Download or read book Sources and Characteristics of Organic Matter in the Clackamas River Oregon Related to the Formation of Disinfection By products in Treated Drinking Water written by Kurt Carpenter and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sources and Characteristics of Organic Matter in the Clackamas River Oregon Related to the Formation of Disinfection By Products in Treated Drinking Water written by Kurt Carpenter and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2014-07-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study characterized the amount and quality of organic matter in the Clackamas River, Oregon, to gain an understanding of sources that contribute to the formation of chlorinated and brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs), focusing on regulated DBPs in treated drinking water from two direct-filtration treatment plants that together serve approximately 100,000 customers. The central hypothesis guiding this study was that natural organic matter leaching out of the forested watershed, in-stream growth of benthic algae, and phytoplankton blooms in the reservoirs contribute different and varying proportions of organic carbon to the river. Differences in the amount and composition of carbon derived from each source affects the types and concentrations of DBP precursors entering the treatment plants and, as a result, yield varying DBP concentrations and species in finished water. The two classes of DBPs analyzed in this study-trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)-form from precursors within the dissolved and particulate pools of organic matter present in source water.
Download or read book Water quality and Algal Conditions in the Clackamas River Basin Oregon and Their Relations to Land and Water Management written by Kurt D. Carpenter and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Water resources Investigations Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Linking Organic Matter Source to Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Drinking Water Supplies written by Susan Ziegler and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter written by R. A. Minear and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of the effort to balance water treatment processes between allowing pathogenic infection by doing too little, and raising the risk of cancer with by-products of the treatment, 20 papers from a symposium in Chicago, August 1995, present information on the chemical identity of natural organic matter and its interactions with the inorganic precursor bromide ion. They review the history of natural organic matter in water treatment and the impact of regulations, then plunge into reports on an economical experimental approach to developing predictive models for by-products of disinfection, a comparison of analytical techniques for determining cyanogen chloride in chloraminated drinking water, the effect of ozonation and biotreatment on molecular size and hydrophilic fractions of natural organic matter, removing bromate ion by electric-arc discharge and high-energy electron beam processes, and other topics. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Download or read book Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter in Water and Formation of Chlorinated Disinfection By products written by Raphael Kwaku Klake and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book New Insights Into Disinfection Byproduct Formation and Control written by Ashley Dale Pifer and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methods were developed for application of asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and fluorescence parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis to raw and treated samples from drinking water sources to improve characterizations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and discover DOM properties correlated to disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potential (FP). Raw water samples were collected from a reservoir, adjusted to pH 6, 7, and 8 and subjected to (1) jar tests using aluminum sulfate (alum) and (2) treatment with magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) resin. Both treatments were followed by DBPFP tests at pH 7. AF4 was used to size DOM in raw and alum treated samples at pH 6 and 8. AF4 fractograms showed that DOM removal was more effective at pH 6 than at pH 8, and preferential removal of larger-sized DOM occurred at pH 6 but not at pH 8. A fluorescence-PARAFAC model was constructed using excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) from all samples. A strong linear correlation (r 2 = 0.87) between chloroform FP and a humic-like PARAFAC component (C1) was developed. This correlation was a significant improvement over the correlation (r 2 = 0.03) between chloroform FP and specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254), a DBPFP surrogate commonly used in drinking water treatment plants to optimize DOM removal processes. This indicated that chloroform FP-C1 correlations were not treatment-specific. Alum coagulation at pH 6, 7, and 8 and DBPFP tests at pH 7 were performed on a set of raw waters from eleven drinking water treatment plants from across the United States. AF4 was used to size DOM before and after alum coagulation, and showed similar results to the earlier study, i.e., increased removal at pH 6 compared to pH 8. A fluorescence-PARAFAC model was constructed and total trihalomethane (TTHM) FP was strongly correlated (r 2 = 0.91) to C1 for eight water sources. TTHMFP-SUVA254 correlations for ten locations were weak (r 2 = 0.15), which indicated that C1 was an improved DBPFP surrogate relative to SUVA254 and could be used as a surrogate to select and optimize DBP precursor removal processes.
Download or read book The Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter Composition on Its Reactivity in Natural and Engineered Systems written by Reid Milstead and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds that is found in all water systems. DOM is derived from both terrestrial and microbial sources. The composition of DOM can vary greatly depending on a number of variables, including time of year, surrounding groundcover type, and water column depth. The characterization of DOM composition is increasingly performed using high-resolution mass spectrometry, although different instrumentation and techniques may yield different results. Importantly, DOM plays a key role in a number of chemical processes in both natural and engineered systems, such as the generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from surface waters, the degradation of aquatic contaminants, and the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during drinking water treatment. The composition of DOM determines its reactivity in all of these processes. Using both bulk and high-resolution analytical techniques, the photooxidation of DOM can be explored. DOM compounds that are more oxidized and aromatic tend to be associated with the consumption of oxygen and the production of CO2. Bulk scale measurements show that DOM becomes less aromatic and lower in molecular weight as a result of partial photooxidation. High-resolution mass spectrometry also provides evidence of oxygen addition and the loss of CO2 from DOM during irradiation experiments. However, the chemical formulas that are most photolabile vary depending on the initial composition of DOM. Using light exposure experiments the kinetics of degradation of four contaminants were quantified for a large set of diverse waters. Using this information, we evaluated the relationships between indirect photolysis rate constants and the formation of photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRI) using linear regression analysis. Additionally, quencher experiments were performed to identify the PPRI associated with the degradation of each contaminant in all waters. Triplet state DOM (3DOM) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were identified as critical for atorvastatin, carbamazepine, and sulfadiazine, while hydroxyl radical (•OH) is important for benzotriazole. Our results suggest that quenching experiments should be used with caution due to the non-targeted nature of quenching compounds and the interconnection of PPRI. All of these factors result in probe compounds possibly overstating the importance of PPRI in the indirect photolysis of common contaminants. The characterization of DOM in drinking waters reveals a high degree of variability in DOM composition and reactivity with chlorine, particularly in groundwater samples. Despite the variability in DOM composition, novel DBPs with up to three halogen substituents are compositionally similar among all waters. These novel DBPs are positively correlated with trihalomethane and, to a lesser extent, the formation of haloacetonitriles. This suggests that some low molecular weight DBPs and novel DBPs detected via high-resolution mass spectrometry share similar aromatic precursors, providing evidence that low molecular weight DBPs are useful proxies for the formation of unknown, unidentified high molecular weight DBPs. Compared to Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), Orbitrap MS yields significantly fewer formula matches and appears to have a bias towards sulfur-containing formulas and against nitrogen-containing formulas. Additionally, the choice of calibration method is particularly important for the less powerful Orbitrap MS. The matched formulas yielded from Orbitrap MS tend to be more oxidized and less highly saturated than those yielded by FT-ICR MS. Despite these differences, the formulas produced by both instruments tend to yield similar relative differences between samples, suggesting that Orbitrap MS is an acceptable replacement for FT-ICR MS in some cases.
Download or read book Dissolved Organic Matter in the Anthropogenically Impacted Grand River and Natural Burnt River Watersheds written by Ryan H. S. Hutchins and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dissolved organic carbon (DOM) is one of the largest cycled organic carbon pools on Earth and an important biogeochemical factor in aquatic systems. DOM can act as an energy source for microorganisms, alter the depth of the photic zone for photosynthesis, absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation, as well as alter the transport and toxicity of contaminants. The purpose of this research project was to characterize DOM in the Grand River watershed in Ontario, Canada using a wide range of qualitative and quantitative techniques and determine the impact of anthropogenic activities as well as seasonal and longitudinal changes on DOM processes. To reach the study objectives, historical data was analyzed to determine the seasonal cycle in the Grand River watershed. Intensive longitudinal sampling surveys were undertaken to evaluate the DOM characteristics and processes in the Grand River. Surveys of the less impacted Burnt River watershed were used as a comparison watershed to the Grand River to evaluate allochthonous and autochthonous indicators of DOM source and human impacts on DOM processes. Drinking water surveillance data was used to evaluate the effect of DOM in the Grand River on formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Different trends were seen in the Grand River in terms of longitudinal area and season. The headwaters of the river showed more autochthonous DOM in the spring and winter compared to the fall and summer. The lower-central river peaked in autochthonous DOM in the summer and was more allochthonous in the winter. DOM generally became more autochthonous downstream in the Grand River and was most autochthonous below the large sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the central portion. Protein content, measured as protein-like fluorescence normalized to DOC concentration, was strongly related to [delta]15N of DON; both are associated with autochthonous DOM in the Grand River and show the effects of the major STPs. The increase in autochthonous DOM below the STPs is likely associated with nutrient enrichment stimulating primary production and macrophyte growth. Based on the comparison of the Burnt River with the more impacted Grand River, the effect of lakes and photodegradation can make discrimination of autochthonous and allochthonous DOM more difficult. The ratio of DOC/DON and protein-like fluorescence proved to be robust indicators despite photodegradation. Human impacts on the Grand River watershed result in a greater seasonal cycle, high primary production in the summer and a downstream trend of increasing autochthonous DOM compared to the Burnt River. Based on drinking water surveillance data and literature review, autochthonous DOM caused greater DBPs in the drinking waters fed by the Grand River. This is currently a threat to human health and DBPs in sewage treatment plant effluent may be a threat to ecosystem health.
Download or read book The Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter Composition on Its Reactivity in Natural and Engineered Systems written by Reid Milstead and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds that is found in all water systems. DOM is derived from both terrestrial and microbial sources. The composition of DOM can vary greatly depending on a number of variables, including time of year, surrounding groundcover type, and water column depth. The characterization of DOM composition is increasingly performed using high-resolution mass spectrometry, although different instrumentation and techniques may yield different results. Importantly, DOM plays a key role in a number of chemical processes in both natural and engineered systems, such as the generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from surface waters, the degradation of aquatic contaminants, and the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during drinking water treatment. The composition of DOM determines its reactivity in all of these processes. Using both bulk and high-resolution analytical techniques, the photooxidation of DOM can be explored. DOM compounds that are more oxidized and aromatic tend to be associated with the consumption of oxygen and the production of CO2. Bulk scale measurements show that DOM becomes less aromatic and lower in molecular weight as a result of partial photooxidation. High-resolution mass spectrometry also provides evidence of oxygen addition and the loss of CO2 from DOM during irradiation experiments. However, the chemical formulas that are most photolabile vary depending on the initial composition of DOM. Using light exposure experiments the kinetics of degradation of four contaminants were quantified for a large set of diverse waters. Using this information, we evaluated the relationships between indirect photolysis rate constants and the formation of photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRI) using linear regression analysis. Additionally, quencher experiments were performed to identify the PPRI associated with the degradation of each contaminant in all waters. Triplet state DOM (3DOM) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were identified as critical for atorvastatin, carbamazepine, and sulfadiazine, while hydroxyl radical (•OH) is important for benzotriazole. Our results suggest that quenching experiments should be used with caution due to the non-targeted nature of quenching compounds and the interconnection of PPRI. All of these factors result in probe compounds possibly overstating the importance of PPRI in the indirect photolysis of common contaminants. The characterization of DOM in drinking waters reveals a high degree of variability in DOM composition and reactivity with chlorine, particularly in groundwater samples. Despite the variability in DOM composition, novel DBPs with up to three halogen substituents are compositionally similar among all waters. These novel DBPs are positively correlated with trihalomethane and, to a lesser extent, the formation of haloacetonitriles. This suggests that some low molecular weight DBPs and novel DBPs detected via high-resolution mass spectrometry share similar aromatic precursors, providing evidence that low molecular weight DBPs are useful proxies for the formation of unknown, unidentified high molecular weight DBPs. Compared to Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), Orbitrap MS yields significantly fewer formula matches and appears to have a bias towards sulfur-containing formulas and against nitrogen-containing formulas. Additionally, the choice of calibration method is particularly important for the less powerful Orbitrap MS. The matched formulas yielded from Orbitrap MS tend to be more oxidized and less highly saturated than those yielded by FT-ICR MS. Despite these differences, the formulas produced by both instruments tend to yield similar relative differences between samples, suggesting that Orbitrap MS is an acceptable replacement for FT-ICR MS in some cases.
Download or read book Dissolved Organic Carbon and Disinfection By product Precursors in Waters of the Chickahominy River Basin Virginia and Implications for Public Supply written by Gary K. Speiran and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Disinfection By product Formation Potential and the Structural Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Springfield Water and Sewer Commission s Cobble Mountain Reservoir Watershed written by Thomas J. Naughton and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: USEPA regulations of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) require water suppliers to be in compliance with maximum contaminant levels set by the agency's Stage 2 DBP Rule. Controlling watershed sources of byproduct precursors are of interest to water suppliers. By-product formation potential and DOC (dissolved organic carbon) character were evaluated at eight sites on four dates (n=32). All sites are within Springfield Water and Sewer Commission's Cobble Mountain Reservoir watershed (Blandford and Granville, Ma). The goal was to investigate how DBPFP (DBP formation potential) changes in relation to landscape driven changes in DOC chemical characteristics. Analysis was performed on raw water samples using UV-Visible Spectroscopy. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) were performed on solid phase extractable (SPE-C18) hydrophobic DOC. Changes in DBPFP are related to landscape changes in hydrophobic DOC characteristics. On three of the four sample dates (n=24) DBPFP was positively correlated to the E2:E3 ratio (R2=.37), SUVA (R2=.72), percent aromatic resonance (R2=.60), and percent carbohydrate resonance (R2=.44). DBPFP on three sample dates (n=24) was negatively correlated to percent aliphatic resonance (R2=.48). DOC aromaticity, SUVA and specific formation potential were lowest in headwater streams and increased with distance downstream. Substantial reductions in DOC concentration are seen upon reservoir export. For most parameters headwater in-stream variability was greater than inter-stream variability. Differences among headwater streams of different forest type are not distinguishable in our small sample size (n=12). Only slight differences in specific formation potential were observed among two different depth samples in Cobble Mountain Reservoir. Our results have implications for watershed management practices in the drinking water supply industry of New England.
Download or read book The Relationship Between Structural Characteristics of Natural Organic Matter and the Formation of Disinfection By products written by Wasinton Simanjuntak and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: while the samples from the other three sources appeared to display more profound similarities than differences. Overall, the Darkan River NOM was most problematic in terms of THM formation, presumably as a result of a higher aromatic and phenolic content, as indicated by higher SUVA254 and SUVA272 values and a higher relative contribution of aromatic and phenolic pyrolysis products. Since NOM is such a complex mixture of simple and macromolecular organic compounds, having different chemical composition and structural characteristics, its characterisation has been acknowledged to be a very difficult and demanding study. This was also found with the NOM samples investigated in the present study. The results obtained clearly suggest that more work should be devoted to development of analytical methods which lead to improved structural information to characterise NOM in source waters.
Download or read book Factors Affecting Disinfection By product Formation During Chloramination written by James M. Symons and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 1998 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Control of Polar Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By products in Conventionally Treated Drinking Waters written by Eric Reyvell Velazquez Dickenson and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By Products written by Sylvia E. Barrett and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
