Download or read book Sedimentology Behavior and Hazards of Debris Flows at Mount Rainier Washington written by Kevin M. Scott and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sedimentology Behavior and Hazards of Debris Flows at Mount Rainier Washington written by Kevin M. Scott and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Recent Periglacial Debris Flows from Mount Rainier Washington written by Elizabeth Anne Copeland and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Debris flow initiation is controlled by a complex interaction of geology, geomorphology, climate, and weather. In the Cascade Range of Pacific Northwest and mountainous areas globally, patterns of temperature and precipitation are being altered by climate change, which may in turn impact debris flow initiation. Temperature has increased and patterns of precipitation have changed, potentially impacting the timing, geography, and triggering mechanisms of debris flows. Glacier retreat since the end of the Little Ice Age has exposed volumes of unstable sediment on steep slopes prone to debris flow initiation. Earlier spring snowmelt extends the snow-free window when rainstorms may mobilize sediment, resulting in debris flows. To ascertain the presence of a climate change signal we examined the timing, geography, and initiation mechanisms of recent (2001 to 2006) non-volcanic debris flows from Mount Rainier, Washington, the highest volcano in the Cascade Range with the largest ice-volume in the conterminous United States. Debris flows damage infrastructure, requiring costly repairs. Debris flows also deposit volumes of sediment in streams, potentially exacerbating future flood hazards. To characterize recent debris flows, field reconnaissance was conducted summer 2008 along suspected debris flow paths from initiation to deposition. Results from summer fieldwork were used in conjunction with analysis of aerial photography, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and other data to determine characteristics of debris flow initiation sites, such as elevation, slope, orientation, upslope contributing area, and proximity to glaciers. Recent debris flow initiation sites were also examined in reference to glacier characteristics, such as elevation of glacier termini, glacier retreat, orientation, area, and volume, for the years 1913, 1971, and 1994 from past work by Nylen (2004). Characterization of debris flow initiation sites and definition of the locations of longitudinal transitions in debris flow behavior allows estimation of future debris flow hazards also allows inferences to be drawn regarding initiation mechanisms to be inferred and suggests a trajectory for changing debris flow hazards due to climate change. Debris flows at Mt. Rainier occur in late summer through fall and recent events were no exception, occurring from August through November. A total of twelve debris flows occurred in six stream channels during the period of 2001 to 2006. Three channels not previously known to have experienced debris flows, two south-facing and one north-facing, were impacted. Debris flows tracks led up to glacier meltwater fed, steep-walled channels or gullies in unvegetated, unconsolidated Quaternary-age material immediately downslope of glacier margins. Debris flows initiated at an average elevation of 2181 m and an average channel gradient of 39°. While glaciers appear to play a key role in debris flow initiation, simple glacier metrics could not be used to distinguish glaciers near debris flow heads from those without proximal debris flows heads. All but one of the twelve debris flows initiated during rainfall. The single debris flow that occurred during dry-weather is described by Vallance et al. (2002). Rainfall induced debris flows in 2003, 2005, and 2006 were not associated with landslide scarps, rockfalls, or other indications of large slope failures. Rather, debris flows initiated in steep-walled gullies fed by glacier meltwater that were visible on aerial photography prior to the first known debris flow initiation in a particular channel. The steep flanks of Mt. Rainier contain many similar gullies that have not previously been associated with debris flows, but debris flow producing gullies are at higher elevations than gullies not associated with debris flows. The small population of recent debris flows and incomplete historic record of debris flows for the periods 1926 to 1985 and 1993 to 2001 limits analysis of changes in debris flow timing, geography, or triggering mechanism. The magnitude of recent events may have initially appeared greater than historic events as the 2005 and 2006 storms are the only ones known to have produced multiple debris flows in the recorded history of Mt. Rainier National Park. Yet much of the damage initially attributed to debris flows was due to widespread, severe flooding. Ongoing, detailed record keeping and possibly reconstruction of past events through paired geomorphic reconnaissance and dendrochronology is needed before conclusions regarding the impacts of climate change on debris flow initiation can be reached.
Download or read book Geomorphic analysis of the river response to sedimentation downstream of Mount Rainier Washington written by Jonathan A. Czuba and published by U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. This book was released on 2012-12-07 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the geomorphology of rivers draining Mount Rainier, Washington, was completed to identify sources of sediment to the river network; to identify important processes in the sediment delivery system; to assess current sediment loads in rivers draining Mount Rainier; to evaluate if there were trends in streamflow or sediment load since the early 20th century; and to assess how rates of sedimentation might continue into the future using published climate-change scenarios. Rivers draining Mount Rainier carry heavy sediment loads sourced primarily from the volcano that cause acute aggradation in deposition reaches as far away as the Puget Lowland. Calculated yields ranged from 2,000 tonnes per square kilometer per year [(tonnes/km2)/yr] on the upper Nisqually River to 350 (tonnes/km2)/yr on the lower Puyallup River, notably larger than sediment yields of 50–200 (tonnes/km2)/yr typical for other Cascade Range rivers. These rivers can be assumed to be in a general state of sediment surplus. As a result, future aggradation rates will be largely influenced by the underlying hydrology carrying sediment downstream. The active-channel width of rivers directly draining Mount Rainier in 2009, used as a proxy for sediment released from Mount Rainier, changed little between 1965 and 1994 reflecting a climatic period that was relatively quiet hydrogeomorphically. From 1994 to 2009, a marked increase in geomorphic disturbance caused the active channels in many river reaches to widen. Comparing active-channel widths of glacier-draining rivers in 2009 to the distance of glacier retreat between 1913 and 1994 showed no correlation, suggesting that geomorphic disturbance in river reaches directly downstream of glaciers is not strongly governed by the degree of glacial retreat. In contrast, there was a correlation between active-channel width and the percentage of superglacier debris mantling the glacier, as measured in 1971. A conceptual model of sediment delivery processes from the mountain indicates that rockfalls, glaciers, debris flows, and main-stem flooding act sequentially to deliver sediment from Mount Rainier to river reaches in the Puget Lowland over decadal time scales. Greater-than-normal runoff was associated with cool phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Streamflow-gaging station data from four unregulated rivers directly draining Mount Rainier indicated no statistically significant trends of increasing peak flows over the course of the 20th century. The total sediment load of the upper Nisqually River from 1945 to 2011 was determined to be 1,200,000±180,000 tonnes/yr. The suspended-sediment load in the lower Puyallup River at Puyallup, Washington, was 860,000±300,000 tonnes/yr between 1978 and 1994, but the long-term load for the Puyallup River likely is about 1,000,000±400,000 tonnes/yr. Using a coarse-resolution bedload transport relation, the long-term average bedload was estimated to be about 30,000 tonnes/yr in the lower White River near Auburn, Washington, which was four times greater than bedload in the Puyallup River and an order of magnitude greater than bedload in the Carbon River. Analyses indicate a general increase in the sediment loads in Mount Rainier rivers in the 1990s and 2000s relative to the time period from the 1960s to 1980s. Data are insufficient, however, to determine definitively if post-1990 increases in sediment production and transport from Mount Rainier represent a statistically significant increase relative to sediment-load values typical from Mount Rainier during the entire 20th century. One-dimensional river-hydraulic and sediment-transport models simulated the entrainment, transport, attrition, and deposition of bed material. Simulations showed that bed-material loads were largest for the Nisqually River and smallest for the Carbon River. The models were used to simulate how increases in sediment supply to rivers transport through the river systems and affect lowland reaches. For each simulation, the input sediment pulse evolved through a combination of translation, dispersion, and attrition as it moved downstream. The characteristic transport times for the median sediment-size pulse to arrive downstream for the Nisqually, Carbon, Puyallup, and White Rivers were approximately 70, 300, 80, and 60 years, respectively.
Download or read book Landform Dynamics and Evolution in Romania written by Maria Radoane and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 860 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New and innovative scientific theories, discussion and explanations are presented on landform dynamics and evolution in Romania along with a comprehensive understanding of the geomorphological processes shaping the large variety of Romania’s landscape. Thematically arranged the book deals with landform dynamics of specific relief types: glacial and periglacial, denudational, fluvio-denudational, fluvial, karst and coasts, as well as sediment fluxes, geomorphic hazards and risks. The authors are key scientists and researchers in the field and offer innovative views on research methods and concepts applied to the topics in question. This work will be of interest to students and researchers in geography, geomorphology, geology, environmental science, paleoclimatology and soil science as well as policy and decision-makers in spatial planning.
Download or read book The Measure of a Mountain written by Bruce Barcott and published by Sasquatch Books. This book was released on 2011-02-01 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “provocative, highly original” profile of Mount Rainier—capturing the majestic beauty and deadly allure of one of the largest active volcanoes in the U.S. (Jon Krakauer, author of Into Thin Air) Mount Rainier is one of the largest and most dangerous volcanoes in the country, both an awesome natural monument and a formidable presence of peril. In The Measure of a Mountain, Seattle writer Bruce Barcott sets out to grasp the spirit of Rainier through an exploratory, meandering, and deeply personal journey along its massive flanks. From forest to precipice, thinning air to fractured glaciers, he explores not only the physique of Rainier but the psychology and meaning of all mountains—and the deep connection that exists between humans and landscape. What he finds is a complex of moss-bearded hemlocks and old-growth firs, high meadows that blossom according to a precise natural timeclock, sheets of crumbling pumice, fractured glaciers, and unsteady magma. Rainier’s snow fields bristle with bug life, and its marmots chew rocks to keep their teeth from overgrowing. The mountain rumbles with seismic twitches and jerks, seeing one-hundred-thirty earthquakes annually . . . Rainier is an obsession, a temple that attracts its own passionate acolytes—from scientists and priests to rangers, and mountain guides—as well as a monument to death. Referred to by locals as simply “the mountain,” it is the single largest feature of the Pacific Northwest landscape—provided it isn’t hidden in clouds. Visible or not, though, Rainer’s presence is undeniable. Filled with adventure, poignant personal reflections, and fascinating mountain lore told by Indian chiefs, professional guides, priests, and scientists, The Measure of a Mountain is one man’s stirring quest to reconcile with a dazzling creation of nature, at once alluring and sometimes deadly.
Download or read book Debris flow Hazards and Related Phenomena written by Matthias Jakob and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-26 with total page 795 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With climate change and deforestation, debris flows and debris avalanches have become the most significant landslide hazards in many countries. In recent years there have been numerous debris flow avalanches in Southern Europe, South America and the Indian Subcontinent, resulting in major catastrophes and large loss of life. This is therefore a major high-profile problem for the world's governments and for the engineers and scientists concerned. Matthias Jakob and Oldrich Hungr are ideally suited to edit this book. Matthias Jakob has worked on debris flow for over a decade and has had numerous papers published on the topic, as well as working as a consultant on debris flow for municipal and provincial governments. Oldrich Hungr has worked on site investigations on debris flow, avalanches and rockfall, with emphasis on slope stability analysis and evaluation of risks to roads in built-up areas. He has also developed mathematical models for landslide dynamic analysis. They have invited world-renowned experts to joint them in this book.
Download or read book U S Geological Survey Professional Paper written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Catastrophic Landslides written by Stephen G. Evans and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume documents advances in our knowledge of catastrophic landslides, providing a worldwide survey of catastrophic landslide events. It draws on South America to illustrate dramatically the impact of these phenomena on human populations. The occurrence of catastrophic landslides, including site-specific insights, is shown through six events of the past 20 years. Several other chapters focus on the mechanisms involved with catastrophic landsides both in relation to geologic factors in a particular geographic area as well as to specific geologic processes.
Download or read book Publications of the Geological Survey written by Geological Survey (U.S.). and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 962 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Advances in Debris flow Science and Practice written by Matthias Jakob and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zusammenfassung: This book provides a summary of the state of the art of all facets of debris-flow science and practice and is designed to be a comprehensive technical reference for practitioners and a state-of-the-art research overview for scientists. It is richly illustrated with equations, graphs, photos, and tables. The book allows students, practitioners, and regulators to get a sense of the current state of the art in this science. Currently, there are 2 to 3 papers published every week on some aspects of debris-flow science. This creates a bewildering amount of literature that cannot be captured by a single individual. This book provides a comprehensive overview of all facets to date, including initial hazard assessments, detailed quantitative risk assessments, debris-flow warning systems, debris-flow mitigation structure designs, and failures of mitigation works, as well as new topics such as climate change effects on debris flows
Download or read book Preliminary mineralogic and stable isotope studies of altered summit and flank rocks and Osceola Mudflow deposits on Mount Rainier Washington written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Volcanoes written by Robert Decker and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2006 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Robert and Barbara Decker provide readers with this accessible introduction to vulcanology. With first-hand descriptions and photographs, this 4th edition has three new chapters on Volcanoes in the solar system, the Pinatubo Volcano and the Yellowstone National Park.
Download or read book Global Land Ice Measurements from Space written by Jeffrey S. Kargel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An international team of over 150 experts provide up-to-date satellite imaging and quantitative analysis of the state and dynamics of the glaciers around the world, and they provide an in-depth review of analysis methodologies. Includes an e-published supplement. Global Land Ice Measurements from Space - Satellite Multispectral Imaging of Glaciers (GLIMS book for short) is the leading state-of-the-art technical and interpretive presentation of satellite image data and analysis of the changing state of the world's glaciers. The book is the most definitive, comprehensive product of a global glacier remote sensing consortium, Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS, http://www.glims.org). With 33 chapters and a companion e-supplement, the world's foremost experts in satellite image analysis of glaciers analyze the current state and recent and possible future changes of glaciers across the globe and interpret these findings for policy planners. Climate change is with us for some time to come, and its impacts are being felt by the world's population. The GLIMS Book, to be released about the same time as the IPCC's 5th Assessment report on global climate warming, buttresses and adds rich details and authority to the global change community's understanding of climate change impacts on the cryosphere. This will be a definitive and technically complete reference for experts and students examining the responses of glaciers to climate change. World experts demonstrate that glaciers are changing in response to the ongoing climatic upheaval in addition to other factors that pertain to the circumstances of individual glaciers. The global mosaic of glacier changes is documented by quantitative analyses and are placed into a perspective of causative factors. Starting with a Foreword, Preface, and Introduction, the GLIMS book gives the rationale for and history of glacier monitoring and satellite data analysis. It includes a comprehensive set of six "how-to" methodology chapters, twenty-five chapters detailing regional glacier state and dynamical changes, and an in-depth summary and interpretation chapter placing the observed glacier changes into a global context of the coupled atmosphere-land-ocean system. An accompanying e-supplement will include oversize imagery and other other highly visual renderings of scientific data.
Download or read book Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications written by United States. Superintendent of Documents and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: February issue includes Appendix entitled Directory of United States Government periodicals and subscription publications; September issue includes List of depository libraries; June and December issues include semiannual index
Download or read book Mount Rainier written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume develops a research plan to study and monitor Mount Rainier, an active Cascade volcano located about 35 km southeast of the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area. The book also addresses issues of communication and coordination among geoscientists, social scientists, planners, and responsible authorities, so that research results can be used to support hazard reduction efforts.
Download or read book Physical Geology of Shallow Magmatic Systems written by Christoph Breitkreuz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-23 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a high-level summary of shallow magmatic systems (dykes, sills and laccoliths) to support geoscience master and PhD students, scientists and practicing professionals. The product of the LASI (Laccoliths and Sills conference) workshop, it comprises thematic sections written by one or more experts on the respective field. It features reviews concerning the physical properties of magma, geotectonic settings, and the structure of subvolcanic systems, as well as case studies on the best-known systems. The book provides readers a broad and comprehensive understanding of the subvolcanic perspective on pluton growth, which is relevant for mineralogical processes as well as the genesis of mineral deposits.
