Download or read book Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Pregnant Women Evidence Synthesis written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-07-01 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This evidence synthesis focuses on screening for unsuspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using HIV antibody (Ab) tests in pregnant women, including adolescents. Since the USPSTF last published recommendations regarding HIV screening of pregnant Women, there have been substantial changes in the management of pregnant women with HIV and in the rates of mother-to-child transmission. Although this report reviews the overall body of evidence regarding screening for HIV infection in pregnant women, it focuses on more recent data regarding the efficacy of combination antiretroviral regimens in prevention of mother-to-child transmission, harms associated with receipt of antiretrovirals in pregnancy, and the accuracy and acceptability of rapid testing. There is no effective vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for chronic infection. In HIV-infected pregnant women, a major goal of interventions is to reduce the risk of mother-to child transmission. Other important goals are to improve clinical outcomes in the mother, facilitate early identification of infected newborns, allow women to make informed future reproductive choices, and prevent horizontal transmission through counseling on risky behaviors. Interventions for HIV-infected pregnant women include antiretroviral therapy, avoidance of breastfeeding, specific labor and delivery management techniques such as cesarean section before labor and before rupture of membranes (elective cesarean section), prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, immunizations, counseling to reduce high-risk behaviors, and regular monitoring and follow-up. In the U.S., receipt of combination antiretrovirals in conjunction with elective cesarean section in selected women and avoidance of breastfeeding is the standard of care to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Management of HIV infection in pregnancy is a rapidly evolving area. Key Questions addressed include: KQ1. Does Screening for HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women Reduce Mother-to-Child Transmission or Premature Death and Disability? KQ2. Can Clinical or Demographic Characteristics (Including Persons in Specific Settings) Identify Subgroups of Asymptomatic Pregnant Women at Increased Risk for HIV Infection Compared to the General Population of Pregnant Women? KQ3. What Are the Test Characteristics of HIV Antibody Test Strategies in Pregnant Women? KQ4. What Are the Harms (Including Labeling and Anxiety) Associated with Screening? Is Screening Acceptable to Pregnant Women? KQ5. How Many HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Who Meet Criteria for Interventions Receive Them? KQ6. What Are the Harms Associated with the Work-up for HIV Infection in Pregnant Women? KQ7a. How Effective Are Interventions (Antiretroviral Prophylaxis [to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission] or Treatment [to Improve Maternal Outcomes], Avoidance of Breastfeeding, Elective Cesarean Section [in Selected Patients] or Other Labor Management Practices, Counseling on Risky Behaviors, Immunizations, Routine Monitoring and Follow-up or Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections) in Reducing Transmission Rates or Improving Clinical Outcomes (Mortality, Functional Status, Quality of Life, Symptoms, or Opportunistic Infections) in Pregnant Women with HIV Infection? KQ7b. Does Immediate Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Result in Improvements in Clinical Outcomes Compared to Delayed Treatment until Symptomatic? KQ7c. How Well Do Interventions Reduce the Rate of Viremia, Improve CD4 Counts, and Reduce Risky Behaviors? How Does Identification of HIV Infection in Pregnant Women Affect Future Reproductive Choices? KQ8. What Are the Harms (Including Adverse Effects from In Utero Exposure) Associated with Antiretroviral Intervention and Elective Cesarean Section? KQ9. Have Improvements in Intermediate Outcomes (CD4 Counts, Viremia, or Risky Behaviors) in HIV Infected Pregnant Women Been Shown to Improve Clinical Outcomes or Reduce Mother-to-Child Transmission?

Download or read book Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Pregnant Women written by Roger Chou and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CONTEXT: An estimated 6,000 to 7,000 HIV-infected women give birth each year in the United States. Although the number of cases of perinatally acquired HIV infection has declined sharply in the U.S. since the early 1990's, an estimated 280-370 HIV-infected infants were born each year between 1999 and 2001. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the evidence on risks and benefits of screening for HIV infection in pregnant women. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE(r) (through June 30, 2004), Cochrane Clinical Trials Registry (2004, Issue 2), reference lists, and experts. STUDY SELECTION: Controlled studies of screening and antiretrovirals, elective cesarean section, avoidance of breastfeeding, counseling, prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, immunizations, and routine monitoring and follow-up; observational studies of counseling, risk factors, accuracy of antibody testing, work-up, acceptability of screening and uptake of interventions, harms of interventions and screening, and long-term outcomes. DATA EXTRACTION: Using preset criteria, the authors assessed the quality of included studies and abstracted information about settings, patients, interventions, and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: There are no published trials directly linking screening for HIV in pregnant women with clinical outcomes. In developed countries, the rate of mother-to-child transmission from untreated HIV-infected women ranges from 14% to 25%. Targeted screening of pregnant women with risk factor assessment would miss a significant proportion of infected persons. Standard office-based testing is highly (>99%) sensitive and specific, and initial studies of rapid HIV tests in labor and delivery settings found similar diagnostic accuracy. Rapid testing may facilitate timely interventions in those testing positive. HIV testing rates during pregnancy continue to vary widely in the U.S. and appear to be higher in states using "opt-out" testing policies. Recommended interventions (combination antiretrovirals, elective cesarean section in selected patients, and avoidance of breastfeeding) are associated with transmission rates of 1%-2% in clinical trials and large observational studies. Shorter regimens are less effective, but also decrease the rate of transmission. Currently recommended combination antiretroviral regimens appear safe, but long-term follow-up is not yet available. Elective cesarean section is associated with an increased risk of mostly short-term adverse events. There are insufficient data to estimate the effects of interventions during pregnancy on long-term maternal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Identification and treatment of asymptomatic HIV infection in pregnant women can result in major reductions in mother-to-child transmission rates. The estimated benefits from combination antiretrovirals appear to greatly outweigh the risk of short-term complications. In settings with a maternal prevalence of 0.15%, the estimated number needed to screen to prevent one case of maternal-to-child transmission using conservative estimates of intervention effectiveness ranged from 3,500 to 12,170, and in settings with a maternal prevalence of 5%, ranged from 105 to 365. Data are insufficient to accurately estimate the long-term benefits of screening on maternal disease progression or other clinical outcomes (such as horizontal transmission). KEYWORDS: HIV, HIV infections, HIV seropositivity, mass screening, pregnancy.

Download or read book Screening for HIV in Pregnant Women Systematic Review to Update the U S Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this report is to update a previous evidence review commissioned by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) on screening for asymptomatic HIV infection in pregnant women, including adolescents. In 2005, based on the earlier review, the USPSTF recommended that clinicians screen all pregnant women for HIV (grade A recommendation). Although the USPSTF found no studies that directly evaluated prenatal HIV screening versus no screening on risk of mother-to-child transmission or other clinical outcomes, it found good evidence that prenatal testing is accurate and acceptable to women and that treatment with recommended interventions (combination antiretrovirals, elective Cesarean delivery in women with viral loads greater than 1,000 copies/mL near the time of delivery, and avoidance of breastfeeding) is associated with major reductions in risk of mother-to-child transmission (from 14% to 25% in untreated women to 1% to 2% with treatment). The USPSTF concluded that benefits of treatments in reducing perinatal transmission substantially outweighed short-term harms, though evidence on long-term maternal or infant harms associated with screening and subsequent interventions was limited. The current report will be used by the USPSTF to update its 2005 recommendation on prenatal HIV screening. This update focuses on newer evidence on the accuracy and acceptability of rapid versus standard testing, the effectiveness of newer antiretroviral regimens for reducing mother-to-child transmission, long-term maternal outcomes following use of antiretroviral regimens during pregnancy, and maternal and infant harms associated with use of antiretroviral medications. Because perinatal practices and interventions related to prevention of HIV infection are substantially impacted by the availability of resources, the report will emphasize evidence applicable to typical practice in the United States. A major goal of prenatal screening for HIV is to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission through subsequent interventions. Other important goals are to improve long-term clinical outcomes in HIV-infected women, facilitate early identification of infected newborns, help women to make more informed future reproductive choices, and reduce risk of horizontal transmission through effects on risky behaviors. Using the methods developed by the USPSTF, the USPSTF and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) determined the scope and key questions for this review. Investigators created an analytic framework with the key questions and patient populations, interventions, and outcomes reviewed. The target population for HIV screening was pregnant women without signs or symptoms of HIV infection. Key Questions include: Key Question 1. What are the benefits of HIV screening versus no screening in asymptomatic pregnant women on maternal or child morbidity, mortality, or quality of life or rates of mother-to-child transmission? Key Question 2a. What is the yield (number of new diagnoses) of repeat HIV screening in asymptomatic pregnant women? Key Question 2b. What are the adverse effects (including false-positive results and anxiety) of rapid versus standard HIV testing in asymptomatic pregnant women? Key Question 3a. What is the effectiveness of newer antiretroviral regimens for reducing mother-to- child transmission? Key Question 3b. What are the effects of antiretroviral regimens in pregnant, HIV-positive women on long-term maternal morbidity, mortality, or quality of life? Key Question 3c. What are the harms (including longer-term harms) to the mother or child associated with antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy?

Download or read book Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Adolescents and Adults written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-06-22 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This evidence synthesis focuses on screening for unsuspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using HIV antibody (Ab) tests in non-pregnant adolescents (aged 13 to 18 years old) and adults. The review will be used by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) to make recommendations regarding screening in the general adult and adolescent population. An accompanying report will review evidence regarding screening in pregnant women. Since the USPSTF published HIV screening recommendations in 1996, there have been substantial changes in the management and outcomes of chronic HIV infection. Although this report reviews the overall body of evidence regarding screening, it emphasizes recent data regarding the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens, the accuracy and acceptability of new test methods, long-term risks of antiretroviral therapy, and the optimal timing of therapy in asymptomatic patients. HIV is an RNA retrovirus of the lentiretrovirus subfamily that was first isolated from a patient with AIDS in 1983. HIV is capable of particularly rapid replication and has a high propensity to mutate. There is significant genetic variation in HIV within individuals as well as populations. These characteristics explain some of the difficulties in developing effective vaccines and treatments. There remains no effective vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for chronic infection. Interventions for HIV-infected patients include antiretroviral therapy, prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, immunizations, Papanicolaou testing, counseling to reduce high-risk behaviors, and routine monitoring and follow-up. HAART, defined as three or more antiretroviral agents used in combination (usually from at least two classes), is the standard of care for antiretroviral therapy.Key questions addressed include: KQ1. Does Screening for HIV Infection in Asymptomatic Adolescents and Adults Reduce Premature Death and Disability or Spread of Disease? KQ2. Can Clinical or Demographic Characteristics (Including Specific Settings) Identify Subgroups of Asymptomatic Adolescents and Adults at Increased Risk for HIV Compared to the General Population? KQ3. What are the Test Characteristics of HIV Antibody Test Strategies? KQ4. What are the Harms (Including Labeling and Anxiety) Associated with Screening? Is Screening Acceptable to Patients? KQ5. How Many Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive Patients Meet Criteria for Antiretroviral Treatment or Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections? How Many Patients Who Meet Criteria for Interventions Receive Them? KQ6. What are the Harms Associated with the Work-Up for HIV Infection? KQ7a. How Effective are Interventions (Antiretroviral Treatment, Counseling on Risky Behaviors, Immunizations, Routine Monitoring and Follow-Up, More Frequent Papanicolaou Testing, or Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections) in Improving Clinical Outcomes (Mortality, Functional Status, Quality of Life, Symptoms, Opportunistic Infections, or Transmission Rates)? KQ7b. In Asymptomatic Patients with HIV Infection, Does Immediate Antiretroviral Treatment Result in Improvements in Clinical Outcomes Compared to Delayed Treatment Until Symptomatic? KQ7c. How Well Do Interventions Reduce the Rate of Viremia, Improve CD4 Counts, or Reduce Risky Behaviors? KQ8. What are the Harms Associated with Antiretroviral Therapy? KQ9. Have Improvements in Intermediate Outcomes (CD4 Counts, Viremia, Risky Behaviors) Been Shown to Reduce Premature Death and Disability or Spread of Disease?

Download or read book HIV Screening of Pregnant Women and Newborns written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1991-01-01 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proposals for screening pregnant women and newborns for HIV infection have provoked much controversy. This volume analyzes the possible goals of such screening programs and assesses whether these goals can currently be achieved. It also provides guidance to policymakers in developing and implementing sound screening policy.

Download or read book Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-06-22 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report updates an evidence synthesis commissioned by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and completed in March 2005, on screening for unsuspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using HIV antibody (Ab) tests in non-pregnant adolescents (aged 13 to 18 years old) and adults. This brief update was requested by the USPSTF to determine whether there is sufficient new evidence to justify revision of recommendations based on the 2005 evidence synthesis. A key reason for this update is the release in September 2006 of revised Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations advising routine voluntary HIV screening of most U.S. adolescents and adults. The 2005 USPSTF recommendations differ from the revised CDC recommendations in that they do not recommend for or against routine screening non-pregnant adults and adolescents who do not report risk factors and are not in high-prevalence (greater than 1%) or other high-risk settings. Staff at the CDC have indicated that the agency's expanded screening recommendations are based primarily on new evidence as to the effects of HIV screening on transmission risk. This report focuses on new or “breakthrough” evidence that could affect the 2005 USPSTF recommendations regarding routine screening of low- or average-risk adults and adolescents. This update reviews new evidence on HIV screening not included in the 2005 evidence synthesis. It focuses on evidence in non-pregnant, adults and adolescents who do not report risk factors and are evaluated in lower-prevalence (less than 1%), low-risk clinical settings (referred to in this report as 'low-risk' persons), because this is the population for which the USPSTF and the 2006 CDC recommendations are discordant. In the 2005 evidence review, we identified several key areas where additional evidence could strengthen the case for screening in low-risk populations. These include gaps in the research regarding uncertainties about the acceptability of routine voluntary screening in low-risk persons; the yield of targeted versus universal screening and optimal methods of risk assessment in low-risk settings; the impact on test uptake and follow-up of abbreviated or streamlined counseling methods and newer testing or sampling methods; and the effects of screening on HIV transmission rates. We therefore focused on studies that could help fill in these gaps. We also evaluated new evidence on the cost-effectiveness of routine HIV screening and studies on the frequency of testing.

Download or read book Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus written by Roger Chou and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report updates an evidence synthesis commissioned by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and completed in March 2005, on screening for unsuspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using HIV antibody (Ab) tests in non-pregnant adolescents (aged 13 to 18 years old) and adults. This brief update was requested by the USPSTF to determine whether there is sufficient new evidence to justify revision of recommendations based on the 2005 evidence synthesis. A key reason for this update is the release in September 2006 of revised Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations advising routine voluntary HIV screening of most U.S. adolescents and adults. The 2005 USPSTF recommendations differ from the revised CDC recommendations in that they do not recommend for or against routine screening non-pregnant adults and adolescents who do not report risk factors and are not in high-prevalence (>1%) or other high-risk settings. Staff at the CDC have indicated that the agency's expanded screening recommendations are based primarily on new evidence as to the effects of HIV screening on transmission risk. This report focuses on new or "breakthrough" evidence that could affect the 2005 USPSTF recommendations regarding routine screening of low- or average-risk adults and adolescents.

Download or read book Screening for HIV Infection in Pregnant Women written by Shelley Selph and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BACKGROUND: A 2012 systematic review on HIV screening for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found strong evidence that antiretroviral therapy (ART) greatly decreases the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission but that use of ART may be associated with increased risk of preterm delivery. The USPSTF previously found HIV screening tests to be highly accurate. PURPOSE: To systematically update the 2012 USPSTF review on HIV screening in pregnancy, focusing on research gaps identified in the prior review. DATA SOURCES: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and MEDLINE (2012 to June 2018) and manually reviewed reference lists, with surveillance through January 25, 2019. STUDY SELECTION: We selected randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of pregnant women that reported risk of mother-to-child transmission or maternal or infant harms associated with prenatal HIV screening or ART during pregnancy. DATA EXTRACTION: One investigator abstracted data and a second investigator checked data abstraction for accuracy. Two investigators independently assessed study quality using methods developed by the USPSTF. DATA SYNTHESIS (RESULTS): We identified no studies on the benefits or harms of prenatal HIV screening versus no screening, or on the yield of repeat versus one-time screening or screening at different intervals. One new RCT and five new cohort studies were consistent with the 2012 USPSTF review in finding combination ART highly effective at reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection, especially if started early in pregnancy (rate of mother-to-child transmission

Download or read book Reducing the Odds written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-02-13 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thousands of HIV-positive women give birth every year. Further, because many pregnant women are not tested for HIV and therefore do not receive treatment, the number of children born with HIV is still unacceptably high. What can we do to eliminate this tragic and costly inheritance? In response to a congressional request, this book evaluates the extent to which state efforts have been effective in reducing the perinatal transmission of HIV. The committee recommends that testing HIV be a routine part of prenatal care, and that health care providers notify women that HIV testing is part of the usual array of prenatal tests and that they have an opportunity to refuse the HIV test. This approach could help both reduce the number of pediatric AIDS cases and improve treatment for mothers with AIDS. Reducing the Odds will be of special interest to federal, state, and local health policymakers, prenatal care providers, maternal and child health specialists, public health practitioners, and advocates for HIV/AIDS patients. January

Download or read book Nutrition and HIV written by Saurabh Mehta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world continues to lose more than a million lives each year to the HIV epidemic, and nearly two million individuals were infected with HIV in 2017 alone. The new Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by countries of the United Nations in September 2015, include a commitment to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Considerable emphasis on prevention of new infections and treatment of those living with HIV will be needed to make this goal achievable. With nearly 37 million people now living with HIV, it is a communicable disease that behaves like a noncommunicable disease. Nutritional management is integral to comprehensive HIV care and treatment. Improved nutritional status and weight gain can increase recovery and strength of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, improve dietary diversity and caloric intake, and improve quality of life. This book highlights evidence-based research linking nutrition and HIV and identifies research gaps to inform the development of guidelines and policies for the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. A comprehensive approach that includes nutritional interventions is likely to maximize the benefit of antiretroviral therapy in preventing HIV disease progression and other adverse outcomes in HIV-infected men and women. Modification of nutritional status has been shown to enhance the quality of life of those suffering HIV/AIDS, both physically in terms of improved body mass index and immunological markers, and psychologically, by improving symptoms of depression. While the primary focus for those infected should remain on antiretroviral treatment and increasing its availability and coverage, improvement of nutritional status plays a complementary role in the management of HIV infection.

Download or read book Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Screening in Washington State written by Sarah Annette Wagner and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book HIV Testing for Pregnant Women written by British Columbia. Minister's Advisory Committee on Ethical Issues in Health Care and published by British Columbia, Ministry of Health and Ministry Responsible for Seniors, 1995 [i.e. 1996]. This book was released on 1995-01-01 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research has indicated positive benefits of zidovudine (AZT) treatment in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from pregnant women to the foetus. As a result, the question of the appropriateness of mandatory testing of pregnant women for HIV was raised with the British Columbia Ministry of Health, the rationale being that such testing could identify HIV-positive women and an attempt could be made to protect the infant from HIV infection via the AZT treatment. This document presents the Advisory Committee on Ethical Issues in Health Care views on whether such testing would be desirable, along with the rationale for its decision.

Download or read book Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 HIV 1 and Breastfeeding written by Athena P. Kourtis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The HIV pandemic continues to levy a heavy burden on the human race world-wide. The estimated number of people who became newly infected with HIV in 2009 was 2.6 million; most of these individuals live in Sub-Saharan Africa, followed by India and Southeast Asia. An estimated 370,000 new cases of pediatric infections occurred globally in 2009 (or more than 1,000 new infections every day), practically all of them through mother-to-child transmission. Up to 40% of all new infant HIV infections occur during breastfeeding. While breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers is not recommended in the U.S. and other resource-rich settings where safe replacement feeding is easily available, the situation is different in many resource-limited settings, where replacement feeding is not safe or available and carries a high risk of infections (diarrhea, pneumonia) and infant malnutrition. Mothers in such settings are faced with a difficult dilemma: to breastfeed their infants in order to provide their infants with its many benefits (nutritional, immunologic, cognitive), but to also risk transmitting HIV. These challenges have prompted an intensive search for new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in order to prevent infants from acquiring HIV infection through breastfeeding. In this book, expert HIV researchers critically review every aspect of this highly evolving and topical subject. The opening chapters deal with the epidemiology, global magnitude and biologic mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission from mother to child through breastfeeding and include considerations of the virus (quantity, compartments, characteristics) and the host (genetic, immunity-innate, cellular, humoral). The effects of breastfeeding on the HIV-infected mother’s health and nutritional status, and the social and cultural issues associated with the practice of breastfeeding are also discussed. The next few chapters provide cutting-edge reviews of the latest approaches to prevention of HIV transmission to the infant through breastfeeding, including antiretroviral strategies, nutritional and immune-based approaches, and treatment of expressed breast milk. The remaining chapters provide a fascinating review of the many iterations this subject has received, as reflected in the several different sets of guidelines for infant feeding by HIV-infected mothers issued by the World Health Organization, and a debate by leading scientists on whether HIV-infected mothers should breastfeed their infants-in resource-limited and in resource-rich settings. A comprehensive overview of the current state of implementing the new evidence for prevention of breastfeeding transmission of HIV all over the world is also presented. Essential reading for the many disciplines of scientists and clinicians working on HIV/AIDS and other retroviruses, pediatricians, obstetricians/gynecologists, as well as all health-care professionals interested in expanding their understanding on the subject.

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Download or read book Infections in Pregnancy written by Adel Elkady and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides effective diagnosis and management of infectious diseases in pregnant women in a single comprehensive available resource for busy clinicians.

Download or read book WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV related disease in adults and children written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mixed Methods in Health Sciences Research written by Leslie Curry and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2014-09-30 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed Methods in Health Sciences Research: A Practical Primer, by Leslie Curry and Marcella Nunez-Smith, presents key theories, concepts, and approaches in an accessible way. Packed with illustrations from the health sciences literature, this ready-to-use guidebook shows readers how to design, conduct, review, and use mixed methods research findings. Helpful checklists, figures, tables, templates, and much more give readers examples that will elevate the quality of their research, facilitate communication about their methods, and improve efficiency over the course of their projects. Real-world examples and insights from mixed methods researchers provide unique perspectives on every aspect of mixed methods research. This book successfully pulls together foundational mixed methods principles, synthesizes the knowledge base in the field, and translates it for a health science researcher audience. “The content is highly applicable to real life research teams in the areas of clinical research, health services research, and implementation science, providing sound content and practical advice. The authors have synthesized and pull key concepts from a variety of sources to provide a concise resource.” —Linda M. Herrick, South Dakota State University “Everything from the references, to the topics, checklists, conceptual graphic representations, and organizers, interviews, and resources, all contribute to the content and aid with understanding and/or application. … It addresses specific MM research as it pertains to health sciences in a way that other texts just do not even attempt.” —Denise L. Winsor, University of Memphis “[This text is] a very pragmatic approach to mixed methods research; excellent resources, tables, and figures [are] provided, along with cases and examples of value to researchers and grant reviewers. Its relevance to practice, education, and research, as well as to potential policy implications, is a strong focus that would make this a valued textbook for any researcher!” ? —Karen Devereaux Melillo, University of Massachusetts Lowell “The text is cutting edge. It leads the way with its focus on team dynamics. [The authors] succeed in making the book relevant and practical. They also articulate a number of key insights in the area of mixed methods that rarely get addressed, such as teams and conflict. Great read with a lot of good, practical information for mixed methods researchers at all levels. The practical approach of this text makes it an innovative and valuable resource.” —John G. Schumacher, University of Maryland