Download or read book Somatostatin in the Retina written by Jens Nicolai Brink Larsen and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Somatostatin in the Retina written by Jens Nicolai Brink Larsen and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 2 A in the Mammalian Retina written by Connie Juliette Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Somatostatin Immunocytochemistry in the Rabbit Retina written by Stephen Thomas Onesti and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Heterogeneous Functional Organization of Somatostatin and Dopamine containing Wide field Amacrine Cells in Mouse Retina written by Helen Elaine Vuong and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the retina, somatostatin (SRIF) is an inhibitory neuropeptide that influences multiple cell types, including bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. SRIF is reported to have multiple cellular actions including modulation of the release of dopamine (DA) from tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing amacrine cells; however, the cellular basis of this interaction is unknown. Using immunohistochemistry I showed SRIF- and TH-containing wide-field amacrine cells co-stratify in the OFF sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) adjacent to the inner nuclear layer (INL). These processes form a dense network, which co-ramify and make numerous contacts along their processes and at varicosities. SRIF- and TH-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies and processes also contain GABA and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) immunoreactivity, and express the GABAA α3 receptor subunit. TH-IR cells also express the SRIF receptor subtype 2A (sst2A) and SRIF-IR cells express the D1 receptor. Calcium imaging recordings of Fluo-4 labeled TH-red fluorescent protein (TH-RFP) processes exhibited a ~40% decrease in fluorescent intensity following 60 mM [K+] depolarization in the presence of SRIF (100nM-100 μM) and L054264 (1-10μM), a selective sst2A agonist. These findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between these two amacrine cell types mediated by both feedback and feed forward actions. SRIF amacrine cells act at TH-containing amacrine cells by a paracrine mechanism at sst2A, as well as directly at GABAA receptors. TH amacrine cells likely act at SRIF-containing amacrine cells at D1 and GABAA receptors. This retinal microcircuit defines a novel modulatory relationship for SRIF and demonstrates its broad influence on multiple visual processes.
Download or read book The Effect of Cysteamine on Somatostatin like Immunoreactivity in the Rabbit Retina written by Jennifer Lynn Shaw and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Webvision written by Helga Kolb and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Characterization of an Interplexiform Cell of the Amphibian Retina by Somatostatin like Immunoreactivity and Glycine High Affinity Uptake written by John F. Smiley and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Neurobiology of the Inner Retina written by Reto Weiler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relatively simple, stratified nature of the retina and its spe- fied use in the visual process has long made it an inviting tissue to study both for its own sake and as a model for the more complex processes of the brain. For these dual purposes, the retina can be thought of as basically consisting of two functional pans. First, the outer retina, comprised of the photoreceptor cells and attendant pigment epithelium, serves to capture the photic energy and convert it into a neurochemical response. Second, the inner layers of the retina, mainly bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells (and their attendant Maller cells), function more clearly as a typical part of the CNS, transmitting the photic signals to the brain. Between the 8th and 12th of August 1988 more than seventy scientists from allover the world gathered in Oldenburg (Federal Republic of Gennany) for a meeting "The neurobiology of the inner retina" which was devoted entirely to the neural mechanism of the inner synaptic layer of the verte brate retina. The meeting comprised twenty - three separate lectures and four specially arranged discussion groups. In addition, a number of posters were displayed and a period was allotted specifically for the discussion of these posters. The articles contained in this book will serve as a record of the papers delivered at the Oldenburg Meeting and illustrate the advances made in trying to understand the importance of the diversity of amacrine cell morphology and physiology in retinal function.
Download or read book The Retina and its Disorders written by Joseph Besharse and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-04-19 with total page 929 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This selection of articles from the Encyclopedia of the Eye covering retina, optics/optic nerve and comparative topics constitutes the first reference for scientists, post docs, and graduate students with an interest beyond standard textbook materials. It covers the full spectrum of research on the retina - from the basic biochemistry of how nerve cells are created to information on neurotransmitters, comparisons of the structure and neuroscience of peripheral vision systems in different species, and all the way through to injury repair and other clinical applications. The first single volume to integrate comparative studies into a comprehensive resource on the neuroscience of the retina Chapters are carefully selected from the Encyclopedia of the Eye by one of the world's leading vision researchers The best researchers in the field provide their conclusions in the context of the latest experimental results
Download or read book Retinal Vascular Disease written by A.M. Joussen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-29 with total page 807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vascular diseases of the retina are a major cause of blindness among all age groups. Edited and written by internationally well-known experts, this state-of-the-art comprehensive overview of basic and clinical science will enhance the understanding of retinal vascular disease and help in the evaluation of current and future treatment approaches for the clinician. The well-structured and highly illustrated text is divided into three easy-to-follow sections. This unique textbook-atlas also includes topics which are not currently found in other retinal disease textbooks, such as case reports and clinical follow-ups.
Download or read book Somatostatin written by Seymour Reichlin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery of hypothalamic factors that inhibited growth hormone secretion and of pancreatic factors that inhibited insulin secretion were the first clues to the existence of somatostatin. During the course of efforts to isolate growth hormone releasing factor, Krulich, McCann and Dhariwal found that hypothalamic extracts contained a potent inhibitor of growth hormone secretion. They postulated that growth hormone secretion was under a dual control system, one inhibitory and the other excitatory (I) . In studies being carried out at about the same time, Hellman and Lernmark found a factor in pancreatic extracts that inhibited insulin secretion (2). They postulated that islet cell function was regulated by local hormonal factors. With the isolation and chemical characterization of somatostatin by Brazeau and colleagues (3), and the availability of relatively large amounts of the synthetic peptide for research, it has been possible to demonstrate that both predictions were true. Subsequent work revealed that somatostatin, as initially isolated (somatostatin 14), was but one of several related peptides, part of a multigene family, with tissue specific processing. Many of the details of biosynthesis and genetic control have been worked out, and this molecule has served many workers as a model gut-brain peptide for detailed study. The peptides are widely distributed in tissues and exert an extraordinary range of effects on most glandular secretions, both internal and external.
Download or read book Drug Product Development for the Back of the Eye written by Uday B. Kompella and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-08-03 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume discusses approaches for a systematic selection of delivery systems for various classes of therapeutic agents including small molecule, protein, and nucleic acid drugs. Specific topics covered in this book include: Solution, suspension, gel, nanoparticle, microparticle, and implant dosage forms Refillable and microneedle devices Intravitreal, suprachoroidal, intrascleral, transscleral, systemic, and topical routes of delivery Physical methods including iontophoresis for drug delivery Rational selection of routes of administration and delivery systems Noninvasive and continuous drug monitoring Regulatory path to drug product development Clinical endpoints for drug product development Emerging and existing drugs and drug targets Drug Product Development for the Back of the Eye is authored by renowned ocular drug delivery experts, representing academic, clinical, and industrial organizations and serves as indispensable resource for ophthalmic researchers, drug formulation scientists, drug delivery and drug disposition scientists, as well as clinicians involved in designing and developing novel therapeutics for the back of the eye diseases. This book is also relevant for students in various disciplines including ophthalmology, pharmaceutical sciences, drug delivery, and biomedical engineering. Refillable and microneedle devices Intravitreal, suprachoroidal, intrascleral, transscleral, systemic, and topical routes of delivery Physical methods including iontophoresis for drug delivery Rational selection of routes of administration and delivery systems Noninvasive and continuous drug monitoring Regulatory path to drug product development Clinical endpoints for drug product development Emerging and existing drugs and drug targets Drug Product Development for the Back of the Eye is authored by renowned ocular drug delivery experts, representing academic, clinical, and industrial organizations and serves as indispensable resource for ophthalmic researchers, drug formulation scientists, drug delivery and drug disposition scientists, as well as clinicians involved in designing and developing novel therapeutics for the back of the eye diseases. This book is also relevant for students in various disciplines including ophthalmology, pharmaceutical sciences, drug delivery, and biomedical engineering. Refillable and microneedle devices Intravitreal, suprachoroidal, intrascleral, transscleral, systemic, and topical routes of delivery Physical methods including iontophoresis for drug delivery Rational selection of routes of administration and delivery systems Noninvasive and continuous drug monitoring Regulatory path to drug product development Clinical endpoints for drug product development Emerging and existing drugs and drug targets Drug Product Development for the Back of the Eye is authored by renowned ocular drug delivery experts, representing academic, clinical, and industrial organizations and serves as indispensable resource for ophthalmic researchers, drug formulation scientists, drug delivery and drug disposition scientists, as well as clinicians involved in designing and developing novel therapeutics for the back of the eye diseases. This book is also relevant for students in various disciplines including ophthalmology, pharmaceutical sciences, drug delivery, and biomedical engineering.
Download or read book The Retina A Model for Cell Biology Studies Part 2 written by Ruben Adler and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Retina: A Model for Cell Biology Studies, Part II, is the second of a two-part series that details developments in the study of retinal cell biology. The book begins with a review of the current evidence for the role of putative neurotransmitters at particular synapses in the retina. It then discusses pre- and postsynaptic regulatory mechanisms; the interactions of neurotransmitter-neuromodulatory systems; and cellular effects of putative neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. This is followed by an introduction to vision psychophysics, showing its application in studying the functioning of cells in the retina. The remaining chapters discuss how the retinal pigment epithelium cell might be used as a model for studying biological problems of current interest; extracellular matrix molecules; concepts and controversies regarding the biology of endothelial cells, the key elements in the phenomenon of intraocular neovascularization; the use of genetic mutations and genetic mosaics for the study of the retina; and the retina as a regenerating organ.
Download or read book Diabetic Retinopathy written by Gabriele E. Lang and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), damage of the blood vessels in the retina, is one of the problems that patients may face as a complication of diabetes and is, along with other diabetic eye diseases, the greatest single cause of blindness in developed countries. This publication starts with the description of the mechanisms of development and progression of diabetic macular edema and with the characterization of the early stages of DR. An innovative approach of multimedial mapping methods which enables to differentiate between three DR phenotypes is further described. The standards and novel approaches of laser treatment as well as current surgical options and treatment techniques are discussed. Additional contributions consider the pathology of diffuse macular edema and the implications for surgery, the treatment of DR with triamcinolone and its complications, and the application of somatostatin analogues. A new therapeutic approach is the use of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in diabetic macular edema. The volume concludes with articles on the latest concepts of posterior vitreous detachment by pharmacologic vitreolysis and the specific protein kinase C subtype ß inhibitor ruboxistaurin mesylate. To ophthalmologists and diabetes health care professionals interested in diabetic eye disease this book is an essential up-date.
Download or read book Pharmacology of the Eye written by M.L. Sears and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 749 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Roots of the theory and practice of ocular pharmacology may be traced to the ancient Mesopotamian code of Hammurabi and then to several papyri reflecting the clinical interests of the Egyptians. The evolution of its art and science was irregularly paced until the nineteenth century when Kohler, in 1884, proved the anesthetic effect of cocaine on the cornea, and when Fraser, Laquer, Schmiedeberg, Meyer, and others studied the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system by way of observations of the pupil. Advances in the past few decades have been nothing short of explosive. How can the student, physician, or basic research scientist stay in touch with these electrifying studies? To help with the answer to this question, the authors set as their goal the development of increased understanding so that the student, research scientist, and ophthalmologist can cope with the latest discoveries. The authors want to narrow what appears to be an ever-increasing gap between basic science and ophthalmology. The basic aspects of pharmacology have been presented in light of the natural physiology. In this regard, while distinctions among endogenous mechanisms, drug effects, and the pathogenesis of disease are to be separately recognized, appreciation must be given to the concept that both the desirable and unwanted manifestations or functions caused by either disease or drugs must very often represent a quantitative change in normal metabolic pathways.
Download or read book Hormones in Neurodegeneration Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis written by Achille G. Gravanis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-24 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As life expectancy increases and population ages, the already enormous impact of neurodegeneration on society will become even larger without better prevention and treatment. Developing strategies to prevent degeneration of neurons and to promote a healthy nervous system is, thus, critical. The development of pharmacological agents that would increase production of new neurons was recently facilitated by the identification of the hormonal regulators of various steps of adult neurogenesis. The proposed book is writen by a group of top world experts involved in the study of the mechanisms of hormonal control of brain damage and repair. The effects of thyroid and steroid hormones (estrogens, androgens, progestins, gluco-mineralo-corticoids, various neurosteroids) or polypeptide hormones (CRF, urocortins, somatostastin, GH/IGF, leptin, prolactin, PACAP, erythropoetin) on neuronal survival and neurogenesis in various neurodegenerative conditions and in brain aging will be discussed in detail. The proposed book is unique because it gives a comprehensive account of the neuroprotective and neurogenic effects of steroid and polypeptide hormones. Furthermore, new pharmacological approaches for treatment of neurodegenerative conditions are presented, based on the neuroprotective and neurogenic properties of natural and synthetic hormones.
