Download or read book Sentencing in the Age of Information written by Katja Franko Aas and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applying media and communication studies to sentencing and penal culture, Franko Aas offers a lucid and innovative account of how punishment is adjusting to a new cultural climate.
Download or read book Guidelines Manual written by United States Sentencing Commission and published by . This book was released on 1988-10 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Meaning of Life written by Marc Mauer and published by The New Press. This book was released on 2018-12-11 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "I can think of no authors more qualified to research the complex impact of life sentences than Marc Mauer and Ashley Nellis. They have the expertise to track down the information that all citizens need to know and the skills to translate that research into accessible and powerful prose." —Heather Ann Thompson, author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning Blood in the Water From the author of the classic Race to Incarcerate, a forceful and necessary argument for eliminating life sentences, including profiles of six people directly impacted by life sentences by formerly incarcerated author Kerry Myers Most Western democracies have few or no people serving life sentences, yet here in the United States more than 200,000 people are sentenced to such prison terms. Marc Mauer and Ashley Nellis of The Sentencing Project argue that there is no practical or moral justification for a sentence longer than twenty years. Harsher sentences have been shown to have little effect on crime rates, since people "age out" of crime—meaning that we're spending a fortune on geriatric care for older prisoners who pose little threat to public safety. Extreme punishment for serious crime also has an inflationary effect on sentences across the spectrum, helping to account for severe mandatory minimums and other harsh punishments. A thoughtful and stirring call to action, The Meaning of Life also features moving profiles of a half dozen people affected by life sentences, written by former "lifer" and award-winning writer Kerry Myers. The book will tie in to a campaign spearheaded by The Sentencing Project and offers a much-needed road map to a more humane criminal justice system.
Download or read book Paying for the Past written by Richard S. Frase and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019-08 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All modern sentencing systems, in the US and beyond, consider the offender's prior record to be an important determinant of the form and severity of punishment for subsequent offences. Repeat offenders receive harsher punishments than first offenders, and offenders with longer criminal records are punished more severely than those with shorter records. Yet the vast literature on sentencing policy, law, and practice has generally overlooked the issue of prior convictions, even though this is the most important sentencing factor after the seriousness of the crime. In Paying for the Past, Richard S. Frase and Julian V. Roberts provide a critical and systematic examination of current prior record enhancements under sentencing guidelines across the US. Drawing on empirical data and analyses of guidelines from a number of jurisdictions, they illustrate different approaches to prior record enhancements and the differing outcomes of those approaches. Roberts and Frase demonstrate that most prior record enhancements generate a range of adverse outcomes at sentencing. Further, the pervasive justifications for prior record enhancement, such as the repeat offender's assumed higher risk of reoffending or greater culpability, are uncertain and have rarely been subjected to critical appraisal. The punitive sentencing premiums for repeat offenders prescribed by US guidelines cannot be justified on grounds of prevention or retribution. Shining a light on a neglected but critically important topic, Paying for the Past examines the costs of prior record enhancements for repeat offenders and offers model guidelines to help reduce racial disparities and reallocate criminal justice resources for jurisdictions who use sentence enhancements.
Download or read book The Second Circuit Sentencing Study written by Anthony Partridge and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Peculiar Institution written by David Garland and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2011-02-01 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. death penalty is a peculiar institution, and a uniquely American one. Despite its comprehensive abolition elsewhere in the Western world, capital punishment continues in dozens of American states– a fact that is frequently discussed but rarely understood. The same puzzlement surrounds the peculiar form that American capital punishment now takes, with its uneven application, its seemingly endless delays, and the uncertainty of its ever being carried out in individual cases, none of which seem conducive to effective crime control or criminal justice. In a brilliantly provocative study, David Garland explains this tenacity and shows how death penalty practice has come to bear the distinctive hallmarks of America’s political institutions and cultural conflicts. America’s radical federalism and local democracy, as well as its legacy of violence and racism, account for our divergence from the rest of the West. Whereas the elites of other nations were able to impose nationwide abolition from above despite public objections, American elites are unable– and unwilling– to end a punishment that has the support of local majorities and a storied place in popular culture. In the course of hundreds of decisions, federal courts sought to rationalize and civilize an institution that too often resembled a lynching, producing layers of legal process but also delays and reversals. Yet the Supreme Court insists that the issue is to be decided by local political actors and public opinion. So the death penalty continues to respond to popular will, enhancing the power of criminal justice professionals, providing drama for the media, and bringing pleasure to a public audience who consumes its chilling tales. Garland brings a new clarity to our understanding of this peculiar institution– and a new challenge to supporters and opponents alike.
Download or read book Sentencing A Social Process written by Cyrus Tata and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-28 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book asks how we should make sense of sentencing when, despite huge efforts world-wide to analyse, critique and reform it, it remains an enigma.Sentencing: A Social Process reveals how both research and policy-thinking about sentencing are confined by a paradigm that presumes autonomous individualism, projecting an artificial image of sentencing practices and policy potential. By conceiving of sentencing instead as a social process, the book advances new policy and research agendas. Sentencing: A Social Process proposes innovative solutions to classic conundrums, including: rules versus discretion; aggravating versus mitigating factors; individualisation versus consistency; punishment versus rehabilitation; efficient technologies versus the quality of justice; and ways of reducing imprisonment.
Download or read book Federal Sentencing written by United States Sentencing Commission and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-26 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides an overview of the federal sentencing system. For context, it first briefly discusses the evolution of federal sentencing during the past four decades, including the landmark passage of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (SRA),1 in which Congress established a new federal sentencing system based primarily on sentencing guidelines, as well as key Supreme Court decisions concerning the guidelines. It then describes the nature of federal sentences today and the process by which such sentences are imposed. The final parts of this paper address appellate review of sentences; the revocation of offenders' terms of probation and supervised release; the process whereby the United States Sentencing Commission (the Commission) amends the guidelines; and the Commission's collection and analysis of sentencing data
Download or read book A Guide to Publications Resources written by United States Sentencing Commission and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Past Predicts The Future Criminal History and Recidivism of Federal Offenders written by United States Sentencing Commission and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2017-04-12 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The focus of this report is the 25,431 U.S. citizen federal offenders released from prison or placed on probation in calendar year 2005. Recidivism refers to a person's relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes interventions for a previous crime. Recidivism is typically measured by criminal acts that resulted in the re-arrest, re-conviction, and/or re-incarceration of the offender over a specified period of time. Recent developments, particularly public attention to the size of the federal prison population and the cost of incarceration have refocused the Commission's interest on the recidivism of federal offenders. This report takes into account chapters four and two of the Guidelines Manual (ISBN: 9780160934896) in establishing the Commission's methods for evaluation. Scoring points for evaluation of the study group, and criminal history category identification. The Appendix comprised of tables and figures section offers the Study group's offender race, median age, re-conviction rates, re-incarceration rates, offenses categories, and more. Related products: United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual 2016 is available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/052-070-07703-4 Alternative Sentencing in the Federal Criminal Justice System is available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/052-070-07686-1?ctid=1103 Federal Probation: A Journal of Correctional Philosophy and Practice print subscription available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/727-001-00000-0?ctid= Take Charge of Your Future: Get the Education and Training You Need can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/065-000-01446-7 Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, December 1, 2016 is available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/federal-rules-criminal-procedure-2016
Download or read book Effects of Child Age on Sentence Severity for Mothers and Fathers written by Miranda Nelson and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are negatively affected by parental incarceration, and peoples' discretion in sentencing determines for how long parents are taken away from their children. Although federal laws explicitly state that people should not consider family responsibilities and defendant gender when sentencing, psychological theory and research suggests that people might be sensitive to defendants' gender and the age of their children. The novel question is whether child age influences sentencing decisions. To test these effects, the age of the defendant's child and defendant gender were manipulated in two experiments - in a 3-sentence vignette in Study 1 and a presentence investigation report in Study 2. Study 1 tested a 2 (gender: man, woman) X 8 (age of child: 6-months, 1-year, 3-years, 5-years, 8-years, 13-years, 15-years, no child) between-subjects design, and Study 2 tested a 2 (defendant gender: man, woman) X 3 (no child, 1-year- old, 13-year-old) design. Participants in both studies were adults in the United States recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, n = 461 in Study 1 and n = 362 in Study 2. Results revealed that in Study 1, defendants with a 1-year-old received less prison time than defendants with a 13-year-old; defendants with a 1-year-old received less prison time than defendants with no children; and defendants with a 13-year-old and defendants with no children received similar prison times. Contrary to prior work, women did not receive more lenient sentences than did men. As in Study 1, Study 2 found that men and women received similar prison times. Thus, results from both studies suggest that perhaps people are becoming more egalitarian in their sentencing decisions for men and women, and thus, are not influenced by traditional gender roles. Results from Study 2 revealed that defendants with a 1-year-old child received similar sentences to defendants with a 13-year-old child. Further, defendants without children received similar sentences to defendants with children. Thus, Study 1 and Study 2 found inconsistent results of whether child age influenced sentencing decisions. Therefore, results from both studies suggests that child age might influence sentencing decisions when little information is given. However, when more information is given (e.g., criminal history and details about the crime), child age does not influence sentencing decisions. Another important component of the present research was to determine why people might sentence defendants differently based on child age and defendant gender. Results from Study 2 revealed that people's general concern for the child did not mediate the relationship between child age and prison time, and perceptions of the defendant's moral character did not mediate the relationship between parental status and prison time. However, people's general concern for the child and defendants' moral character predicted prison time for the defendant, suggesting that people are influenced by their concern for the child and their perceptions of the defendants' moral character when making sentencing decisions. Considering the defendant's moral character when sentencing is a biased decision that impacts defendants' outcomes, creating a disparity between defendants who are perceived to be more moral than others. However, considering the concern of the child when making sentencing decisions is desirable because children of parents who offend are less likely to be separated from their parents, thus protecting them from a whole host of negative outcomes (e.g., future delinquency, internalizing and externalizing problems).
Download or read book Against Prediction written by Bernard E. Harcourt and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-09-15 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From random security checks at airports to the use of risk assessment in sentencing, actuarial methods are being used more than ever to determine whom law enforcement officials target and punish. And with the exception of racial profiling on our highways and streets, most people favor these methods because they believe they’re a more cost-effective way to fight crime. In Against Prediction, Bernard E. Harcourt challenges this growing reliance on actuarial methods. These prediction tools, he demonstrates, may in fact increase the overall amount of crime in society, depending on the relative responsiveness of the profiled populations to heightened security. They may also aggravate the difficulties that minorities already have obtaining work, education, and a better quality of life—thus perpetuating the pattern of criminal behavior. Ultimately, Harcourt shows how the perceived success of actuarial methods has begun to distort our very conception of just punishment and to obscure alternate visions of social order. In place of the actuarial, he proposes instead a turn to randomization in punishment and policing. The presumption, Harcourt concludes, should be against prediction.
Download or read book Impact Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evaluations for Sentencing of Juveniles in Criminal Court written by Antoinette Kavanaugh and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Young people charged with serious offenses may be tried in criminal court. The U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled that, if convicted in criminal court, juveniles' sentencing must take into account their relative developmental immaturity compared to adults. Therefore, Judges and attorneys in these cases need information from forensic mental health examiners about a youth's degree of immaturity and its relevance for sentencing. This is the first book to provide forensicmental health examiners a legal and developmental foundation for these evaluations, as well as best practices for performing the evaluation and communicating it to the court.
Download or read book North Carolina Sentencing Handbook with Felony Misdemeanor and DWI Sentencing Grids 2018 written by James M. Markham and published by Unc School of Government. This book was released on 2018-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a step-by-step guide to the sentencing of felonies, misdemeanors, and impaired driving in North Carolina. It includes the felony and misdemeanor sentencing grids that apply under Structured Sentencing and a table showing the different sentencing levels for DWI. The book also includes materials on diversion programs (deferred prosecution and conditional discharge), probation supervision, fines and fees, and sex offender registration.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Sentencing and Corrections written by Joan Petersilia and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 777 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook surveys American sentencing and corrections from global and historical views, from theoretical and policy perspectives, and with attention to a number of problem-specific issues.
Download or read book When Machines Can Be Judge Jury And Executioner Justice In The Age Of Artificial Intelligence written by Katherine B Forrest and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-04-08 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Is it fair for a judge to increase a defendant's prison time on the basis of an algorithmic score that predicts the likelihood that he will commit future crimes? Many states now say yes, even when the algorithms they use for this purpose have a high error rate, a secret design, and a demonstratable racial bias. The former federal judge Katherine Forrest, in her short but incisive When Machines Can Be Judge, Jury, and Executioner, says this is both unfair and irrational ...' See full reviewJed S RakoffUnited States District Judge for the Southern District of New YorkNew York Review of Books This book explores justice in the age of artificial intelligence. It argues that current AI tools used in connection with liberty decisions are based on utilitarian frameworks of justice and inconsistent with individual fairness reflected in the US Constitution and Declaration of Independence. It uses AI risk assessment tools and lethal autonomous weapons as examples of how AI influences liberty decisions. The algorithmic design of AI risk assessment tools can and does embed human biases. Designers and users of these AI tools have allowed some degree of compromise to exist between accuracy and individual fairness.Written by a former federal judge who lectures widely and frequently on AI and the justice system, this book is the first comprehensive presentation of the theoretical framework of AI tools in the criminal justice system and lethal autonomous weapons utilized in decision-making. The book then provides a comprehensive explanation as to why, tracing the evolution of the debate regarding racial and other biases embedded in such tools. No other book delves as comprehensively into the theory and practice of AI risk assessment tools.
