Download or read book Silicon Photonic Mach zehnder Modulator Architectures for High Order Modulation Formats written by Alireza Samani and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Global internet traffic has been growing exponentially in the past several years. This increase is fueled by video streaming services (e.g. Netflix, YouTube), cloud-based storages (e.g. Dropbox, google drive), and machine-to-machine (e.g. Internet of Things) applications. Since 2008 most Internet traffic has originated or been terminated in datacenters and the datacenter traffic is forecasted to grow three-fold in the next five years to reach 20.6 zettabytes by 2021. On-Off-Keying (OOK) has been the main modulation format employed in short reach optical interconnects. The simplicity of the transmitter and receiver architectures have been an important factor in the success of OOK for short reach optical links. Recently deployed, 100 Gb/s systems utilize OOK modulation in 4 × 25 Gb/s configuration. However, as we move towards 400 Gb/s and 1 Tb/s systems, OOK requires a proportional increase in the bandwidth. Hence, a more efficient modulation format is required to avoid such complexity. Silicon photonics (SiP) has recently become a popular choice for datacenter interconnects. Taking advantage of years of complementary metal oxide semiconductor research and development, SiP provides a low cost and high yield platform for datacenter optical interconnects. In this thesis, 3 different SiP Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) structures to generate higher order modulation formats are presented. First, the feasibility of utilizing coherent transmission systems as opposed to intensity modulation/direct detection systems for 400 Gb/s and 1 Tb/s systems are discussed and an Inphase-Quadrature modulator is presented. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using coherent systems for short reach applications. Next, we investigate and compare the performance advantages of generating 4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-4) using various structures of MZM optically, instead of generating PAM-4 in the electrical domain using digital to analog convertors (DACs) for 400 Gb/s systems. The two variants of optical-DACs are a Dual Parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DP-MZM) with one series push pull travelling wave MZM on each arm and a single MZM having two electrodes in series that we name Multi-Electrode MZM (ME-MZM). We present the optical design of the modulators and investigate the effects of non-linearities of the MZM transfer function and PN junction phase-shifters on performance of the PAM-4 generation. Then, the DC, small signal and large signal characterization of each modulator are presented. We parametrically examine the transmission performance of each modulator and present an optimized modulator design for optical generation and transmission of 112 Gb/s PAM-4 without using digital signal processing." --

Download or read book Development of Silicon Photonic Multi Chip Module Transceivers written by Nathan Casey Abrams and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The designs and results of higher order modulation format modulators, both microring based and Mach Zehnder based, are discussed. High order modulators offer a path towards scaling transceiver total throughput without having to increase the channel counts or component bandwidth. Together, the work in these two sections supports the development of silicon photonic transceivers to aid in the adoption of silicon photonics into data generating systems.

Download or read book Silicon organic hybrid electro optic modulators for high speed communication systems written by Zwickel, Heiner and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2024-04-09 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SOH (silicon-organic hybrid) elektrooptische Modulatoren kombinieren Siliziumphotonik mit organischen elektro-optischen Materialien. Dieses Buch befasst sich mit Aspekten, die speziell für den Einsatz von SOH-Modulatoren in praktischen optischen Hochgeschwindigkeitskommunikationssystemen relevant sind, wie z. B. Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik, Modellierung und die Implementierung effizienter Modulationsformate für IM/DD-Formate. - Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) electro-optic modulators combining silicon photonic structures with organic EO materials are investigated. This book addresses aspects that are specifically relevant for the use of SOH modulators in practical high-speed optical communication systems such as packaging, modelling of the device, and the implementation of efficient intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) modulation formats.

Download or read book Silicon Photonic Modulators for Low power Applications written by Palmer, Robert and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2015-07-01 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, silicon photonic integrated circuits are combined with electro-optic organic materials for realizing energy-efficient modulators with unprecedented performance. These silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators feature a compact size, sub-Volt drive voltages, and they support data rates up to 84 Gbit/s. In addition, a wet chemical waveguide fabrication scheme and an efficient fiber-chip coupling scheme are presented.

Download or read book Integrated Silicon based Optical Modulators written by Kensuke Ogawa and published by SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book discusses the principles and the latest progress of silicon optical modulators as cutting-edge integrated photonic devices on silicon-photonic platforms, which play key roles in modern optical communications with low power consumption, small footprints, and low manufacturing costs. Silicon Mach-Zehnder optical modulators are emphasized as the principal small-footprint optical modulator because of its superior performance in high-speed optical modulation at operational temperatures beyond 100 degrees Celsius without power-consuming thermo-electric cooling in spectral bands over 100 nm"--

Download or read book Silicon Photonic Interferometric Modulators written by David Patel and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In recent years, the amount of traffic within data centers has increased to a point where electrical interconnects are being replaced by optical interconnects and pluggable modules. Silicon photonics, which uses the existing CMOS fabrication capabilities to develop integrated photonics, offers the ability to make compact devices in high volume with relatively better yield. This makes it a highly desired platform to develop optical transceivers and components for modern data centers. As such, it has recently reached the production phase of the technology development cycle. This thesis studies several devices that are applicablein leading data centers. A detailed analysis and characterization of a silicon Michelson modulator with short 500 um phase shifters and a low VpiLpi of 0.72 V-cm under reverse bias is presented. The optical modulation of reverse biased p-n and forward biased p-i-n junctions is investigated. For reverse bias operation, it is demonstrated that bandwidth can be increased with lower impedance drivers and the driver impedance limits the bitrate achievable. Furthermore, forward bias operation with pre-emphasized signals is shown to have clean eye diagrams up to 40 Gbps. Energy consumption is estimated for all cases of studies and their trade-offs are explained.The work on modulators is further developed by studying series push-pull traveling wave Mach-Zehnder modulators. Measurements of electrodes is compared with simulation validating the methods of increasing impedance and microwave effective index with T-shaped electrodes. Moreover, designs with two and three level implants are compared and it is concluded with measurements that a two level doping design is as good as the design with three level implants, thus reducing the number of masks and processing steps required. Another variation of modulators is the dual-drive modulators. Here, the spacing between electrodes can lead to coupling, which results in different responses depending on whether the modulator is driven single-endedly or differentially. The electro-optic frequency response of a four-port traveling-wave dual-drive modulator with relatively weak coupling amongst the electrodes is measured. It is shown that the electro-optic frequency response of the Mach-Zehnder modulator can be predicted with a 2x2 cascaded matrix model if the Mach-Zehnder modulator is symmetric and differentially driven. In recent years, the increase in data transfers has demanded that more bits be transmitted and received in a given bandwidth. The design and characterization of a silicon-on-insulator traveling-wave multi-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator is reported in this thesis. This 2-bit electro-optic digital-to-analog converter is formed by dividing a series push-pull Mach-Zehnder modulator into two segments, one for each bit, thus allowing for PAM-4 modulation without using a digital-to-analog converter. The device is operated at speeds up to 50 Gbaud and thus generating 100 Gbps on a single wavelength without signal processing at the transmitter or the receiver. The pre-forward error correction bit error rate is estimated to be lower than the hard-decision forward error correction threshold of 3.8e-3 over 1 km of standard single-mode fiber.Another component that is crucial in optical networks is the optical switch. The optical switch has numerous applications in protection and restoration as well as in certain modern data center architectures. A 4x4 fully non-blocking crossbar switch fabric based on interferometric thermal phase shifters is developed and reported in this thesis. Here, heating is achieved using resistive elements around the silicon waveguide. Switching times of 5 us and 36 mW power consumption in an individual switching element is measured. As a proof of concept, the quality in degradation of switching is demonstrated by routing an input signal to some of the outputs of the switch." --

Download or read book Design Analysis and Performance of a Silicon Photonic Traveling Wave Mach Zehnder Modulator written by David Patel and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Silicon photonics is a technology platform for integrating passive and active optical devices. The ability to use existing CMOS-VLSI foundry processes to fabricate integrated optics enables large volume production at low costs while maintaining compatibility with electronic integrated circuits. With the recent explosion in network traffic, large datacenters are demanding higher and higher intra-datacenter transmission speeds over distances of up to 20 km. For this application, optical interconnects are more energy efficient and are able to satisfy the bandwidth demands of the foreseeable future. Optical modulators are an essential component of these communication links and immense research is dedicated to developing efficient high bitrate devices. It is desirable to have high bitrate transmission over a single channel because it simplifies multiplexing (e.g., fewer wavelengths and parallel fibers) which can increase costs. The work presented in this thesis uses the silicon photonic platform to realize an integrated Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) suitable for datacenter communication links.A series push-pull traveling wave MZM is designed using T-shaped extensions to increase the microwave index. The modulator is designed to have a characteristic impedance close to 50 Ohms for matching with common microwave drivers and terminations. In addition, the group velocities of the microwave and optical wave are closely matched to optimize the electro-optic bandwidth. A 37 GHz -3 dB electro-optic bandwidth was measured at 1 V reverse bias. The DC Vpi was measured to be 7 V in the most efficient arm, corresponding to a VpiLpi of 2.8 V-cm. For on-off keying modulation, open eye diagrams are visible up to 60 Gbps. Error-free operation with a bit error rate (BER)

Download or read book Active Silicon Photonic Components for Datacom Transceivers written by Maxime Jacques and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The dramatic surge of cloud-based applications, connected objects, online gaming, streaming services and global mobile data users keep driving the increase in Internet protocol (IP) traffic around the world. Global data-center IP traffic will be 20.6 zettabytes in 2021, and Cisco now estimates the world will count 3.6 networked devices per capita before 2023, compared to just 2.4 in 2018. With the deployment of the 5G network, enabling mobile live video streaming, demand for more bandwidth will continue to grow at a fast pace in the upcoming years. To cope with this data volume, their will be twice as many hyper-scale data centers in 2021 versus just 5 years before. Optical fibers and transceivers ensure data transport and electrical/optical conversion in data center networks. Among the available technologies to build transceivers, silicon photonics (SiP) has increasing traction and market shares due to the possibility of mass production at a reduced cost, and high yields. In this thesis, we study and develop active SiP components to improve the platform competitiveness and enable future 800 Gbit/s and 1.6 Tb/s optical transceivers. First, we study the impact of distortions inherent to the modulation mechanism on optical coherent transmission systems by comparing the 3 main commercial integrated platforms: lithium niobate (LN), indium phosphide and SiP. We compare the received vector diagram chirp parameter and error vector magnitude (EVM) for each modulator, and find that SiP distortions lead to a slightly worst penalty than InP compared to the LN benchmark. We also show that phase non-linearity in SiP degrades the performance of a common symbol timing recovery algorithm. These SiP impairments are found to be proportional to the modulator drive voltage relative to 2x Vpi (half-wave voltage).Second, we optimize the design of metal-based and doped-Si-based resistive thermo-optic (TOPS) phase shifters, and fabricate both on the same silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. Although the two designs are almost optically lossless and show similar efficiency, the doped-Si design has a significantly larger switching bandwidth, and is hence overall the most attractive and versatile. We then characterize thermal crosstalk, and find that deep trenches are the most efficient structures not requiring post-processing to mitigate heat leakage. Third, we design and demonstrate the first optical time-gate isolator based on a TW-MZM architecture fully fabricated on SOI, achieving more than 22 dB average isolation. Since the design is based on a conventional traveling-wave Mach-Zehnder modulator (TW-MZM) architecture, the isolator is optically broadband and can be entirely fabricated on SOI, unlike magneto-optic isolators. Light is completely blocked in the reverse direction at all time, at the expense of periodic amplitude modulation in the forward direction. We embed our isolator in a complete intensity modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) transmission system, and measure a related signal-to-noise (SNR) penalty of only 0.5 dB at 13.6 Gbaud PAM-4.Then, we demonstrate the first successful transmission of net 200 Gbit/s with a single SiP MZM in a IM/DD system, using a multi-electrode MZM (ME-MZM). We discuss the driving strategies, bandwidth/Vpi and digital signal processing (DSP) trade-offs, and modulation format/symbol rate optimization enabling this result. We present the system margins with respect to driver amplitude, received power and number of taps. Finally, we design our own SiP TW-MZM, and this time achieve 212.5 Gbit/s net data rate on a single wavelength in IM/DD, using a single 2.6 Vpp driver. The MZM design has a highly competitive 8.7 GHz/V bandwidth/Vpi figure of merit. We also show net 200 Gbit/s transmission over 10 km using PAM-8 and soft-decision forward error correction (SD-FEC), and at back-to-back (B2B) using PAM-6 and regular hard-decision FEC. The minimum MZM energy consumption is only 51 fJ/bit at net 200 Gbit/s"--

Download or read book High Performance CMOS Modulator Drivers for Silicon Photonics Mach Zehnder Modulator written by Shenghao Liu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book High speed Hybrid Silicon Mach zehnder Modulator and Tunable Microwave Filter written by Hui-Wen Chen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The routing of data electronically within microprocessors is becoming increasingly challenging due to the large volumes of data being transferred. Optical interconnects on silicon are an attractive alternative to traditional electronic interconnects because they provide higher bandwidth and have the potential to be compatible with low cost, high volume, mature CMOS processing. Recent efforts in silicon photonics have focused on developing a wide range of optical components, such as lasers, amplifiers, photodetectors, that can be integrated on a single platform. Among all, a lot of work has focused on modulators as they are crucial for the generation and transmission of high-speed signals such that increasing demands on data capacity can be satisfied.

Download or read book Characterization and Tests of Different Mach Zehnder Silicon Photonic Modulator Configurations written by Davide Badoni and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book High Speed Optical Modulation Advanced Modulation Formats and Mode Division Multiplexing in Silicon Photonics written by Diego Pérez Galacho and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bandwidth demand in optical communication systems is continually growing. Data rate values in the order of several hundreds of TBps are expected in the near future. In order to cope with those expectations silicon based technologies are believed to be the best suited. Its naturally compatibility with CMOS easily enables the electronics and photonics co-integration. In the short-term the way increase data rates in next generation optical communication systems goes through using advanced modulation format and increase symbol rates. In the long-term view, new multiplexing techniques will be required. In this sense, mode division multiplexing is nowadays an attractive approach under consideration.In this Thesis work, the way to implement these new optical communication schemes is studied from the transmitter point of view. It includes, on a first part the modeling, design and characterization of silicon modulators. And in a second part, it includes the proposition, design and characterization of novel mode handling devices for mode division multiplexing.A new way of modeling silicon modulators has been developed. This new model permits to reduce the computation time of modulator analysis up to two orders of magnitude, while maintaining a good level of accuracy. Using the model, modulators based on lateral PN junctions and interdigitated PN junctions were designed to work in the O-Band of optical communications. Characterization work has been performed on these modulators with good results. Wide-open OOK (On Off Keying) eye diagrams with 10 dB extinction ratio were obtained at 10GBps. Furthermore, BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) modulation was also demonstrated at 10GBps.New kind of mode converters and multiplexers, intended to work as mode division multiplexing subsystems have been proposed, designed, fabricated and characterized. Measured results show broad bandwidth operation with high extinction ratio.

Download or read book Analysis of Integrated Silicon Depletion type Mach Zehnder Modulators for Advanced Modulation Formats written by Despoina Petousi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Optical Communications for Long haul Short reach and Chip scale Distances Enabled by Digital Signal Processing written by Mathieu Chagnon and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This thesis covers three topics of optical communications. First, we address long-haul fiberoptic coherent systems and propose a solution to two specific problems: polarization recovery and fiber nonlinearity. Second, we study silicon photonic devices for passive all-optical signal processing and active optical signal modulation enabling dense integration of photonics with advanced microelectronics. Finally, we address the need for faster short-reach transceivers in intra- and inter-data center networks by proposing novel modulation formats, digital signal processing algorithms, and transceiver architectures for Stokes vector modulation and demodulation. The thesis covers a large range of optical transmission distances, from long-haul to chip-scale photonics including short-reach optics for data center networks, all enabled by digital signal processing at both the transmitter and receiver. In the case of long-haul fiber-optic coherent systems, we propose a blind and fast algorithm allowing recovering the state of polarization of any Dual-Polarization square M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (DP-MQAM) format. The algorithm allows a significant reduction of the convergence time for any polarization orientation at the receiver compared to the traditional blind derotation method. We also propose a complex modulation format being a power constrained version of the Dual-Polarization-8QAM format and we analytically and experimentally demonstrate greater tolerance to nonlinear effects. For chip-scale photonic devices, the thesis contains a thorough study of wavelength multicasting using the parametric process of four-wave-mixing in a silicon-on-insulator photonic waveguide where we demonstrate a 1-to-6 multicast of a 16QAM signal and study the impact on performance of the input and output fiber-chip couplers. We also characterize the performance of the first silicon Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator enabling 112 Gb/s using 8-level intensity modulation for CMOS integrated interconnects. Finally, for optical communications targeting data center applications covering the range of 0.5 to 10 km, we present novel transceivers, modulation formats, and digital signal processing schemes for next generation single wavelength high-speed pluggables. We demonstrate the first transmission of 112 Gb/s over 10 km of single mode fiber in a silicon photonics modulator using 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), compliant with IEEE©'s new physical specifications of 56 Gbaud signaling and PAM-4 format. The thesis also reports the first demonstration of a 300 Gb/s transceiver enabled by digital to analog and analog to digital converters and novel digital signal processing algorithms where we modulate 6 bits of information per symbol on a single laser source and demodulate with a direct detection Stokes-vector receiver.We conclude this thesis with a summary of the research presented and possible future research to follow those addressed in this work." --

Download or read book Silicon Photonics Design written by Lukas Chrostowski and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-03-12 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This hands-on introduction to silicon photonics engineering equips students with everything they need to begin creating foundry-ready designs.

Download or read book Silicon Photonics written by Graham T. Reed and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-10-29 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing demand for instant and reliable communication means that photonic circuits are increasingly finding applications in optical communications systems. One of the prime candidates to provide satisfactory performance at low cost in the photonic circuit is silicon. Whilst silicon photonics is less well developed as compared to some other material technologies, it is poised to make a serious impact on the telecommunications industry, as well as in many other applications, as other technologies fail to meet the yield/performance/cost trade-offs. Following a sympathetic tutorial approach, this first book on silicon photonics provides a comprehensive overview of the technology. Silicon Photonics explains the concepts of the technology, taking the reader through the introductory principles, on to more complex building blocks of the optical circuit. Starting with the basics of waveguides and the properties peculiar to silicon, the book also features: Key design issues in optical circuits. Experimental methods. Evaluation techniques. Operation of waveguide based devices. Fabrication of silicon waveguide circuits. Evaluation of silicon photonic systems. Numerous worked examples, models and case studies. Silicon Photonics is an essential tool for photonics engineers and young professionals working in the optical network, optical communications and semiconductor industries. This book is also an invaluable reference and a potential main text to senior undergraduates and postgraduate students studying fibre optics, integrated optics, or optical network technology.

Download or read book Network on Chip written by Isiaka Alimi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-04-06 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Limitations of bus-based interconnections related to scalability, latency, bandwidth, and power consumption for supporting the related huge number of on-chip resources result in a communication bottleneck. These challenges can be efficiently addressed with the implementation of a network-on-chip (NoC) system. This book gives a detailed analysis of various on-chip communication architectures and covers different areas of NoCs such as potentials, architecture, technical challenges, optimization, design explorations, and research directions. In addition, it discusses current and future trends that could make an impactful and meaningful contribution to the research and design of on-chip communications and NoC systems.