Download or read book Sensory Modulation of Climbing Fiber Burst Activity written by Alexander Scott Fanning and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adaptations that take place in the cerebellum support motor learning. Climbing fibers (CFs), the axons originating from cells in the inferior olive, provide input to the cerebellum that is important for the development of some of these adaptations. CFs discharge a high-frequency burst of 1-6 action potentials (200-500 Hz) and the bursts occur about once every second. Much of what is known about the influence of CF activity on adaptations is based on observations of the 1 Hz activity without attention being paid to the intra-burst activity. In order to understand more about the full set of functions CF input serves, we have pursued three main projects designed to capture the relevance of the variable, intra-burst activity. We utilized a new calcium indicator, Cal-520, that has superior kinetics, sensitivity, and signal-to-noise, compared to other calcium indicators in order to measure the variable burst activity of CFs. By varying the number of pulses in a high-frequency burst (1, 3, or 5 pulses at 400 Hz), or by varying the interspike interval (ISI; 2, 3, 4, or 5 ms), we found that the calcium response amplitude increased with the addition of more pulses and with longer duration ISIs. This suggests calcium imaging with two-photon microscopy can be used to measure the variable intraburst activity of CFs. With this capability, coupled to the evidence that suggests CFs are activated by sensory stimulation, we then sought to understand how sensory stimuli modulate CF burst activity. We show the occurrence of sensory stimulation evokes larger calcium responses compared with spontaneous activity and strong stimuli produce larger calcium responses than weak stimuli. The same stimuli, if presented repeatedly over multiple days, differentially modulate burst activity depending on the stimulus. If the stimuli are paired in order to induce associative learning, CF calcium responses also show modulation such that responses to a cue that predicts an aversive stimulus increase in amplitude, while responses to the aversive stimulus decrease as learning progresses. These results support an expansion of CFs ability to convey meaningful information about sensory stimulation that can be used to guide learning

Download or read book The olivo cerebellar system written by Egidio D'Angelo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last decades, investigations on the olivo-cerebellar system have attained a high level of sophistication, which led to redefinitions of several structural and functional properties of neurons, synapses, connections and circuits. Research has expanded and deepened in so many directions and so many theories and models have been proposed that an ensemble review of the matter is now needed. Yet, hot topics remain open and scientific discussion is very lively at several fronts. One major question, here as well as in other major brain circuits, is how single neurons and synaptic properties emerge at the network level and contribute to behavioural regulation via neuronal plasticity. Other major aspects that this Research Topic covers and discusses include the development and circuit organization of the olivo-cerebellar network, the established and recent theories of learning and motor control, and the emerging role of the cerebellum in cognitive processing. By touching on such varied and encompassing subjects, this Frontiers Special Topic aims to highlight the state of the art and stimulate future research. We hope that this unique collection of high-quality articles from experts in the field will provide scientists with a powerful basis of knowledge and inspiration to enucleate the major issues deserving further attention.

Download or read book Neuroscience for Clinicians written by Eduardo E. Benarroch MD and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-06-10 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuroscience for Clinicians is a comprehensive and clinically relevant survey of emerging concepts on the organization and function of the nervous system and neurologic disease mechanisms. By emphasizing how genetic, molecular, and cellular processes and their interactions control the function of the nervous system, the work will help clinicians understand emerging concepts about the mechanisms of neurologic disorders including neurodegeneration, channelopathies, and synaptic dysfunction that provide potential therapeutic targets . This single-authored textbook utilizes ample figures and tables throughout in order to facilitate retention of the core concepts presented. Divided into 5 sections, the first section includes chapters focused on basic cellular processes. Section 2 includes chapters focused on cell communication while Section 3 focuses on the neuronal microenvironment. The fourth section focuses on the organization and interactions of circuits in the cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, underlying behavioral states such as sleep, sensory processing, and motor control. The fifth section addresses mechanisms of pain and neural control of survival. And the final section covers concepts on mechanisms of emotion, social behavior, memory, language, and executive functions with emphasis on dementia and behavioral disorders.

Download or read book Functional Neuroscience written by Oswald Steward and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated textbook of medical neuroscience, this book coherently presents the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the human nervous system. The neuroanatomy is presented in a way that is integrated with a modern presentation of cellular neurophysiological systems, neuroscience, and cellular, molecular, and developmental neuroscience. Clinical correlations are provided wherever appropriate.

Download or read book Information Processing in the Cerebellum written by Richard Apps and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-03 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology written by Constance Hammond and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-06-03 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Fifth Edition is the only up-to-date textbook on the market that focuses on the molecular and cellular physiology of neurons and synapses. Hypothesis-driven rather than a dry presentation of the facts, the book promotes a real understanding of the function of nerve cells that is useful for practicing neurophysiologists and students in graduate-level courses on the topic alike. This new edition explains the molecular properties and functions of excitable cells in detail and teaches students how to construct and conduct intelligent research experiments. The content is firmly based on numerous experiments performed by top experts in the field. The new edition contains new chapters on recording neuronal activity, iconotrophic and metabotropic receptors for sensory transduction, and a section containing exercises for further learning. This book will be a useful resource for neurophysiologists, neurobiologists, neurologists, and students taking graduate-level courses on neurophysiology. Authoritative foundational coverage of basic cellular and molecular neurophysiology Includes new chapters on recording neuronal activity, iconotrophic and metabotropic receptors for sensory transduction Provides fifteen appendices that describe how neurobiological techniques are interspersed in the text Presents enhanced coverage of new methodologies and experimental techniques

Download or read book Bioinspired Devices written by Eugene C. Goldfield and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-08 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Robotic exoskeletons that allow stroke survivors to regain use of their limbs, 3D-printed replacement body parts, and dozens of other innovations still in schematic design are revolutionizing the treatment of debilitating injuries and nervous system disorders. What all these technologies have in common is that they are modeled after engineering strategies found in nature—strategies developed by a vast array of organisms over eons of evolutionary trial and error. Eugene Goldfield lays out many principles of engineering found in the natural world, with a focus on how evolutionary and developmental adaptations, such as sensory organs and spinal cords, function within complex organisms. He shows how the component parts of highly coordinated structures organize themselves into autonomous functional systems. For example, when people walk, spinal cord neurons generate coordinated signals that continuously reorganize patterns of muscle activations during the gait cycle. This self-organizing capacity is just one of many qualities that allow biological systems to be robust, adaptive, anticipatory, and self-repairing. To exploit the full potential of technologies designed to interact seamlessly with human bodies, properties like these must be better understood and harnessed at every level, from molecules to cells to organ systems. Bioinspired Devices brings together insights from a wide range of fields. A member of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Goldfield offers an insider’s view of cutting-edge research, and envisions a future in which synthetic and biological devices share energy sources and control, blurring the boundary between nature and medicine.

Download or read book Cerebellar Learning written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-07 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress in Brain Research is the most acclaimed and accomplished series in neuroscience, firmly established as an extensive documentation of the advances in contemporary brain research. The volumes, some of which are derived from important international symposia, contain authoritative reviews and original articles by invited specialists. The rigorous editing of the volumes assures that they will appeal to all laboratory and clinical brain research workers in the various disciplines: neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, neuroendocrinology, neuropathology, basic neurology, biological psychiatry, and the behavioral sciences. This volume, The Cerebellum and Memory Formation: Structure, Computation and Function, covers topics including feedback control of cerebellar learning; cortico-cerebellar organization and skill acquisition; cerebellar plasticity and learning in the oculomotor system, and more. - Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation, and provide their views and perspectives for future research - The volume reflects current thinking about the ways in which the cerebellum can engage in learning, and the contributors come from a variety of research fields - The chapters express perspectives from different levels of analysis that range from molecular and cellular mechanisms through to long-range systems that allow the cerebellum to communicate with other brain areas

Download or read book Corticofugal Modulation of Sensory Information written by A. Nuñez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-26 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sensory signals reach the cerebral cortex after having made synapses in different relay stations along the sensory pathway. The flow of sensory information in subcortical relay stations is controlled by the action of precise topographic connections from the neocortex. Several lines of research indicate that the massive corticifugal system improves ongoing subcortical sensory processing and reorganizes the receptive fields in visual, auditory and somatosensory systems. In all these sensory systems cortical neurons mediate both the highly focused positive feedback to subcortical neurons with ove.

Download or read book The Embodied Brain Computational Mechanisms of Integrated Sensorimotor Interactions with a Dynamic Environment written by Mario Senden and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-07-31 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cerebellar Cortex written by S.L. Palay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The origins of this book go back to the first electron microscopic studies of the central nervous system. The cerebellar cortex was from the first an object of close study in the electron microscope, repeating in modern cytology and neuroanatomy the role it had in the hands of RAMON y CAJAL at the end of the nineteenth century. The senior author vividly remembers a day early in 1953 when GEORGE PALADE, with whom he was then working, showed him an electron micrograph of a cerebellar glomerulus, saying "That is what the synapse should look like. " It is true that the tissue was swollen and the mitochondria were exploded, but all of the essentials of synaptic structure were visible. At that time small fragments of tissue, fixed by immersion in osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate, were laboriously sectioned with glass knives without any predetermined orientation and then examined in the electron microscope. After much searching, favorably preserved areas' were studied at the cytological level in order to recognize the parts of neurons and characterize them. Such procedures, dependent upon random sections and uncontrollable selection by a highly erratic technique of preservation, precluded any systematic investigation of the organization of a particular nucleus or region of the central nervous system. It was difficult enough to distinguish neurons from the neuroglia.

Download or read book The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine written by John C. Eccles and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has had a three-fold origin, corresponding to the discoveries made by the three authors and their collaborators during the last few years - mostly since 1962. A most fruitful symposium on the cerebellum was held in Tokyo at the time of the International Physiological Congress in September 1965, and there was then formulated the project of writing this book so as to organize all this new knowledge and make it readily available, and to give opportunity for the con ceptual developments that may be seen in Chapters XI, XII and XV in particular. The present account of the physiological properties of the cerebellar cortex is based to a large extent on systematic investigations that were concerned with discovering the mode of operation of the constituent neuronal elements of the cerebellar cortex. This work was carried out in the Physiology Department of the Australian National University from 1963 to 1966 in collaboration with several visiting scientists - initially Drs. ANDERSEN, OscARssaN and VooRHOEVE and later Drs. LuNAs, SAsAKI and STRATA - to all of whom grateful thanks are extended for a great many of the figures, and even more significantly for the original and critical contributions that they made to so many aspects of this exploration into the mode of operation of the neural machinery of the cerebellar cortex.

Download or read book The Somatosensory System written by H. H. Kornhuber and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Towards an Integrated Approach to Measurement Analysis and Modeling of Cortical Networks written by A. Ravishankar Rao and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-03-17 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The amount of data being produced by neuroscientists is increasing rapidly, driven by advances in neuroimaging and recording techniques spanning multiple scales of resolution. The availability of such data poses significant challenges for their processing and interpretation. To gain a deeper understanding of the surrounding issues, the Editors of this e-Book reached out to an interdisciplinary community, and formed the Cortical Networks Working Group, and the genesis of this e-Book thus began with the formation of this Working Group, which was supported by the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis in the USA. The Group consisted of scientists from neuroscience, physics, psychology and computer science, and meetings were held in person. (A detailed list of the group members is presented in the Editorial that follows.) At the time we started, in 2010, the term “big data” was hardly in existence, though the volume of data we were handling would certainly have qualified. Furthermore, there was significant interest in harnessing the power of supercomputers to perform large scale neuronal simulations, and in creating specialized hardware to mimic neural function. We realized that the various disciplines represented in our Group could and should work together to accelerate progress in Neuroscience. We searched for common threads that could define the foundation for an integrated approach to solve important problems in the field. We adopted a network-centric perspective to address these challenges, as the data are derived from structures that are themselves network-like. We proposed three inter-twined threads, consisting of measurement of neural activity, analysis of network structures deduced from this activity, and modeling of network function, leading to theoretical insights. This approach formed the foundation of our initial call for papers. When we issued the call for papers, we were not sure how many papers would fall into each of these threads. We were pleased that we found significant interest in each thread, and the number of submissions exceeded our expectations. This is an indication that the field of neuroscience is ripe for the type of integration and interchange that we had anticipated. We first published a special topics issue after we received a sufficient number of submissions. This is now being converted to an e-book to strengthen the coherence of its contributions. One of the strong themes emerging in this e-book is that network-based measures capture better the dynamics of brain processes, and provide features with greater discriminative power than point-based measures. Another theme is the importance of network oscillations and synchrony. Current research is shedding light on the principles that govern the establishment and maintenance of network oscillation states. These principles could explain why there is impaired synchronization between different brain areas in schizophrenics and Parkinson’s patients. Such research could ultimately provide the foundation for an understanding of other psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions. The chapters in this book cover these three main threads related to cortical networks. Some authors have combined two or more threads within a single chapter. We expect the availability of related work appearing in a single e-book to help our readers see the connection between different research efforts, and spur further insights and research.

Download or read book Natural Biodynamics written by Vladimir G. Ivancevic and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005 with total page 1038 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume is a graduate-level text in human biodynamics, written in the unified categorical language of modern differential geometry and topology. Combining mathematics, physics and robotics with human physiology, this is the first book that describes all levels of human biodynamics, from musculo-skeletal mechanics to the higher brain functions. The book develops and uses a variety of research methods, ranging from chaos theory and Haken's synergetics, through quantum mechanics, to nonlinear control and artificial intelligence, to provide the means to understand, predict and control the behavior of human-like systems in their full neuro-musculo-skeletal complexity. The applications of this unique scientific methodology range from prediction of human neuro-musculo-skeletal injuries to brain-like control of humanoid robots.

Download or read book Sensory System I written by ADELMAN and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-12-19 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Neural Information Processing Systems written by Dana Z. Anderson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 890 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Papers comprising this volume were presented at the first IEEE Conference on [title] held in Denver, Co., Nov. 1987. As the limits of the digital computer become apparent, interest in neural networks has intensified. Ninety contributions discuss what neural networks can do, addressing topics that in