Download or read book Some Factors Affecting the Transmission of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus by the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon Pisum harris with Emphasis on the Inoculation Phase of the Transmission Cycle written by James Hsi-cho Tsai and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transmission of Two Pea Enation Mosaic Virus Isolates by the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon Pisum Harris written by James Hsi-cho Tsai and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biological Relationships Between Pea Enation Mosaic Virus and Its Vector the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon Pisum Harris written by Lowell Raymond Nault and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pea Enation Mosaic Virus written by J. Victor French and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Partial Characterization of Acyrthosiphon Pisum Harris Strains Efficient and Inefficient in the Transmission of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus written by Emmanuel Chukwuemeka Igbokwe and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Fate of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus in Its Pea Aphid Vector Acyrthosiphon Pisum written by Kerry F. Harris and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aphid Age and In vector Virus Concentration as Factors Influencing Pea Enation Mosaic Virus Transmission by the Pea Aphid written by Hendarsih Suharto and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) and aging pea aphids was studied. Although this research initially emphasized the relationship between the decline in the rate of PEMV transmission and the 'concentration of PEMV within pea aphids, aphid age was found to be the principle factor influencing transmission. Enzymelinked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to assay the concentration of virus within aphid bodies. Aphid age at the time of virus acquisition significantly influenced the maximum rate of transmission attained and the rate of transmission decline by aging aphids. Following a 24-hr virus acquisition treatment, 1-day-old aphids achieved the highest transmission rate (95%) and the slowest decline in their rate of transmission of 4 age groups tested. Eight-day-old aphids had a maximum transmission rate of 50% and a more rapid decline in transmission. Thirteen-day-old aphids had a maximum rate of only 5% while 23-day-old aphids did not transmit at all. The relative feeding rate of aphids 8, 13, 18, and 23 days old was measured indirectly by assaying the virus concentration in aphids immediately following a standard 24-hr virus acquisition treatment. The 18- and 23-day-old aphids fed significantly less than 8- and 13-day-olds. The concentration of PEMV was monitored periodically in both whole and dissected aphids during 16 day test periods following a 24-hr virus acquisition treatment. In the whole insect study, l-day-olds initially acquired A405 = 0.06 or 2.3 ng of PEMV while 8-day-olds acquired A405 = 0.44 or 20 ng of PEMV per aphid. The average concentration of PEMV recorded from individuals in the 1-day-old group remained constant during the 16-day test period while in the 8-day-old group it decreased significantly. When aphids from the 8-day-old group were dissected immediately after completion of the virus acquisition treatment, the virus concentration was found to be higher in the gut than in the body region. The concentration in the gut, however, declined rapidly while in the body it remained constant during the 16-day post-virus acquisition test period. Decline in the virus transmission rates by aging aphids was not explained by the virus concentration within aphids. In fact, transmission of PEMV by individual aphids was independent of the virus concentration within individual aphids. Therefore, decline in the transmission rate is more likely dependent on the physiological realtionship between PEMV and key processes within vectors, such as, entry of virions into the salivary system. These processes may be slowed by vector aging.
Download or read book Studies on Transmission of Pea Seed borne Mosaic Virus by Aphids and the Mechanism of Transmission written by Wa-lee Lim and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transmission of Pea Enation Mosiac Virus by Green Peach Potato and Pea Aphids written by James Edmond Bath and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Plant Viruses written by B.D. Harrison and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fifth volume in the series The Plant Viruses, dealing with viruses with bipartite genomes, completes the coverage of viruses with isometric parti cles and genomes consisting of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA: viruses that have tripartite and monopartite genomes of this kind were dealt with in Volumes 1 and 3, respectively. How close are the affinities among the viruses within the groupings distinguished in this way? All those with tripartite genomes are considered to be sufficiently closely related to be included in the family Bromoviridae, whereas the monopartite-genome viruses covered in Volume 3 clearly are a much more diverse collection. Affinities among the viruses with bipartite genomes are considered in Chapter 1 of this volume, along with the possible origins, advantages, and disadvantages of these ge nomes. The conclusion reached from this assessment is that the bipartite genome viruses fall into four categories, those within each category having closer affinities with viruses not included in this book than with viruses in the other categories. No evidence was found that possession of a bipartite genome gives a virus overwhelming advantages over viruses of other sorts. More probably, any advantages are largely balanced by disadvantages, and bipartite genomes may be best considered simply as an alternative design for the hereditary material of a virus.
Download or read book Investigations Into the in Vitro Translation and Aphid Transmission of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus written by Clifford J. Gabriel and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Electron Microscopy of Aphid transmissible and Nonaphid transmissible Variants of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus in Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon Pisum Harris and Garden Pea Pisum Sativum L written by Ya-Chu Judy Kao and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Intrinsic Factors in the Transmission of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus by Aphids written by Sardara Singh Sohi and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of the inherent transmissibility of the virus and of the inherent transmitting ability of aphids on the transmission of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) were studied along with four virus-vector relationships of BYMV and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.). In addition, investigations were made on the transmission of clover yellow mosaic virus (CYMV) by aphids and on the effects of temperature on the susceptibility of Lincoln pea to inoculation with bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) by M. persicae. All eight aphid species included in these tests transmitted BYMV. The aphids ranked in the order of descending efficiency of BYMV transmission as follows: Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thos.), Benton Co. (Oregon) clone of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Aphis fabae Scop., Columbia Co. (Washington) clone of A. pisum, Macrosiphum rosae (L.), Therioaphis riehmi (Borner), Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kltb.) and Cavariella aegophodii (Scop.). Efficiency of transmission varied from 62 percent to 7 percent. B. helichrysi, C. aegopodii and T. riehmi have not previously been reported to transmit BYMV. Collections of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), from Oregon and Washington included biotypes differing in BYMV transmission, fecundity, body size and host preference. No differences were found among M. persicae clones. BYMV isolates differed in symptom expression and in the ease with which they were transmitted by aphids. Aphid transmissibility of BYMV was lost or greatly reduced following a single mechanical transfer. The vector-Iess isolate multiplied to the virtual exclusion of the aphid transmissible isolate when broad bean plants were inoculated simultaneously with both these isolates. Different areas of broad bean leaves were not equal as sources of BYMV for M. persicae. More aphids transmitted the virus from the interveinal chlorotic area than from the green areas along the veins. Post-inoculation temperature for 48-56 hours had a considerable influence on Lincoln pea susceptibility to BYMV infection by M. persicae inoculation. More plants were infected at 27 and 30°C than at 15, 18 or 24°C. Post-inoculation temperature treatment for 24 hours or less did not have any appreciable effect. Pre-inoculation temperature for 47-55 hours also considerably influenced plant susceptibility to BYMV infection by aphid inoculation. Twice as many plants were infected at 15°C as at 30°C. The effects of pre- and post-inoculation temperatures were not additive. The number of plants infected depended entirely on post-inoculation temperature. Artificial termination of acquisition probes did not have any appreciable effect on BYMV transmission by M. persicae. No significant differences in virus transmission were found for aphids with acquisition probes in the 11- to 45-second, range. Virus transmission increased with an increase in the number of test probes. Loss of BYMV by feeding M. persicae could be expressed exponentially. Half-Iife of the retention of virus by feeding aphids was about three minutes. Clover yellow mosaic virus could be easily confused with BYMV on the basis of symptom expression in Dwarf Horticultural and Bountiful cultivars of the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L. cv. Lincoln, Vicia faba L. (secondary symptoms, especially on new sprouts), and in Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste and Reyn. (primary reaction). It was not transmitted by A. pisum, A. fabae, C. aegopodii, M. euphorbiae, M. rosae and M. persicae.
Download or read book Aphid Pests and Aphid transmitted Viruses in Fall sown Dry Pea Pisum Sativum in the Inland Pacific Northwest Region written by Jake M. Hennessey and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spring-sown dry pea, Pisum sativum, are important rotational crops grown with wheat in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. In the lower rainfall regions of the Palouse, spring-sown dry pea are not viable rotational crops. New varieties of dry pea adapted for germination in the fall have proved to be a better alternative to spring-sown pea as rotational crops with wheat in the lower rainfall regions of the Palouse. Pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), are a major pest to spring-sown dry pea, in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Pea aphids present a threat to dry pea in the region through direct injury from feeding or indirect injury by transmitting viruses, predominantly Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) and Bean leaf roll virus (BLRV). The threat of pea aphid to fall-sown dry pea is not known. The general objectives of this thesis were to assess the threat of pea aphid colonization and virus infection in fall-sown dry pea in the Palouse region. The first objective was to determine if pea aphid abundance and virus status in fall-sown pea differed from those in spring-sown pea locations. Virus prevalence within pea plants was also compared between the two crops. In a two-year field survey, pea aphids were trapped at both fall-sown and spring-sown pea fields and were tested for virus. Aphid abundance and virus status at the end of the growing season did not differ between fall and spring-sown pea fields, nor did virus prevalence in plants. Pea aphids were collected in pan traps adjacent to fall-sown pea during the fall of both years of the study but were aviruliferous. Nonetheless, virus was detected in plant samples collected in the fall from fall-sown pea plants. The second objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the timing of viruliferous (PEMV) pea aphid inoculations and yield parameters of fall-sown pea. Previous studies indicated that plants inoculated earlier in their development are more prone to yield loss than plants inoculated at later development stages. Experiments took place at the University of Idaho Parker Farm and the University of Idaho Kambitsch Farm and a greenhouse experiment was conducted at the University of Idaho Manis Laboratory. A similar experiment was performed using spring-sown pea for comparison at the Kambitsch Farm. Periodical inoculations were performed on pea plants in the field and in the greenhouse. Three inoculations were performed before winter and three inoculations were performed after winter. The timing of inoculation was measured as growing degree days (GDD). Inoculations of fall-sown pea in the field experiments took place after plants had experienced 41.5, 42, 44 (before winter), 187.5, 280 and 387.5 (after winter) GDD after emergence. In order to compare with fall-sown pea, Inoculations of spring-sown pea took place after plants had experienced about 44, 187.5 and 280 GDD. The field experiments in this research supported the hypothesis that plants inoculated at early growth stages will exhibit greater yield losses. Additionally, spring-sown pea plants that were inoculated at similar growth stages as fall-sown pea plants exhibited less yield loss than did fall-sown pea. Regression analysis expressing yield parameters as a function of the timing of inoculation (GDD) resulted in statistically significant (p> 0.05) models for total plant biomass per replicate and mean U.S. #1 grade weight per plant in the field experiments at the Kambitsch Farm and the Parker Farm. All inoculations before winter were pooled and compared to the pooled inoculations that took place after winter, revealing that plants that are inoculated before winter exhibit a significant decrease in yield parameters compared to plants that are inoculated after winter. Results of these experiments indicate that fall-sown pea is subject to greater yield loss if inoculated with virus in the fall than in the spring. However, results from the two-year field survey demonstrated that pea aphid presence in the fall is very low, and virus infection of plants in the fall is very low as well. Therefore, based on this research, it can be concluded that virus risk in fall-sown pea in the fall is not large enough for fall-sown pea to require additional management steps other than the pea aphid monitoring, attention to numeric thresholds and regional forecasts used for pea aphid management in spring-sown pea. It remains possible in the future, that virus injury in fall-sown pea could be substantial in the fall on the Palouse or in the more arid production zones of eastern Washington, justifying management action. Because of the potential threat of excessive virus injury in the fall and projected climate change, the need for continued work is absolute.
Download or read book National Agricultural Library Catalog written by National Agricultural Library (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Comprehensive Dissertation Index 1861 1972 Biological sciences biology and zoology written by Xerox University Microfilms and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 1240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates written by Scott N. Johnson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-06 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invertebrates perform such vital roles in global ecosystems—and so strongly influence human wellbeing—that biologist E.O. Wilson was prompted to describe them as “little things that run the world.” As they are such powerful shapers of the world around us, their response to global climate change is also pivotal in meeting myriad challenges looming on the horizon—everything from food security and biodiversity to human disease control. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the latest scientific knowledge and contemporary theory relating to global climate change and terrestrial invertebrates. Featuring contributions from top international experts, this book explores how changes to invertebrate populations will affect human decision making processes across a number of crucial issues, including agriculture, disease control, conservation planning, and resource allocation. Topics covered include methodologies and approaches to predict invertebrate responses, outcomes for disease vectors and ecosystem service providers, underlying mechanisms for community level responses to global climate change, evolutionary consequences and likely effects on interactions among organisms, and many more. Timely and thought-provoking, Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates offers illuminating insights into the profound influence the simplest of organisms may have on the very future of our fragile world.
