Download or read book Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 4 written by Guilhem Bourrié and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-28 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the most up-to-date knowledge on water in soils and applications for the best use of our water resources. It first addresses the influence of soils on water quality, which is linked to rock weathering, soil formation, acidity and waterlogging. Here, the constituents of soils – such as clay minerals and iron oxides – play a major role. These modifications also have an impact on biogeochemical processes at the global scale, including the carbon cycle and the composition of the atmosphere. Secondly, this book discusses soil salinity, alkalinity and sodification in climates spanning from Mediterranean to arid. Here, water quality results from the concentration of solutes by evaporation and the transpiration of plants. The proper management of irrigation both protects soils against acidification and ensures sustainable agroecological development, while improper management leads to soil degradation and groundwater overexploitation. Lastly, the book describes how excess transfer of phosphorus in lakes results from a cascade of liberation and immobilization in the structure of the surrounding landscape. This leads to a general integrative method to limit eutrophication and restore the quality of water bodies.

Download or read book Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 2 written by Guillaume Dhérissard and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-10-16 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume comprises three parts: 1) from local to global, 2) what type of sustainable management? 3) territorial approaches. The first chapter demonstrates, from the French example, that better soil management is a societal issue. At the global level, the second chapter raises the question of land grabbing and land use conflicts. This book also raises the question of the legal status of the soil. It then shows how soils need to be integrated when defining sustainable agricultural systems. French and European examples illustrate how taking environmental problems into account depends as much on their acuity as on how problems are perceived by public and private, social or economic actors. Therefore, it is important to promote co-diagnosis involving the scientific community and the various other actors in order to improve the regulation on soils. This multi-actor soil governance is facilitated by the use of simple soil quality indicators. Finally, examples in France and Vietnam show how soils are to be considered as territorial commons within landscapes. This last chapter recommends in particular to put an end to the absolute right of soil ownership and to distribute the usufruct of land between various private and public beneficiaries.

Download or read book Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 2 written by Guillaume Dhérissard and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-08-21 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume comprises three parts: 1) from local to global, 2) what type of sustainable management? 3) territorial approaches. The first chapter demonstrates, from the French example, that better soil management is a societal issue. At the global level, the second chapter raises the question of land grabbing and land use conflicts. This book also raises the question of the legal status of the soil. It then shows how soils need to be integrated when defining sustainable agricultural systems. French and European examples illustrate how taking environmental problems into account depends as much on their acuity as on how problems are perceived by public and private, social or economic actors. Therefore, it is important to promote co-diagnosis involving the scientific community and the various other actors in order to improve the regulation on soils. This multi-actor soil governance is facilitated by the use of simple soil quality indicators. Finally, examples in France and Vietnam show how soils are to be considered as territorial commons within landscapes. This last chapter recommends in particular to put an end to the absolute right of soil ownership and to distribute the usufruct of land between various private and public beneficiaries.

Download or read book Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone written by Jacques Berthelin and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 1 written by Jacques Berthelin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-08-01 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introductory book to the six volume series includes an introduction defining the critical zone for mankind that extends from tree canopy and the lower atmosphere to water table and unweathered rock. Soils play a crucial role through the functions and the services that they provide to mankind. The spatial and temporal variability of soils is represented by information systems whose importance, recent evolutions and increasingly performing applications in France and in the world must be underlined. The soil functions, discussed in this book, focus on the regulation of the water cycle, biophysicochemical cycles and the habitat role of biodiversity. The main services presented are those related to the provision of agricultural, fodder and forest products, energy, as well as materials and the role of soil as infrastructure support. They also include the different cultural dimensions of soils, their representations being often linked to myths and rites, as well as their values of environmental and archaeological records. Finally, the issue is raised of an off-ground world.

Download or read book Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 5 written by Christian Valentin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-02-06 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One third of the world's soils have already been degraded. The burden on the land continues to grow under the combined pressures of demography, urbanization, artificialization and mining, and there are increased demands on agricultural land: changing dietary preferences, land speculation, as well as new demands for agroenergy, fiber, green chemistry, and more. Resulting issues such as soil crusting, water and wind erosion, soil salinization and soil acidity therefore constitute a major threat. The authors of this book present the main processes and factors of soil degradation, different ways to prevent it and methods of rehabilitation. The book also deals with the origin and processes of metallic and organic soil pollution as well as methods of phytoremediation and restoration. It is one of the few books to explore the issue of soil artificialization and urban soil management and to highlight how agricultural and urban waste can be used to amend and fertilize cultivated soils.

Download or read book Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 3 written by Guilhem Bourrié and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-02-06 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book invites the reader to look differently at two seemingly mundane resources: soil and water. Water possesses extraordinary properties which form the foundations of life itself. Without water, there would be no life, and without soils, no terrestrial life. The interaction between soils and water is therefore fundamental to the habitability of Earth’s land surface. Through in-depth analyses and experimentation, Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 3 explores the circulation of water in soils. Through its properties, soil directs the path of water, leading it to wet soils or not, be absorbed by plants, infiltrate or runoff, concentrate in certain areas or flood. The potentially catastrophic consequences of such floods are often due to the absence or insufficiency of prevention measures. This book thus shows the ways in which the relationship between water, life and soils is much more than a simple series of interactions or phenomena at interfaces and in fact constitutes a system with definite properties.

Download or read book Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 6 written by Philippe Lemanceau and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-02-06 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soils are environments where a myriad of different organisms evolve, determining a series of functions which translate into ecosystem services that are essential for humanity. Improving our understanding of these organisms, their biodiversity and their interactions with each other, as well as with the environment, represents a major challenge. Soil ecology has its roots in natural history. The ecological approach focused on soils is notable for integrating, at least partially, the contributions of soil sciences (physics, chemistry, biochemistry). By renewing methods of observation and analysis (especially molecular ones) and through the development of experimental approaches and modeling, an ecology connected with other soil-based disciplines emerges and begins to influence aboveground ecology. Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 6 presents an updated vision of knowledge and research in soil ecology as a complex system from the best French specialists.

Download or read book Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 5 written by Christian Valentin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-26 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One third of the world's soils have already been degraded. The burden on the land continues to grow under the combined pressures of demography, urbanization, artificialization and mining, and there are increased demands on agricultural land: changing dietary preferences, land speculation, as well as new demands for agroenergy, fiber, green chemistry, and more. Resulting issues such as soil crusting, water and wind erosion, soil salinization and soil acidity therefore constitute a major threat. The authors of this book present the main processes and factors of soil degradation, different ways to prevent it and methods of rehabilitation. The book also deals with the origin and processes of metallic and organic soil pollution as well as methods of phytoremediation and restoration. It is one of the few books to explore the issue of soil artificialization and urban soil management and to highlight how agricultural and urban waste can be used to amend and fertilize cultivated soils.

Download or read book Sedimentary Crisis at the Global Scale 2 written by Jean-Paul Bravard and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-03-07 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The great deltas of the globe have been threatened for several decades but their decline now appears to be inevitable; they are receding and losing the fertility that supports their tens of millions of inhabitants. Our deltas are victims of the dramatic deterioration in the volume of continental sediment brought by rivers to the oceans. By nature, deltas are fragile eco- and geological organisms. For centuries, they have been subject to human actions in the Mediterranean and European world, and today a deep crisis is affecting the great tropical deltas. A chapter is also devoted to concerns facing the Mississippi, an “aging delta of the new world”. Sedimentary Crisis at the Global Scale 2 discusses possible strategies to protect the deltas of the world – or at least adapt them and their dependencies to the changes they face. Several models are possible, including comprehensive protection (such as in the Netherlands) and cautious and respectful opening to the forces of the oceans in an environment-first perspective.

Download or read book Principles and Dynamics of the Critical Zone written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-06-18 with total page 674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles and Dynamics of the Critical Zone is an invaluable resource for undergraduate and graduate courses and an essential tool for researchers developing cutting-edge proposals. It provides a process-based description of the Critical Zone, a place that The National Research Council (2001) defines as the "heterogeneous, near surface environment in which complex interactions involving rock, soil, water, air, and living organisms regulate the natural habitat and determine the availability of life-sustaining resources." This text provides a summary of Critical Zone research and outcomes from the NSF funded Critical Zone Observatories, providing a process-based description of the Critical Zone in a wide range of environments with a specific focus on the important linkages that exist amongst the processes in each zone. This book will be useful to all scientists and students conducting research on the Critical Zone within and outside the Critical Zone Observatory Network, as well as scientists and students in the geosciences – atmosphere, geomorphology, geology and pedology. - The first text to address the principles and concepts of the Critical Zone - A comprehensive approach to the processes responsible for the development and structure of the Critical Zone in a number of environments - An essential tool for undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers developing cutting-edge proposals

Download or read book Forest Science written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook of Applied Hydrology Second Edition written by Vijay P. Singh and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2016-03-07 with total page 1438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully Updated Hydrology Principles, Methods, and Applications Thoroughly revised for the first time in 50 years, this industry-standard resource features chapter contributions from a “who’s who” of international hydrology experts. Compiled by a colleague of the late Dr. Chow, Chow’s Handbook of Applied Hydrology, Second Edition, covers scientific and engineering fundamentals and presents all-new methods, processes, and technologies. Complete details are provided for the full range of ecosystems and models. Advanced chapters look to the future of hydrology, including climate change impacts, extraterrestrial water, social hydrology, and water security. Chow’s Handbook of Applied Hydrology, Second Edition, covers: · The Fundamentals of Hydrology · Data Collection and Processing · Hydrology Methods · Hydrologic Processes and Modeling · Sediment and Pollutant Transport · Hydrometeorologic and Hydrologic Extremes · Systems Hydrology · Hydrology of Large River and Lake Basins · Applications and Design · The Future of Hydrology

Download or read book Controls on Critical Zone Thickness and Hydrologic Dynamics at the Hillslope Scale written by Daniella Marie Rempe and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The critical zone is defined as the thin outer veneer of Earth's terrestrial surface, extending from the top of the vegetation canopy to the base of weathered bedrock. Very little is known about how the critical zone is structured and how its structure controls the storage, transport, and chemical evolution of the biosphere's most important resource- water. In hilly or mountainous landscapes, the critical zone often includes tens of meters of weathered rock beneath the surface and this weathered rock hosts a dynamic hydrologic system that is virtually unexplored. Below weathered bedrock, lies an unmapped three dimensional fresh bedrock surface, Zb, that defines the bottom boundary of the critical zone. This dissertation develops novel theory to predict how this fresh bedrock surface is structured across ridge and valley topography and illustrates, through a field study, how that structure influences the routing of water within the landscape. I report, for the first time, how the structure and hydrologic dynamics of the critical zone vary across an entire hillslope, from channel to topographic divide. Current models for development of the critical zone emphasize top-down processes associated with infiltrating waters and gases, as well as fracturing due to the differential stresses generated by topography. I propose a distinctly different theory, which enables a prediction of the thickness of weathered bedrock across a landscape. I hypothesize that as fresh bedrock, saturated with nearly stagnant fluid, is advected upward into the near-surface through uplift and erosion, channel incision produces a lateral head gradient within the fresh bedrock inducing drainage towards the channel. Drainage of the fresh bedrock causes weathering through drying (i.e. repeated cycles of wetting and drying) and permits the introduction of atmospheric and biotically controlled acids and oxidants such that the boundary between weathered and unweathered bedrock is set by the uppermost elevation of undrained fresh bedrock, Zb. At steady-state the rate at which fresh bedrock crosses the Zb boundary is equal to the channel incision rate (which commonly is less than 1 mm/yr). Hence, this slow drainage of fresh bedrock, progressively allowing weathering to proceed, exerts a "bottom up" control on the advance of the weathering front. The thickness of the weathered zone is calculated as the difference between the predicted topographic surface profile (driven by erosion) and the predicted groundwater profile (driven by drainage of fresh bedrock). For the steady state, soil-mantled case, a coupled analytical solution arises in which both profiles are driven by channel incision. Lithology of the fresh bedrock influences the thickness of the weathered zone through the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock. Measurements of rate processes and topography, as well as depth to fresh bedrock at the divide can be used to estimate the saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity of the fresh bedrock. Two non-dimensional numbers corresponding to the mean hillslope gradient and mean groundwater table gradient emerge and their ratio defines the proportion of the hillslope relief that is unweathered. The model predicts a thickening of the weathered zone upslope and consequently, a progressive upslope increase in the residence time of bedrock in the weathered zone. Despite its simplicity, the model makes testable predictions and is consistent with field data from three sites. To investigate how the critical zone is structured across a hillslope and how water is routed throughout the critical zone, I conducted an intensive field investigation on a steep (average 30 degree), actively eroding (0.2-0.4 mm/yr), 135 m long soil-mantled hillslope within the Northern California Coast Ranges (referred to as Rivendell). The 4000 m2 hillslope is located within the 17 km2 Elder Creek watershed, in the Angelo Coast Range Reserve. The hillslope is forested with up to 60 m tall Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and mixed evergreen hardwoods including live oak (Quercus wislizeni), madrone (Arbutus menziesii), and California bay (Umbellularia californica), and is underlain by vertically dipping argillite with sandstone interbeds. The climate is seasonally dry, and characterized by warm, dry summers (May- Sept) and cool, wet winters within which all of the precipitation (1800 mm mean annual precipitation) falls. A network of 12 wells, as deep as 30 m, were drilled across the hillslope into fresh bedrock and an extensive sensor network of over 750 sensors records soil moisture and rock moisture, and meteorological and groundwater conditions across the site. Streamflow at the base of the hillslope is recorded at a United States Geologic Survey station a short distance upstream. To document the spatial and temporal dynamics of rock moisture, I performed periodic neutron probe surveys within deep wells. Drilling revealed a 4-25 m thick zone of variably weathered, fractured bedrock underlying, thin (50 cm) soils. Intensely fractured argillite forms a saprolite in the upper 4 m, below which fracture density, porosity, and mechanical strength decreases with depth. Fresh bedrock at the base of the profile (revealed through large increases in standard penetration resistance and an absence of signs of oxidative weathering) bounds the weathered zone from below. The boundary between unweathered and weathered rock, Zb, is progressively deeper upslope, forming an upslope thickening wedge of fractured, weathered bedrock that is increasingly weathered upslope. The seasonal addition of rainfall to this structured weathering profile, leads to the development of three distinct hydrologic zones: a near surface 4-18 m thick zone that remains unsaturated year round, a 4-15 m thick seasonally saturated zone that fluctuates largely within the same elevations year after year, and a zone which remains chronically saturated below an annually repeatable minimum water table position. A significant consequence of the development of the weathering front into bedrock is that infiltrating rainfall travels through and is stored within weathered rock as rock moisture. Rock moisture is the exchangeable water within unsaturated weathered and fractured bedrock. It has been identified as an important source of moisture to vegetation, but is poorly documented due to its inaccessibility and therefore remains an unaccounted for, but important, component of the hydrologic cycle. Here, for the first time, I directly document the spatial and temporal dynamics of rock moisture throughout the critical zone. Periodic surveys in deep wells reveal a seasonal cycle of rock moisture addition and depletion across the hillslope. This cycle begins with the first rains that mark the end of the dry season, which advance moisture into the soil and often up to 1 m into the weathered bedrock. Subsequent rains advance a wetting front through the upper 5-12 m of the profile, where increases in rock moisture storage are proportional to the addition of rainfall. In some instances, these early wet season storms generate a small, rapid but short-lived response of the water table. Once cumulative rainfall has caused the local rock moisture storage to reach a capacity beyond which rock moisture no longer increases, groundwater responds to rainfall. Further incoming water is passed rapidly, via fracture flow, to the groundwater table. This rock moisture storage capacity, which is observed to be approximately the same each year, increases upslope from 85 to 615 mm, corresponding to the upslope increase in weathering of the bedrock. The average rock moisture storage in the chronically unsaturated zone across the hillslope is about 280 mm. The upslope increase in rock moisture storage needed to initiate the seasonal groundwater response leads to the condition where, early in the wet season, runoff is generated from the lower part of the hillslope while the upper part of the hillslope is still gaining moisture. Once rock moisture is seasonally elevated, all infiltrating precipitation travels vertically through soil, saprolite, and weathered rock (we observe no overland flow or saturated flow within the soil). The timing of the rapid response of the groundwater system (~ hours) is highly variable for a given depth and does not appear to depend on travel distance to the water table. Additional storms throughout the wet season do not alter the structure or magnitude of rock moisture storage within the hillslope. Rock moisture storage is most significant in the upper 5-12 m and diminishes with depth to a zone where no detectable changes in rock moisture are observed despite the rise and fall of the water table within this zone. Rock moisture may occur as water along fracture surfaces or as water that penetrates the matrix blocks bounding fractures. At depth, the constant saturation of matrix blocks leads to the dominance of fracture flow, which drives the rapid (10-5 to 10-3 m/s) and significant (up to 11 m in a single storm) rise of the water table. On average, rock moisture changes of only 5% are needed to achieve saturation in the seasonally saturated zone. The dynamic and responsive, fracture dominated groundwater system leads to 97-99% of runoff in Elder Creek occurring during the wet season. The final storm of the wet season marks the initiation of the slow decline of rock moisture and groundwater within the hillslope throughout the long (120 days) dry season. The 30-130 mm of seasonal soil moisture storage is rapidly depleted within the first sev- eral weeks following the final storm. Approximately 12 weeks into a typically 18-week dry season, less than 15 mm of soil moisture remains, while up to 120 mm (53 mm average across the.

Download or read book Hydrogeology Chemical Weathering and Soil Formation written by Allen Hunt and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores soil as a nexus for water, chemicals, and biologically coupled nutrient cycling Soil is a narrow but critically important zone on Earth's surface. It is the interface for water and carbon recycling from above and part of the cycling of sediment and rock from below. Hydrogeology, Chemical Weathering, and Soil Formation places chemical weathering and soil formation in its geological, climatological, biological and hydrological perspective. Volume highlights include: The evolution of soils over 3.25 billion years Basic processes contributing to soil formation How chemical weathering and soil formation relate to water and energy fluxes The role of pedogenesis in geomorphology Relationships between climate soils and biota Soils, aeolian deposits, and crusts as geologic dating tools Impacts of land-use change on soils The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about this book from this Q&A with the Editors

Download or read book Critical Zones written by Bruno Latour and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-10-13 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artists and writers portray the disorientation of a world facing climate change. This monumental volume, drawn from a 2020 exhibition at the ZKM Center for Art and Media, portrays the disorientation of life in world facing climate change. It traces this disorientation to the disconnection between two different definitions of the land on which modernizing humans live: the sovereign nation from which they derive their rights, and another one, hidden, from which they gain their wealth—the land they live on, and the land they live from. Charting the land they will inhabit, they find not a globe, not the iconic “blue marble,” but a series of critical zones—patchy, heterogenous, discontinuous. With short pieces, longer essays, and more than 500 illustrations, the contributors explore the new landscape on which it may be possible for humans to land—what it means to be “on Earth,” whether the critical zone, the Gaia, or the terrestrial. They consider geopolitical conflicts and tools redesigned for the new “geopolitics of life forms.” The “thought exhibition” described in this book can opens a fictional space to explore the new climate regime; the rest of the story is unknown. Contributors include Dipesh Chakrabarty, Pierre Charbonnier, Emanuele Coccia, Vinciane Despret, Jerôme Gaillarde, Donna Haraway, Joseph Leo Koerner, Timothy Lenton, Richard Powers, Simon Schaffer, Isabelle Stengers, Bronislaw Szerszynski, Jan A. Zalasiewicz, Siegfried Zielinski Copublished with ZKM | Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe

Download or read book Proceedings of the Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering written by and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: