Download or read book Reducing the Odds written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-02-13 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thousands of HIV-positive women give birth every year. Further, because many pregnant women are not tested for HIV and therefore do not receive treatment, the number of children born with HIV is still unacceptably high. What can we do to eliminate this tragic and costly inheritance? In response to a congressional request, this book evaluates the extent to which state efforts have been effective in reducing the perinatal transmission of HIV. The committee recommends that testing HIV be a routine part of prenatal care, and that health care providers notify women that HIV testing is part of the usual array of prenatal tests and that they have an opportunity to refuse the HIV test. This approach could help both reduce the number of pediatric AIDS cases and improve treatment for mothers with AIDS. Reducing the Odds will be of special interest to federal, state, and local health policymakers, prenatal care providers, maternal and child health specialists, public health practitioners, and advocates for HIV/AIDS patients. January

Download or read book Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Care written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main aim of this practical Handbookis to strengthen counselling and communication skills of skilled attendants (SAs) and other health providers, helping them to effectively discuss with women, families and communities the key issues surrounding pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, postnatal and post-abortion care. Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Careis divided into three main sections. Part 1 is an introduction which describes the aims and objectives and the general layout of the Handbook. Part 2 describes the counselling process and outlines the six key steps to effective counselling. It explores the counselling context and factors that influence this context including the socio-economic, gender, and cultural environment. A series of guiding principles is introduced and specific counselling skills are outlined. Part 3 focuses on different maternal and newborn health topics, including general care in the home during pregnancy; birth and emergency planning; danger signs in pregnancy; post-abortion care; support during labor; postnatal care of the mother and newborn; family planning counselling; breastfeeding; women with HIV/AIDS; death and bereavement; women and violence; linking with the community. Each Session contains specific aims and objectives, clearly outlining the skills that will be developed and corresponding learning outcomes. Practical activities have been designed to encourage reflection, provoke discussions, build skills and ensure the local relevance of information. There is a review at the end of each session to ensure the SAs have understood the key points before they progress to subsequent sessions.

Download or read book HIV Screening of Pregnant Women and Newborns written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1991-01-01 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proposals for screening pregnant women and newborns for HIV infection have provoked much controversy. This volume analyzes the possible goals of such screening programs and assesses whether these goals can currently be achieved. It also provides guidance to policymakers in developing and implementing sound screening policy.

Download or read book Guidelines for Perinatal Care written by American Academy of Pediatrics and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide has been developed jointly by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and is designed for use by all personnel involved in the care of pregnant women, their foetuses, and their neonates.

Download or read book AIDS Women and the Next Generation written by Ruth R. Faden and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1991 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proliferation of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among women and children represents one of the gravest health issues confronting contemporary society. Women, most of childbearing age, now constitute 11 percent of all cases, and the U.S. Public Health Service has projected over 3,000 cases of pediatric AIDS by the end of 1991. In the face of these sobering statistics, experts have been called upon to grapple with a difficult, compelling question: under what conditions, if any, should HIV testing of women and children be required? Also at issue are the surreptitious testing for HIV antibodies as part of routine prenatal and neonatal examinations, and whether such testing should be performed on all women and infants, or only those who belong to groups judged at "high risk". In this unique contribution to the debate about HIV screening and testing, Ruth Faden, Madison Powers, and Gail Geller have assembled perspectives from experts in public health, medicine, law, and ethics. Their wide-ranging treatment examines the history of prenatal and neonatal screening programs; informed consent; legal issues and confidentiality; reproductive decision-making; and numerous other aspects of HIV testing. Alternative policy options for both now and the future are discussed in detail. This volume provides a comprehensive analysis of these pressing medical, public health, legal, ethical, and social issues, and is essential reading for AIDS researchers and clinicians, public health specialists, ethicists, health policymakers and analysts, obstetricians, and pediatricians.

Download or read book Screening for HIV in Pregnant Women Systematic Review to Update the U S Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this report is to update a previous evidence review commissioned by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) on screening for asymptomatic HIV infection in pregnant women, including adolescents. In 2005, based on the earlier review, the USPSTF recommended that clinicians screen all pregnant women for HIV (grade A recommendation). Although the USPSTF found no studies that directly evaluated prenatal HIV screening versus no screening on risk of mother-to-child transmission or other clinical outcomes, it found good evidence that prenatal testing is accurate and acceptable to women and that treatment with recommended interventions (combination antiretrovirals, elective Cesarean delivery in women with viral loads greater than 1,000 copies/mL near the time of delivery, and avoidance of breastfeeding) is associated with major reductions in risk of mother-to-child transmission (from 14% to 25% in untreated women to 1% to 2% with treatment). The USPSTF concluded that benefits of treatments in reducing perinatal transmission substantially outweighed short-term harms, though evidence on long-term maternal or infant harms associated with screening and subsequent interventions was limited. The current report will be used by the USPSTF to update its 2005 recommendation on prenatal HIV screening. This update focuses on newer evidence on the accuracy and acceptability of rapid versus standard testing, the effectiveness of newer antiretroviral regimens for reducing mother-to-child transmission, long-term maternal outcomes following use of antiretroviral regimens during pregnancy, and maternal and infant harms associated with use of antiretroviral medications. Because perinatal practices and interventions related to prevention of HIV infection are substantially impacted by the availability of resources, the report will emphasize evidence applicable to typical practice in the United States. A major goal of prenatal screening for HIV is to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission through subsequent interventions. Other important goals are to improve long-term clinical outcomes in HIV-infected women, facilitate early identification of infected newborns, help women to make more informed future reproductive choices, and reduce risk of horizontal transmission through effects on risky behaviors. Using the methods developed by the USPSTF, the USPSTF and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) determined the scope and key questions for this review. Investigators created an analytic framework with the key questions and patient populations, interventions, and outcomes reviewed. The target population for HIV screening was pregnant women without signs or symptoms of HIV infection. Key Questions include: Key Question 1. What are the benefits of HIV screening versus no screening in asymptomatic pregnant women on maternal or child morbidity, mortality, or quality of life or rates of mother-to-child transmission? Key Question 2a. What is the yield (number of new diagnoses) of repeat HIV screening in asymptomatic pregnant women? Key Question 2b. What are the adverse effects (including false-positive results and anxiety) of rapid versus standard HIV testing in asymptomatic pregnant women? Key Question 3a. What is the effectiveness of newer antiretroviral regimens for reducing mother-to- child transmission? Key Question 3b. What are the effects of antiretroviral regimens in pregnant, HIV-positive women on long-term maternal morbidity, mortality, or quality of life? Key Question 3c. What are the harms (including longer-term harms) to the mother or child associated with antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy?

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Download or read book Screening for HIV in Pregnant Women written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BACKGROUND: A 2005 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) review found good evidence that prenatal HIV screening is accurate and can lead to interventions that reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission. PURPOSE: To systematically update the 2005 USPSTF review on benefits and harms of prenatal HIV screening, focusing on research gaps previously identified and new evidence on treatments. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE (2004 to June 2012) and the Cochrane Library Database (2005 to the second quarter of 2012) and manually reviewed reference lists. STUDY SELECTION: We selected randomized trials and cohort studies of pregnant women that reported risk of mother-to-child transmission or maternal or infant harms associated with prenatal HIV screening or antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy. We also selected studies that reported the yield of repeat prenatal screening or the positive predictive values and harms associated with rapid versus standard HIV testing during pregnancy. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers abstracted and confirmed study details and quality using predefined criteria, based on methods developed by the USPSTF. DATA SYNTHESIS (RESULTS): No study directly evaluated effects of prenatal screening for HIV infection versus no screening on risk of mother-to-child transmission or maternal or infant clinical outcomes. One fair-quality, large cohort study (0.7% HIV prevalence) found rapid testing during labor associated with a positive predictive value of 90 percent. New cohort studies of nonbreastfeeding women in the United States and Europe confirm that full-course combination antiretroviral therapy reduces risk of mother-to-child transmission (

Download or read book Screening for HIV Infection in Pregnant Women written by Shelley Selph and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BACKGROUND: A 2012 systematic review on HIV screening for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found strong evidence that antiretroviral therapy (ART) greatly decreases the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission but that use of ART may be associated with increased risk of preterm delivery. The USPSTF previously found HIV screening tests to be highly accurate. PURPOSE: To systematically update the 2012 USPSTF review on HIV screening in pregnancy, focusing on research gaps identified in the prior review. DATA SOURCES: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and MEDLINE (2012 to June 2018) and manually reviewed reference lists, with surveillance through January 25, 2019. STUDY SELECTION: We selected randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of pregnant women that reported risk of mother-to-child transmission or maternal or infant harms associated with prenatal HIV screening or ART during pregnancy. DATA EXTRACTION: One investigator abstracted data and a second investigator checked data abstraction for accuracy. Two investigators independently assessed study quality using methods developed by the USPSTF. DATA SYNTHESIS (RESULTS): We identified no studies on the benefits or harms of prenatal HIV screening versus no screening, or on the yield of repeat versus one-time screening or screening at different intervals. One new RCT and five new cohort studies were consistent with the 2012 USPSTF review in finding combination ART highly effective at reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection, especially if started early in pregnancy (rate of mother-to-child transmission

Download or read book Comprehensive Services for HIV infected Pregnant Women and Their Newborns written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Pregnant Women Evidence Synthesis written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-07-01 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This evidence synthesis focuses on screening for unsuspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using HIV antibody (Ab) tests in pregnant women, including adolescents. Since the USPSTF last published recommendations regarding HIV screening of pregnant Women, there have been substantial changes in the management of pregnant women with HIV and in the rates of mother-to-child transmission. Although this report reviews the overall body of evidence regarding screening for HIV infection in pregnant women, it focuses on more recent data regarding the efficacy of combination antiretroviral regimens in prevention of mother-to-child transmission, harms associated with receipt of antiretrovirals in pregnancy, and the accuracy and acceptability of rapid testing. There is no effective vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for chronic infection. In HIV-infected pregnant women, a major goal of interventions is to reduce the risk of mother-to child transmission. Other important goals are to improve clinical outcomes in the mother, facilitate early identification of infected newborns, allow women to make informed future reproductive choices, and prevent horizontal transmission through counseling on risky behaviors. Interventions for HIV-infected pregnant women include antiretroviral therapy, avoidance of breastfeeding, specific labor and delivery management techniques such as cesarean section before labor and before rupture of membranes (elective cesarean section), prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, immunizations, counseling to reduce high-risk behaviors, and regular monitoring and follow-up. In the U.S., receipt of combination antiretrovirals in conjunction with elective cesarean section in selected women and avoidance of breastfeeding is the standard of care to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Management of HIV infection in pregnancy is a rapidly evolving area. Key Questions addressed include: KQ1. Does Screening for HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women Reduce Mother-to-Child Transmission or Premature Death and Disability? KQ2. Can Clinical or Demographic Characteristics (Including Persons in Specific Settings) Identify Subgroups of Asymptomatic Pregnant Women at Increased Risk for HIV Infection Compared to the General Population of Pregnant Women? KQ3. What Are the Test Characteristics of HIV Antibody Test Strategies in Pregnant Women? KQ4. What Are the Harms (Including Labeling and Anxiety) Associated with Screening? Is Screening Acceptable to Pregnant Women? KQ5. How Many HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Who Meet Criteria for Interventions Receive Them? KQ6. What Are the Harms Associated with the Work-up for HIV Infection in Pregnant Women? KQ7a. How Effective Are Interventions (Antiretroviral Prophylaxis [to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission] or Treatment [to Improve Maternal Outcomes], Avoidance of Breastfeeding, Elective Cesarean Section [in Selected Patients] or Other Labor Management Practices, Counseling on Risky Behaviors, Immunizations, Routine Monitoring and Follow-up or Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections) in Reducing Transmission Rates or Improving Clinical Outcomes (Mortality, Functional Status, Quality of Life, Symptoms, or Opportunistic Infections) in Pregnant Women with HIV Infection? KQ7b. Does Immediate Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Result in Improvements in Clinical Outcomes Compared to Delayed Treatment until Symptomatic? KQ7c. How Well Do Interventions Reduce the Rate of Viremia, Improve CD4 Counts, and Reduce Risky Behaviors? How Does Identification of HIV Infection in Pregnant Women Affect Future Reproductive Choices? KQ8. What Are the Harms (Including Adverse Effects from In Utero Exposure) Associated with Antiretroviral Intervention and Elective Cesarean Section? KQ9. Have Improvements in Intermediate Outcomes (CD4 Counts, Viremia, or Risky Behaviors) in HIV Infected Pregnant Women Been Shown to Improve Clinical Outcomes or Reduce Mother-to-Child Transmission?

Download or read book HIV Screening of Pregnant Women and Newborns written by Institute of Medicine Staff and published by . This book was released on with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the continuum of reproductive health care, antenatal care provides a platform for important health-care functions, including health promotion, screening and diagnosis, and disease prevention. It has been established that, by implementing timely and appropriate evidence-based practices, antenatal care can save lives. Endorsed by the United Nations Secretary-General, this is a comprehensive WHO guideline on routine antenatal care for pregnant women and adolescent girls. It aims to complement existing WHO guidelines on the management of specific pregnancy-related complications. The guidance captures the complex nature of the antenatal care issues surrounding healthcare practices and delivery, and prioritizes person-centered health and well-being --- not only the prevention of death and morbidity --- in accordance with a human rights-based approach.

Download or read book Women Motherhood and Living with HIV AIDS written by Pranee Liamputtong and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are about 34 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS. Half are women. There has been a dramatic global increase in the rates of women living with HIV/AIDS. Among young women, especially in developing countries, infection rates are rapidly increasing. Many of these women are also mothers with young infants. When a woman is labeled as having HIV, she is treated with suspicion and her morality is being questioned. Previous research has suggested that women living with HIV/AIDS can be affected by delay in diagnosis, inferior access to health care services, internalized stigma and a poor utilization of health services. This makes it extremely difficult for women to take care of their own health needs. Women are also reluctant to disclose their HIV-positive status as they fear this may result in physical feelings of shame, social ostracism, violence, or expulsion from home. Women living with HIV/AIDS who are also mothers carry a particularly heavy burden of being HIV-infected. This unique book attempts to put together results from empirical research and focuses on issues relevant to women, motherhood and living with HIV/AIDS which have occurred to individual women in different parts of the globe. The book comprises chapters written by researchers who carry out their projects in different parts of the world, and each chapter contains empirical information based on real life situations. This can be used as evidence for health care providers to implement socially and culturally appropriate services to assist individuals and groups who are living with HIV/AIDS in many societies. The book is of interest to scholars and students in the domains of anthropology, sociology, social work, nursing, public health & medicine and health professionals who have a specific interest in issues concerning women who are mothers and living with HIV/AIDS from cross-cultural perspective.

Download or read book Consolidated Guideline on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Women Living with HIV written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2017-02-20 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: he starting point for this guideline is the point at which a woman has learnt that she is living with HIV and it therefore covers key issues for providing comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and rights-related services and support for women living with HIV. As women living with HIV face unique challenges and human rights violations related to their sexuality and reproduction within their families and communities as well as from the health-care institutions where they seek care particular emphasis is placed on the creation of an enabling environment to support more effective health interventions and better health outcomes. This guideline is meant to help countries to more effectively and efficiently plan develop and monitor programmes and services that promote gender equality and human rights and hence are more acceptable and appropriate for women living with HIV taking into account the national and local epidemiological context. It discusses implementation issues that health interventions and service delivery must address to achieve gender equality and support human rights.

Download or read book WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV related disease in adults and children written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2013 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pocket Book is for use by doctors nurses and other health workers who are responsible for the care of young children at the first level referral hospitals. This second edition is based on evidence from several WHO updated and published clinical guidelines. It is for use in both inpatient and outpatient care in small hospitals with basic laboratory facilities and essential medicines. In some settings these guidelines can be used in any facilities where sick children are admitted for inpatient care. The Pocket Book is one of a series of documents and tools that support the Integrated Managem.