Download or read book Secondary Eyewall Formation as a Response to Evolving Tropical Cyclone Wind Structure written by Rohini Bhimsen Shivamoggi and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third chapter of the thesis describes work using an axisymmetric numerical model (Cloud Model 1) to establish a dynamical relationship between secondary eyewall formation and wind broadening in the outer region of a tropical cyclone. In these simulations, secondary eyewall formation is a means by which the inner region of a tropical cyclone adjusts to growth in the outer wind field. While some past studies have used quasi-steady frameworks for studying secondary eyewall formation, the results from Chapters 2 and 3 of this work emphasize the importance of examining secondary eyewall formation in frameworks in which the tropical cyclone's wind structure is evolving.

Download or read book Analyzing Tropical Cyclone Structures During Secondary Eyewall Formation Using Aircraft In situ Observations written by Katharine Wunsch and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the evolution of mature tropical cyclones (TCs), intensity and structural changes canoccur due to a process called an eyewall replacement cycle (ERC). Secondary eyewall formation(SEF) is the initial phase of an ERC, in which a ring of convection forms outside of the preexistingprimary eyewall of the TC. The dynamical mechanisms for SEF remain unclear, but mosthypotheses rely on the early presence of persistent and widespread rainband convection outside ofthe primary eyewall. The evolving rainband convection has both axisymmetric and asymmetricstructures that play a role in SEF processes. This project uses aircraft reconnaissance observationsfrom the FLIGHT+ dataset to examine the evolution of these structures. We create compositesfrom this dataset which includes USAF C-130 and NOAA P-3 aircraft observations of Atlanticbasin TCs from 1999-2015. The axisymmetric structures of TCs undergoing SEF are firstcompared to intensifying TCs that did not experience an ERC. Tangential wind and angularmomentum profiles show a broadening of the outer wind field prior to SEF, whilethermodynamic observations indicate features consistent with strengthening eyewall convection.Next, the ERC TCs are analyzed in quadrants relative to the deep-layer environmental wind shearto examine the evolution of asymmetric kinematic and thermodynamic structures. We utilize anew normalization technique based on the radii of both eyewalls to isolate structures thatsurround the secondary eyewall before and during SEF. We found that the kinematic structures ofthe developing secondary eyewall were most prominent in the storm half left of the wind shearvector. The thermodynamic structures of the secondary eyewall became more axisymmetric overtime during SEF, but those of the primary eyewall became more asymmetric as it began toweaken prior to being fully replaced. Analyzing observations from Hurricane Earl as a case studyillustrates variations in convective coverage that are captured in the composite study.Understanding the structures observed by aircraft reconnaissance and their relation tomechanisms that lead to SEF will improve our ability to predict the resultant changes in TC intensity and structure.

Download or read book The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models written by Kerry Emanuel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-30 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents descriptions of numerical models for testing cumulus in cloud fields. It is divided into six parts. Part I provides an overview of the problem, including descriptions of cumulus clouds and the effects of ensembles of cumulus clouds on mass, momentum, and vorticity distributions. A review of closure assumptions is also provided. A review of "classical" convection schemes in widespread use is provided in Part II. The special problems associated with the representation of convection in mesoscale models are discussed in Part III, along with descriptions of some of the commonly used mesoscale schemes. Part IV covers some of the problems associated with the representation of convection in climate models, while the parameterization of slantwise convection is the subject of Part V.

Download or read book Cloud Dynamics written by Robert A. Houze Jr. and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1994-06-28 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clouds play a critical role in the Earth's climate, general atmospheric circulation, and global water balance. Clouds are essential elements in mesoscale meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, air pollution, atmosphericradiation, and weather forecasting, and thus must be understood by any student or researcher in the atmospheric sciences. Cloud Dynamics provides a skillful and comprehensive examination of the nature of clouds--what they look like and why, how scientists observe them, and the basic dynamics and physics that underlie them. The book describes the mechanics governing each type of cloud that occurs in Earth's atmosphere, and the organization of various types of clouds in larger weather systems such as fronts, thunderstorms, and hurricanes.This book is aimed specifically at graduate students, advanced undergraduates, practicing researchers either already in atmospheric science or moving in from a related scientific field, and operational meteorologists. Some prior knowledge of atmospheric dynamics and physics is helpful, but a thorough overview of the necessary prerequisites is supplied. Provides a complete treatment of clouds integrating the analysis of air motions with cloud structure, microphysics, and precipitation mechanics Describes and explains the basic types of clouds and cloud systems that occur in the atmosphere-fog, stratus, stratocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, cirrus, thunderstorms, tornadoes, waterspouts, orographically induced clouds, mesoscale convection complexes, hurricanes, fronts, and extratropical cyclones Presents a photographic guide, presented in the first chapter, linking the examination of each type of cloud with an image to enhance visual retention and understanding Summarizes the fundamentals, both observational and theoretical, of atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, cloud microphysics, and radar meteorology, allowing each type of cloud to be examined in depth Integrates the latest field observations, numerical model simulations, and theory Supplies a theoretical treatment suitable for the advanced undergraduate or graduate level

Download or read book Convectively generated Potential Vorticity in Rainbands and Secondary Eyewall Formation in Hurricanes written by Falko Judt and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentric eyewall formation and eyewall replacement cycles are intrinsic processes that determine the intensity of a tropical cyclone, as opposed to purely environmental factors such as wind shear or the ocean heat content. Although extensive research has been done in this area, there is not a single widely accepted theory on the formation of secondary eyewall structures. Many previous studies focused on dynamic processes in the inner core of a tropical cyclone that would precede and ultimately lead to the formation of a secondary eyewall. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 were frequently sampled by research aircraft which gathered a copious amount of data. During this time, Rita developed a secondary eyewall which eventually replaced the original eyewall. This thesis will investigate the formation of a secondary eyewall with particular emphasis on the rainband region, as observations show that an outer principal rainband transformed into the secondary ring. A high resolution, full physics model (MM5) initialized with global model forecast fields correctly predicted the secondary eyewall formation in Rita. The model output will be used to investigate both Katrina and Rita in terms of their PV generation characteristics since PV and vorticity maxima correlate well with wind maxima that accompany the eyewall and rainbands. Furthermore, dynamical processes such as vortex Rossby wave (VRW) activity in the inner core region will be analyzed. Comparison of the differences in the two storms might shed some light on dynamics that can lead to structure changes. Comparison of the model data with aircraft observation is used to validate the results. Doppler radar derived wind fields will be used to calculate the vertical vorticity. The vorticity field is closely related to PV and thus a manifestation of the PV generation process in the rainband. The investigation has shown that Rita2s principal rainband features higher PV generation rates at radii beyond 80 km. Both the azimuthal component and the projection of asymmetric PV generated by convection onto the azimuthal mean connected with the principal band are hypothesized to be of importance for the formation of the secondary eyewall. VRW were found not to be important for the initial formation of the ring but might enhance convective activity once the outer eyewall contracts.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences written by Gerald R. North and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-09-14 with total page 2874 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Second Edition, Six Volume Set is an authoritative resource covering all aspects of atmospheric sciences, including both theory and applications. With more than 320 articles and 1,600 figures and photographs, this revised version of the award-winning first edition offers comprehensive coverage of this important field. The six volumes in this set contain broad-ranging articles on topics such as atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, boundary layers, clouds, general circulation, global change, mesoscale meteorology, ozone, radar, satellite remote sensing, and weather prediction. The Encyclopedia is an ideal resource for academia, government, and industry in the fields of atmospheric, ocean, and environmental sciences. It is written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with the latest information in the field. Covers all aspects of atmospheric sciences—including both theory and applications Presents more than 320 articles and more than 1,600 figures and photographs Broad-ranging articles include topics such as atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, boundary layers, clouds, general circulation, global change, mesoscale meteorology, ozone, radar, satellite remote sensing, and weather prediction An ideal resource for academia, government, and industry in the fields of atmospheric, ocean, and environmental sciences

Download or read book Tropical cyclone intensity and structure changes Theories observations numerical modeling and forecasting written by Eric Hendricks and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-09-29 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Role of Asymmetric Rainband Processes in Secondary Eyewall Formation in Tropical Cyclones written by Chau Lam Yu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Secondary eyewall formation (SEF) in tropical cyclones (TCs) can cause significant changes in both the intensity and storm structure. Through a systematic analysis of model simulations, this study examined the dynamical relationships between a sequence of important asymmetric rainband processes that contribute to the onset of SEF. In an idealized simulation where artificial rainband diabatic forcing is imposed, wind field broadening is observed, together with a newly found low-level spiral updraft that resembles the updraft structure observed in Hurricanes Rita (2005) and Earl (2010). These features are also embodied clearly in a full-physics simulation of Hurricane Matthew (2016). Prior to the onset of the SEF, the simulated TC experiences a storm-scale wind field broadening accompanying with an intensifying spiral rainband. The associated wind acceleration is nearly 100 km in radial extent and covers the left-of-shear half of the storm with a slantwise descending structure. Quadrant tangential wind budget shows that this inward descending structure is due to the presence of a mid-level convergence zone associated with stratiform diabatic forcing, which draws angular momentum inward and accelerates the wind field. Collocated with stratiform cooling, the accelerated mid-level inflow turns into downdraft, forming a mesoscale descending inflow (MDI) that shapes the inward descending pattern of the acceleration field. At the upshear-left quadrant where this MDI reaches the surface, low-[theta]_E air is flushed into the boundary layer, forming a near surface cold pool. At the inner edge where this cold pool interacts with high [theta]_E moist envelope of the TC inner core, a tight thermodynamic gradient is established, with intense convective updrafts being reinvigorated and maintained. An equivalent potential temperature budget shows that the inward intruding cold pool destabilizes the atmospheric column by forming differential azimuthal warm advection, sustaining the intense convections at the vicinity of strong thermodynamic gradient. To investigate whether the identified asymmetric rainband processes generally occur in other SEF cases, a nonlinear boundary layer model is used in conjunction with airborne observations of tangential wind in TCs before, after, and without undergoing SEF. The model simulation results show that among all quadrants, the downshear-left and left-of-shear quadrants exhibit the strongest secondary updraft signals that resembles an early signal of an incipient secondary eyewall. This finding aligns well with the asymmetric rainband processes identified in our full-physics simulation, and suggests that the dynamical processes in the left-of-shear quadrants, where the stratiform portion of the rainband typically lies, are of particular importance to the onset of SEF.

Download or read book Atmospheric Science written by John M. Wallace and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-03-24 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric Science, Second Edition, is the long-awaited update of the classic atmospheric science text, which helped define the field nearly 30 years ago and has served as the cornerstone for most university curricula. Now students and professionals alike can use this updated classic to understand atmospheric phenomena in the context of the latest discoveries, and prepare themselves for more advanced study and real-life problem solving. This latest edition of Atmospheric Science, has been revamped in terms of content and appearance. It contains new chapters on atmospheric chemistry, the Earth system, the atmospheric boundary layer, and climate, as well as enhanced treatment of atmospheric dynamics, radiative transfer, severe storms, and global warming. The authors illustrate concepts with full-color, state-of-the-art imagery and cover a vast amount of new information in the field. Extensive numerical and qualitative exercises help students apply basic physical principles to atmospheric problems. There are also biographical footnotes summarizing the work of key scientists, along with a student companion website that hosts climate data; answers to quantitative exercises; full solutions to selected exercises; skew-T log p chart; related links, appendices; and more. The instructor website features: instructor’s guide; solutions to quantitative exercises; electronic figures from the book; plus supplementary images for use in classroom presentations. Meteorology students at both advanced undergraduate and graduate levels will find this book extremely useful. Full-color satellite imagery and cloud photographs illustrate principles throughout Extensive numerical and qualitative exercises emphasize the application of basic physical principles to problems in the atmospheric sciences Biographical footnotes summarize the lives and work of scientists mentioned in the text, and provide students with a sense of the long history of meteorology Companion website encourages more advanced exploration of text topics: supplementary information, images, and bonus exercises

Download or read book An Analysis of the Structure and Dynamics of Inner Core Precipitation Features in a Tropical Cyclone written by Anthony Carl Didlake (Jr.) and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Airborne Doppler radar observations of the stationary rainband complex and secondary eyewall in Hurricane Rita (2005) were analyzed to better understand the inner-core dynamics of tropical cyclones. In the upwind end of the rainband complex, convective cells displayed kinematic structures that varied with radius. Cells at smaller radii contained a low-level tangential jet constrained in altitude largely by tangential acceleration due to angular momentum conservation, while cells at larger radii contained a low-level and/or midlevel jet determined jointly by angular momentum conservation and vertical advection. These variations are attributable to vortex-scale dynamics in which convective buoyancy (associated with vertical advection) and vertical shear of the radial wind (associated with angular momentum conservation) change with radius. With jets constrained to low altitudes, inner cells are more likely to increase low-level convergence and amplify convection, possibly influencing the formation of a secondary eyewall. In the downwind end of the rainband complex, collapsing convective cells formed a mesoscale stratiform rainband that contained rising radial outflow within the stratiform cloud layer. Below the cloud layer, descending radial inflow was driven by horizontal buoyancy gradients, and thus horizontal vorticity generation, introduced by regions of sublimational and melting cooling. This inflow advected higher angular momentum inward, which resulted in the development of a midlevel tangential jet and broadening of the tangential wind field. This circulation may have also contributed to ventilation of the eyewall as inflow of low-entropy air continued past the rainband in both the boundary layer and midlevels. The stationary rainband complex soon evolved into a secondary eyewall, consisting of a ring of heavy precipitation outside the pre-existing eyewall. Enhanced radial outflow was located just above the boundary layer which modified the deeper overturning circulation of the secondary eyewall. This outflow was associated with a low-level tangential wind maximum which was strongly supergradient, mimicking the low-level circulation of the primary eyewall. Axisymmetric and asymmetric processes contributed comparably to strengthening the secondary eyewall tangential wind maximum. The evolution of these inner-core features likely played an important role in modifying the structure and intensity of the total vortex.

Download or read book Global Perspectives On Tropical Cyclones From Science To Mitigation written by Johnny C L Chan and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2010-04-30 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a completely rewritten, updated and expanded new edition of the original Global Perspectives on Tropical Cyclones published in 1995. It presents a comprehensive review of the state of science and forecasting of tropical cyclones together with the application of this science to disaster mitigation, hence the tag: From Science to Mitigation.Since the previous volume, enormous progress in understanding tropical cyclones has been achieved. These advances range from the theoretical through to ever more sophisticated computer modeling, all underpinned by a vast and growing range of observations from airborne, space and ocean observation platforms. The growth in observational capability is reflected by the inclusion of three new chapters on this topic. The chapter on the effects of climate change on tropical cyclone activity is also new, and appropriate given the recent intense debate on this issue. The advances in the understanding of tropical cyclones which have led to significant improvements in forecasting track, intensity, rainfall and storm surge, are reviewed in detail over three chapters. For the first time, a chapter on seasonal prediction is included. The book concludes with an important chapter on disaster mitigation, which is timely given the enormous loss of life in recent tropical cyclone disasters.World Scientific Series on Asia-Pacific Weather and Climate is indexed in SCOPUS.

Download or read book The Tropical Cyclone Response to Structural and Temporal Variability in the Environmental Wind Profile written by Matthew J Onderlinde and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this dissertation is to attain a better understanding of how tropical cyclones (TCs) respond to variations in the three-dimensional environmental wind field. Much attention has been given to the impact of environmental wind shear in the 850 -- 200 hPa layer on tropical cyclones. However, even with the same magnitude of shear, helicity in this layer can vary significantly. A new parameter is presented, the tropical cyclone-relative environmental helicity (TCREH). Positive TCREH leads to a tilted storm that enhances local storm scale helicity in regions of convection within the TC. Initially we proposed that this enhanced local scale helicity may allow for more robust and longer lasting convection which is more effective at generating latent heat and subsequent TC intensification. Further investigation shows that this is a secondary influence on TC intensity and that variations in the azimuthal and radial position of convection in the TC play a stronger role. Vertical tilt of the vortex is often attributed to wind shear. Different values of helicity modulate this tilt and certain tilt configurations are more favorable for development or intensification than others, suggesting that mean positive environmental helicity is more favorable for development and intensification than mean negative helicity. Idealized modeling simulations demonstrate the impact of environmental helicity on TC development and intensification. Results show that wind profiles with the same 850-200 hPa wind shear but different values of helicity lead to different rates of development. TCREH also is computed from Era-Interim reanalysis (1979 -- 2011) and GFS analyses (2004 -- 2011) to determine if a significant signal exists between TCREH and TC intensification. Mean annular helicity is averaged over various time periods and correlated with the TC intensity change during those periods. Results suggest a weak but statistically significant correlation between environmental helicity and TC intensity change with positive helicity being more favorable for intensification. Another goal of this dissertation is to identify the mechanisms that lead to the observed variations in intensification rate. Results suggest that the difference in intensification rate between TCs embedded in positive versus negative TCREH primarily results from the position of convection and associated latent heat fluxes relative to the wind shear vector. When TCREH is positive, convection is more readily advected upshear and air parcels that experience larger fluxes are more frequently ingested into the TC core. Trajectories computed from high resolution simulations demonstrate the recovery of equivalent potential temperature downwind of convection, latent heat flux near the TC core, and parcel routes through updrafts in convection. Trajectory characteristics show that low-level unstable air is lofted into deep convection near the radius of maximum winds more frequently when TCREH is positive. Contoured frequency-by-altitude diagrams (CFADs) show that convection is distributed differently around TCs embedded in environments characterized by positive versus negative TCREH. They also show that the nature of the most intense convection differs only slightly between cases of positive and negative TCREH. Finally, the implications of time-varying environments around TCs are examined. Until now, idealized numerical simulations of the tropical cyclone (TC) response to time-varying wind shear have applied instantaneous changes in the TC environment. A new modeling framework allows for smoothly transitioning environmental wind states: time-varying point-downscaling (TVPDS). TVPDS is an enhancement of the point-downscaling technique (Nolan 2011) developed for the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. It uses analysis nudging to smoothly transition between different environmental vertical wind (and/or temperature and moisture) profiles while coordinating the point-downscaling method such that the environment remains in balance. Using this new framework, results from previous studies are reexamined to test whether the instantaneous 'shock' to the environment has implications for TC intensity evolution. Results suggest that instantaneous changes to the TC environment indeed do lead to an unrealistic response to an increase in shear. TVPDS simulations of quasi-steady state, moderately intense (~50 ms-1) TCs show that the response to increasing wind shear is a steady reduction in intensity without a recovery to the pre-shear intensity. TVPDS simulations also show that the rate at which the TC weakens depends on how rapidly the environment transitions from low to high shear. Analyses of surface fluxes and regions of convection are presented to determine how the time-varying shear affects the TC.

Download or read book Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity Change Related to Eyewall Replacement Cycles and Annular Storm Formation Utilizing Objective Interpretation of Satellite Data and Model Analyses written by James P. Kossin and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project aims toward increasing our understanding of the dynamics of secondary eyewalls in tropical cyclones and our ability to forecast their formation and associated intensity changes. This is being accomplished through a synergistic combination of theoretical, empirical, and numerical modeling approaches. We expect to apply our results to the construction of objective algorithms that will be transitioned to operations to provide forecasters with new tools for improved forecasting of tropical cyclone structure and intensity.

Download or read book Analysis and Synthesis of Hurricane Wind Patterns Over Lake Okeechobee Florida written by Robert W. Schloemer and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Impacts of Asymmetric Dynamics on Tropical Cyclone Eyewall Replacement Cycles written by Tsz Kin Lai and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In mature tropical cyclones (TCs), secondary eyewall formation (SEF) is a frequently observed feature associated with the formation of an outer (secondary) eyewall outside the existing (primary) eyewall. The two eyewalls are separated by a moat region of convective minimum and vorticity minimum. An SEF is often followed by an eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) during which the contracting outer eyewall gradually intensifies while the inner eyewall dissipates. Throughout this period, significant changes in the size and the intensity of the TC usually occur. Therefore, a better understanding of ERC is desired for better TC forecasts. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying inner eyewall decay (IED) and outer eyewall intensification (OEI) are not well-understood. It is widely accepted that the cutoff effect associated with the OE makes the main contribution to the IED. However, radar imagery of some double-eyewall TCs showed that the TC vortices became elliptic prior to and during the IED. This kind of elliptic development could result from the dynamic (barotropic) instability across the moat, which is a region of sign reverse of vorticity gradient and satisfies the Rayleigh necessary condition for barotropic instability. Hence, the instability across the moat (known as the type-2 instability) may also make contributions to IED. As the first part of the thesis (Chapter 2), a study of the simulated Hurricane Wilma (2005) is conducted by using a three-dimensional (3D) cloud-resolving full-physics numerical model. It is found that the timing of the onset of the type-2 instability is coincident with the start of the rapid decrease of the low-level IE circulation, indicating that the circulation of the IE is likely weakened by the vorticity mixing associated with the type-2 instability. In the second part of the thesis (Chapter 3), two 3D numerical experiments are performed to further explore the underlying dynamics. The detailed budget analyses of azimuthally averaged absolute angular momentum (AAM) in the moist full-physics experiment clearly show that the eddy radial flux of vorticity associated with the type-2 instability makes significant contributions to the decrease in AAM of the IE and the increase in AAM of the OE. It is also found that the type-2 instability can work with the cutoff effect to accelerate the IED process. Similar patterns of the AAM budget analyses are also obtained from the dry experiment in which all physics parameterisation schemes are switched off. It is thus suggested that the type-2 instability is a fundamental process responsible for the IED and OEI in these two experiments. In the third part of the thesis (Chapter 4), unforced shallow water (SW) experiments further reveal that the intensity changes in the eyewalls through the eddy radial flux of vorticity are intrinsic nonlinear features of the type-2 instability. In addition, a detailed analysis of the most unstable eigenmode of a double-eyewall TC-like vortex shows evidence of substantial divergence of angular momentum flux over the IE and significant convergence of angular momentum flux over the OE. This further demonstrates that the origin of the intensity changes of the eyewalls is the angular momentum transport from the IE to the OE by the eddy processes associated with the type-2 instability. The last part of the thesis (Chapter 5) discusses the long-term effect of the type-2 instability on the eyewall intensity changes during ERCs. A series of forced and unforced SW experiments, which are initialised with different parameters of the vortex and convective heating, show repeated cycles of decay-intensification after the type-2 instability has been excited for a longer time. It is found that the oscillation results from the periodic elongation and contraction of the vortices associated with the long-term nonlinear evolution of the type-2 instability. These results suggest that predicting the eyewall intensity changes during ERCs may be a challenge"--

Download or read book Hurricanes written by Paul V. Kislow and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A hurricane is a tropical storm with winds that have reached a constant speed of 74 miles per hour or more. Hurricane winds blow in a large spiral around a relative calm centre known as the "eye." The "eye" is generally 20 to 30 miles wide, and the storm may extend outward 400 miles. As a hurricane approaches, the skies will begin to darken and winds will grow in strength. As a hurricane nears land, it can bring torrential rains, high winds, and storm surges. A single hurricane can last for more than 2 weeks over open waters and can run a path across the entire length of the eastern seaboard. August and September are peak months during the hurricane season that lasts from 1 June to 30 November. This book presents the facts and history of hurricanes.

Download or read book An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology written by James R. Holton and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1979 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in atmospheric, oceanic, and climate science, Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics is an introductory textbook on the circulations of the atmosphere and ocean and their interaction, with an emphasis on global scales. It will give students a good grasp of what the atmosphere and oceans look like on the large-scale and why they look that way. The role of the oceans in climate and paleoclimate is also discussed. The combination of observations, theory and accompanying illustrative laboratory experiments sets this text apart by making it accessible to students with no prior training in meteorology or oceanography. * Written at a mathematical level that is appealing for undergraduates and beginning graduate students * Provides a useful educational tool through a combination of observations and laboratory demonstrations which can be viewed over the web * Contains instructions on how to reproduce the simple but informative laboratory experiments * Includes copious problems (with sample answers) to help students learn the material.