry have made it timely to reassess the current paradigm of relying predominantly or exclusively on traditional bacterial indicators for all types of waterborne pathogens. Nonetheless, indicator approaches will still be required for the foreseeable future because it is not practical or feasible to monitor for the complete spectrum of microorganisms that may occur in water, and many known pathogens are difficult to detect directly and reliably in water samples. This comprehensive report recommends the development and use of a "tool box" approach by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency and others for assessing microbial water quality in which available indicator organisms (and/or pathogens in some cases) and detection method(s) are matched to the requirements of a particular application. The report further recommends the use of a phased, three-level monitoring framework to support the selection of indicators and indicator approaches.Â
Download or read book Discrimination of Human and Non human Fecal Sources with Rapid Methods in Coastal Waters and Sediments written by Amity Gayle Zimmer-Faust and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial contamination in coastal waters is an important public health and economic problem worldwide. It is common for the sources as well as the environmental fate and transport of fecal contamination in recreational waters to be unknown making it difficult to mitigate the input and to understand the relative health risk associated with a given water body. A comprehensive understanding of sources and bacterial dynamics is needed for effective mitigation and management of microbial contaminants. The main objectives of this study were to identify sources of fecal contamination to a chronically impaired Southern California watershed, to demonstrate applicability of microbial source tracking (MST) tools, including source-specific markers for discrimination of human and non-human sources, to evaluate the fate of fecal contaminates in coastal sediments, and to develop and optimize immunomagnetic separation/adenosine triphosphate (IMS/ATP) assays for rapid enumeration of viable fecal contamination. A three-year MST study was conducted to help explain elevated levels of surfzone fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) at Topanga State Beach, a critically impaired Southern California Beach. This study investigated sources of FIB to the Topanga watershed and the applicability of using MST technology longer time scales. MST markers effectively elucidated temporal and seasonal trends in fecal bacterial levels, and dog and gull marker appeared to be a significant sources to Topanga lagoon and Topanga State Beach. However, a lack of correlation between FIB and marker measurements was noted, and dog marker and FIB levels did not covary when compared at different Southern California beaches. Sediments were found to play an important and variable role in environmental fate of MST markers and FIB. Variable decay was observed for different indicators and in different sediments, with differences noted even within one watershed. The human HF183 marker was useful for providing evidence of recent inputs of human fecal contamination and behaved similarly to the molecular marker for Campylobacter (qCAMP) and FIB in brackish sediments. The general Bacteroides (GB3) and enterococci (ENT1A) markers were more conservative and under certain circumstances had comparable decay to culturable FIB. Application of a suite of markers may be necessary for effective evaluation of sediment fecal bacterial levels. Moreover, differences were observed between relative decay amongst the different sediments tested, illustrating the need for more routine sediment monitoring. IMS/ATP assays provided useful information regarding fecal contamination levels and measurements made had a consistent relationship with measurements made by standard methods. IMS/ATP utilizes paramagnetic beds and target-specific antibodies to isolate target organisms. Following isolation, adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is extracted from the target population and quantified. The Cov-IMS/ATP method rapidly measured viable enterococci in complex surface waters, providing a useful eld tool for assessment of coastal water quality and for identi cation of hot spots of fecal contamination. An inversely-coupled (Inv-IMS/ATP) assay for detection of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was developed and applied for rapid detection of human-associated fecal contamination. The Inv-IMS/ATP assay yielded measurements of viable B. thetaiotaomicron that were comparable to the HF183 human marker in complex source waters impacted with both wastewater and runoff, and the Inv-IMS/ATP assay was able to effectively differentiate between surface waters impacted with adequately and inadequately treated wastewater. IMS/ATP assays show promise for rapid evaluation of recreational water quality in areas where access to more expensive methods is limited and in areas where water quality is unpredictable. This research highlights the difficulties and complexities associated with effective tracking and management of microbial contaminates in the coastal environment. Additional research evaluating relative aging of molecular markers and relative contributions from different sources is needed to fully interpret field-based source marker data. Sediments were shown to have an important and variable role in fate of fecal contaminants in the environment. Additional studies are needed evaluating how watershed models can most effectively be adapted to include a sediment compartment and how different sources of fecal contamination and source markers decay in sediments with variable characteristics. IMS/ATP assays showed promise and can be successfully applied in complex waters for rapid enumeration of viable fecal contamination; additional verification of assay performance is needed at complex sites impacted with multiple sources.
Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking written by Jorge W. Santo Domingo and published by Emerging Issues in Food Safety. This book was released on 2007 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a state-of-the-art review of the current technology and applications being utilized to identify sources of fecal contamination in waterways. - Serves as a useful reference for researchers in the food industry, especially scientists investigating etiological agents responsible for food contamination. - Provides background information on MST methods and the assumptions and limitations associated with their use. - Covers a broad range of topics related to MST, including environmental monitoring, public health and national security, population biology, and microbial ecology. - Offers valuable insights into future research directions and technology developments.
Download or read book The Seine River Basin written by Nicolas Flipo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-30 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book reviews the water-agro-food and socio-eco-system of the Seine River basin (76,000 km2), and offers a historical perspective on the river’s long-term contamination. The Seine basin is inhabited by circa 17 million people and is impacted by intensive agricultural practices and industrial activities. These pressures have gradually affected its hydrological, chemical and ecological functioning, leading to a maximum chemical degradation between the 1960s and the 1990s. Over the last three decades, while major water-quality improvements have been observed, new issues (e.g. endocrine disruptors, microplastics) have also emerged. The state of the Seine River network, from the headwaters to estuary, is increasingly controlled by the balance between pressures and social responses. This socio-ecosystem provides a unique example of the functioning of a territory under heavy anthropogenic pressure during the Anthropocene era. The achievements made were possible due to the long-term PIREN Seine research program, established in 1989 and today part of the French socio-ecological research network “Zones Ateliers”, itself part of the international Long-term Socio-economic and Ecological Research Network (LTSER). Written by experts in the field, the book provides an introduction to the water budget and the territorial metabolism of the Seine basin, and studies the trajectories and impact of various pollutants in the Seine River. It offers insights into the ecological functioning, the integration of agricultural practices, the analysis of aquatic organic matter, and the evolution of fish assemblages in the Seine basin, and also presents research perspectives and approaches to improve the water quality of the Seine River. Given its scope, it will appeal to environmental managers, scientists and policymakers interested in the long-term contamination of the Seine River.
Download or read book Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment written by Charles N. Haas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-09 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the latest QMRA methodologies to determine infection risk cause by either accidental microbial infections or deliberate infections caused by terrorism • Reviews the latest methodologies to quantify at every step of the microbial exposure pathways, from the first release of a pathogen to the actual human infection • Provides techniques on how to gather information, on how each microorganism moves through the environment, how to determine their survival rates on various media, and how people are exposed to the microorganism • Explains how QMRA can be used as a tool to measure the impact of interventions and identify the best policies and practices to protect public health and safety • Includes new information on genetic methods • Techniques use to develop risk models for drinking water, groundwater, recreational water, food and pathogens in the indoor environment
Download or read book Guidelines on recreational water quality Volume 1 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2021-07-12 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Use of coastal, estuarine and freshwater recreational environments has significant benefits for health and well-being, including rest, relaxation, exercise, cultural and religious practices, and aesthetic pleasure, while also providing substantial local, regional and national economic benefits. These guidelines focus on water quality management for coastal and freshwater environments to protect public health. The guidelines: 1. describe the current state of knowledge about the possible adverse health impacts of various forms of water pollution; and2. set out recommendations for setting national health-based targets, conducting surveillance and risk assessments, putting in place systems to monitor and control risks, and providing timely advice to users on water safety.These guidelines are aimed at national and local authorities, and other entities with an obligation to exercise due diligence relating to the safety of recreational water sites. They may be implemented in conjunction with other measures for water safety (such as drowning prevention and sun exposure) and measures for environmental protection of recreational water use sites.
Download or read book Oil in the Sea III written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-03-14 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.
Download or read book Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Close to one-half of all Americans live in coastal counties. The resulting flood of wastewater, stormwater, and pollutants discharged into coastal waters is a major concern. This book offers a well-delineated approach to integrated coastal management beginning with wastewater and stormwater control. The committee presents an overview of current management practices and problems. The core of the volume is a detailed model for integrated coastal management, offering basic principles and methods, a direction for moving from general concerns to day-to-day activities, specific steps from goal setting through monitoring performance, and a base of scientific and technical information. Success stories from the Chesapeake and Santa Monica bays are included. The volume discusses potential barriers to integrated coastal management and how they may be overcome and suggests steps for introducing this concept into current programs and legislation. This practical volume will be important to anyone concerned about management of coastal waters: policymakers, resource and municipal managers, environmental professionals, concerned community groups, and researchers, as well as faculty and students in environmental studies.
Download or read book Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment written by Célia M. Manaia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-08-22 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a multidisciplinary review of antibiotic resistance and unravels the complex and interrelated roles of environmental sources, including pharmaceutical industry effluents, hospital and domestic effluents, wildlife and drinking water. Antibiotic resistance is a global public health issue in which the interface between humans, animals and the environment is particularly relevant. The contrasts seen across different environmental compartments and world regions, which are due to climate, social and policy differences, mean that this problem needs to be analyzed from a multi-geographic and multi-cultural angle. Bringing together contributions from researchers on different continents with expertise in antibiotic resistance in a range of different environmental compartments, the book offers a detailed reflection on the paths that make antibiotic resistance a global threat, and the state-of- the-art in antibiotic resistance surveillance and risk assessment in complex environmental matrices.
Download or read book Antibiotic Resistance in Aquatic Systems written by Satoru Suzuki and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-04-10 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rivers, lakes and the ocean receive antibiotic resistance genes from human environments. The aquatic environments are a huge reservoir and exchange stage of antibiotic resistance genes.
Download or read book Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-02-17 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1997, New York City adopted a mammoth watershed agreement to protect its drinking water and avoid filtration of its large upstate surface water supply. Shortly thereafter, the NRC began an analysis of the agreement's scientific validity. The resulting book finds New York City's watershed agreement to be a good template for proactive watershed management that, if properly implemented, will maintain high water quality. However, it cautions that the agreement is not a guarantee of permanent filtration avoidance because of changing regulations, uncertainties regarding pollution sources, advances in treatment technologies, and natural variations in watershed conditions. The book recommends that New York City place its highest priority on pathogenic microorganisms in the watershed and direct its resources toward improving methods for detecting pathogens, understanding pathogen transport and fate, and demonstrating that best management practices will remove pathogens. Other recommendations, which are broadly applicable to surface water supplies across the country, target buffer zones, stormwater management, water quality monitoring, and effluent trading.
Download or read book Bacterial Genomes written by F.J. de Bruijn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A wide range of microbiologists, molecular biologists, and molecular evolutionary biologists will find this new volume of singular interest. It summarizes the present knowledge about the structure and stability of microbial genomes, and reviews the techniques used to analyze and fingerprint them. Maps of approximately thirty important microbes, along with articles on the construction and relevant features of the maps are included. The volume is not intended as a complete compendium of all information on microbial genomes, but rather focuses on approaches, methods and good examples of the analysis of small genomes.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance written by Mihai Mares and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tackling the realities of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) situation today is no longer uncommon. Many battles have been fought in the past since the discovery of antibiotics between man and microbes. In the tussle of new antibiotic modifications, the transmission of resistant genes, both vertically and horizontally unveils yet another resistant attribute for the microbe, for it only to be faced with a more powerful, wide spectrum antibiotic; the cycle continues-and the winner is yet to be known. This book aims to provide some insight into various molecular mechanisms, agricultural mitigation methods, and the One Health applications to maybe, just maybe, tip the scales towards us.
Download or read book Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Agrophysics written by Jan Gliński and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-07 with total page 1075 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Encyclopedia of Agrophysics will provide up-to-date information on the physical properties and processes affecting the quality of the environment and plant production. It will be a "first-up" volume which will nicely complement the recently published Encyclopedia of Soil Science, (November 2007) which was published in the same series. In a single authoritative volume a collection of about 250 informative articles and ca 400 glossary terms covering all aspects of agrophysics will be presented. The authors will be renowned specialists in various aspects in agrophysics from a wide variety of countries. Agrophysics is important both for research and practical use not only in agriculture, but also in areas like environmental science, land reclamation, food processing etc. Agrophysics is a relatively new interdisciplinary field closely related to Agrochemistry, Agrobiology, Agroclimatology and Agroecology. Nowadays it has been fully accepted as an agricultural and environmental discipline. As such this Encyclopedia volume will be an indispensable working tool for scientists and practitioners from different disciplines, like agriculture, soil science, geosciences, environmental science, geography, and engineering.
