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Book School Organization and the Individual Child  Classic Reprint

Download or read book School Organization and the Individual Child Classic Reprint written by William Henry Holmes and published by . This book was released on 2015-07-06 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from School Organization and the Individual Child Within the past few years we have been coming to measure education by a new standard, the standard of individual achievement. This means that we have begun to differentiate the abilities of children, and to estimate the success of school work, not in terms of a general standard, but in terms of what each individual is able to do within the range of his own ability. This new standard has made necessary a modification of school organization, and there now appear schools for gifted children, for ordinary children, for slow and backward children, and for mentally defective children, and within these groups there are various forms of procedure for meeting more efficiently the needs of the members of each group. The present volume undertakes the task of presenting in a somewhat detailed manner the various plans that have been evolved to make school organization fit the needs of the boys and girls both normal and abnormal that are enrolled as pupils in the public schools. The part of the book dealing with plans of classification and adaptation brings together information from many different sources, information that every school executive must have to make his work intelligently efficient. In interpreting such a large mass of material, doubtless, mistakes have been made; the writer hopes that they are not such as to interfere with the general usefulness of the book. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book School Organization and the Individual Child  A Book for School Executives and Teachers  Being an Exposition of Plans That Have Been Evolved to Adapt School Organization to the Needs of Individual Children  Normal  Supernormal and Subnormal

Download or read book School Organization and the Individual Child A Book for School Executives and Teachers Being an Exposition of Plans That Have Been Evolved to Adapt School Organization to the Needs of Individual Children Normal Supernormal and Subnormal written by William Henry 1874- [From Old C Holmes and published by Palala Press. This book was released on 2015-12-14 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Book Plans for Organizing School Surveys  Classic Reprint

Download or read book Plans for Organizing School Surveys Classic Reprint written by Henry Lester Smith and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Plans for Organizing School Surveys Education is no longer the simple process that it once was. From haphazard imitation a progressive step was made long ago toward con scious effort to teach in a systematic way. Ultimately this tendency crystallized among the favored classes into the practice of having a single individual teach a single child one subject at a time. From the demand that a single child be taught a single subject by a single indi vidual we have progressed to the point where children in large groups must be taught, not simmy a single subject, but the three R's, and not simply the three R's, but many additional subjects also. Modern edu cation, too, is no longer limited to the intellectual field, but extends into the physical and the moral as well. Besides all this, the present-day school system is called upon to educate, not simply the children of from six to fourteen years of age, as formerly, but kindergarten children, youths, and adults, also. Moreover, these kindergarten children, youths, and adults are to be trained, not simply that they may make a better living for themselves and that they may also serve in the mainte nance of the best that has been experienced thus far by the race, but, further, that they may make actual contributions to the knowledge that the race already possesses. Swith this increase in the scope of the things to be taught, in the variety of individuals to be taught, and in the pur poses behind the teaching, the element of complexity has developed to such an extent that thorough organization has become essential. Devices are needed to aid the mind in grasping the situation, and in focusing the attention of educators on individual parts of the school system while they at the same time carry in mind the idea of the whole. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book Organization and Administration of Part Time Schools  Classic Reprint

Download or read book Organization and Administration of Part Time Schools Classic Reprint written by University Of The State Of New York and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-06-26 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Organization and Administration of Part-Time Schools I wish that I might express in some more adequate way to the hundreds of teachers who will aid in the development of this new type of school my faith in what I am sure they will accomplish for the betterment of the coming generations. I wish to thank especially the city and village superintendents whose practical advice and whose cordial cooperation with Mr Wilson in planning for the organization of these schools, have not only given new proof of their intelligent zeal in behalf of the children of the State but have also made possible the initiation of this work with their unanimous approval and support. And above all I wish to make acknowledgment of the efficient, indefatigable, sacrificing labor of Mr Wilson in this cause. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book School Organization and the Individual Child  a Book for School Executives and Teachers  Being an Exposition of Plans That Have Been Evolved to Adapt

Download or read book School Organization and the Individual Child a Book for School Executives and Teachers Being an Exposition of Plans That Have Been Evolved to Adapt written by William Henry Holmes and published by Theclassics.Us. This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1912 edition. Excerpt: ...in the public schools. The special classes for the blind, the deaf, cripples, epileptics, and stutterers and stammerers are all represented in different school systems of the United States. There are also, as we have seen, the special disciplinary or training classes for so-called incorrigible or unruly pupils, and there are the ungraded classes for foreign speaking pupils as well as such classes for normal pupils who are either behind in their work or who wish to hurry along in their studies in order to make a grade. Again, we have classes for specially gifted pupils and classes for boys and girls who have not been able to complete the sixth grade by the age of fourteen and who are assigned to classes where special emphasis is placed on manual and industrial work. All these classes are still in the plastic period of development. In some cities that have had such classes for a number of years, the several types of pupils are very poorly differentiated. The incorrigible, the mentally defective, the backward, the cripple, and the epileptic are often found in the same class. In a large city, of course, this is inexcusable. Such pupils do not belong together. It will be one of the main aims of this study to show the need of special classes for the mentally deficient pupils. By establishing and properly organizing such classes, much may be done to increase the efficiency of any school system which has 1,500 or more pupils. By allowing mentally defective pupils to attend the regular classes much injury is done them as well as their normal classmates. They are forced to attempt work which they cannot do, and their normal classmates are forced to wait while the teacher laboriously tries to teach the former something they cannot comprehend. One...

Book The Child Under Eight  Classic Reprint

Download or read book The Child Under Eight Classic Reprint written by E. R. Murray and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2015-07-13 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Child Under Eight The Modern Educator's Library has been designed to give considered expositions Of the best theory and practice in English education of today. It is planned to cover the principal problems of educational theory in general, of curriculum and organisation, of some unexhausted aspects of the history of education, and of special branches Of applied education. The Editor and his colleagues have had in view the needs of young teachers and Of those training to be teachers, but since the school and the schoolmaster are not the sole factors in the educative process, it is hoped that educators in general (and which Of us is not in some sense or other an educator?) as well as the professional schoolmaster may find in the series some help in understanding precept and practice in education of to-day and to-morrow. For we have borne in mind not only what is but what ought to be. To exhibit the educator's work as a vocation requiring the best possible preparation is the spirit in which these volumes have been written. NO artificial uniformity has been sought or imposed, and while the Editor is responsible for the series in general, the responsibility for the opinions expressed in each volume rests solely with its author. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book Adjustment of School Organization to Various Population Groups  Classic Reprint

Download or read book Adjustment of School Organization to Various Population Groups Classic Reprint written by Robert Alexander Fyfe McDonald and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-09-17 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Adjustment of School Organization to Various Population Groups Thus at the very beginning Of American life, stress was laid upon the conception of schools open to all on terms Oppressive to none. The religious theories of Puritanism were largely responsible for initiating this doctrine of educational Opportunity and need into American thought;l it remained for the political theories of the Revolutionary and post-revolutionary periods to vitalize and extend the conception of popular education. The expressions of the great national leaders of this era will indicate the views widely held in American society at the begin ning of the nineteenth century. George Washington always cherished a deep interest in the matter of education. He says: Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public happiness. In one in which the meas ures of government receive their impressions so immediately from the sense Of the community as in ours, it is proportionally essential. Promote, then, as an Object Of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion Of knowledge. In propor tion as the structure of the government gives force to public Opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened. (c: 7 - 8) John Adams, the second president, speaking Of American schools, said: All the children of the inhabitants, the rich as well as the poor, have a right to go to these public schools. He again affirmed his belief when he said that The whole people must take upon themselves the education of the whole people and must be willing to bear the expense of it. There should not be a district of one mile square without a school in it, not founded by a charitable individual, but maintained at the expense of the people themselves. (c: 13) About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book A Study of the Organization of the American One Teacher School  Classic Reprint

Download or read book A Study of the Organization of the American One Teacher School Classic Reprint written by Yuntin Cheng Li and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-10-12 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from A Study of the Organization of the American One-Teacher School It was also estimated that an eventual reduction of the number of one-teacher schools of about 50 per cent might be expected. According to this estimation, it might be expected that within the next ten years the number of one-teacher schools in the United States might be reduced to about The number of _children enrolled in the one-teacher schools might be reduced to about a million in ten years. Such authoritative estimations may well be regarded as not varying too far from the truth. Assuming. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book Report of a Survey of the Organization  Scope  and Finances of the Public School System of Oakland  California  Classic Reprint

Download or read book Report of a Survey of the Organization Scope and Finances of the Public School System of Oakland California Classic Reprint written by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-01-03 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Report of a Survey of the Organization, Scope, and Finances of the Public School System of Oakland, California Differentiations and increasing costs. The result has been a marked differentiation in school work, within recent years, better to adapt the schools to the individual needs of the children; the introduction of new types of instruction; the establishment of new types of schools; a demand for better teachers and more skilful supervision; and a popular demand for larger play grounds and a type of school building better adapted to modern educational and community needs. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book The Reorganization of Our Schools

Download or read book The Reorganization of Our Schools written by Frederic W. Sanders and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-15 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Reorganization of Our Schools: Some Educational Postulates and Practical Suggestions as to the Organization of Schools If the author has read aright the signs of the times, as they appear in educational conferences and in popular discussions, there is now a really urgent demand for practical and reasonably definite sug gestions as to the reorganization of our schools. There is especial dgqdj for a definite plan that shall show how to retain that which is essential to the general education of every future man and woman, at the same time that a place is found for the, vari ous forms of special, technical or other vocational training that may be necessary for the individual boy or girl. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book School  Family  and Community Partnerships

Download or read book School Family and Community Partnerships written by Joyce L. Epstein and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2018-07-19 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strengthen programs of family and community engagement to promote equity and increase student success! When schools, families, and communities collaborate and share responsibility for students′ education, more students succeed in school. Based on 30 years of research and fieldwork, the fourth edition of the bestseller School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action, presents tools and guidelines to help develop more effective and more equitable programs of family and community engagement. Written by a team of well-known experts, it provides a theory and framework of six types of involvement for action; up-to-date research on school, family, and community collaboration; and new materials for professional development and on-going technical assistance. Readers also will find: Examples of best practices on the six types of involvement from preschools, and elementary, middle, and high schools Checklists, templates, and evaluations to plan goal-linked partnership programs and assess progress CD-ROM with slides and notes for two presentations: A new awareness session to orient colleagues on the major components of a research-based partnership program, and a full One-Day Team Training Workshop to prepare school teams to develop their partnership programs. As a foundational text, this handbook demonstrates a proven approach to implement and sustain inclusive, goal-linked programs of partnership. It shows how a good partnership program is an essential component of good school organization and school improvement for student success. This book will help every district and all schools strengthen and continually improve their programs of family and community engagement.

Book The Organisation and Curricula of Schools  Classic Reprint

Download or read book The Organisation and Curricula of Schools Classic Reprint written by W. G. Sleight and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-01-29 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Organisation and Curricula of Schools This absence Of differentiation, of classification, and Of organisation makes it extremely difficult for a foreigner, and even for an Englishman, to form a clear idea Of the system, in SO far as there may be said to be one, which, in spite Of its incoherency, has done and is doing SO much for our country. TO Obtain any adequate view Of the whole, a prolonged study would be needed; to get an idea Of the main groupings it is necessary to grasp the meaning Of a few important facts by tracing the main features Of the educational system Of today in the course Of its more recent developments. Until,1870, education, both elementary and secondary, was in the hands Of any who chose to make it their business. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book Monographs on Education in the United States

Download or read book Monographs on Education in the United States written by Nicholas Murray Butler and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Monographs on Education in the United States: Educational Organization and Administration But while they began to be interested in education it was because they saw that schools would help the individual and so promote virtue and extend religion. It did not occur to them at the first that the safety of the new form of govern ment was associated with the diffusion of learning among all the people. This is not strange, for the suffrage was not universal at the beginning of independent government in America. Therefore, while the desirability of education was recognized, it was understood to be the function of parents to provide it for their children, or of guardians and masters to extend it to their wards and apprentices. When schools were first established they were partnership affairs between people who had children in their care, and for their con venience. They apportioned the expense among themselves such as had no children were without much concern about the matter. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book The Child and the Curriculum  Classic Reprint

Download or read book The Child and the Curriculum Classic Reprint written by John Dewey and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-02 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Child and the Curriculum But here comes the effort of thought.' It is easier to see the conditions in their separate; ness, to insist upon one at the expense of the other, to make antagonists of them, than to discover a reality to which each belongs. The easy thing is to seize upon something in the nature of the child, or upon something in the developed consciousness of the adult, and insist upon that as the key to the whole prob-a lem. When this happens a really serious prac tical problem - that of interaction - is trans formed into an unreal, and hence insoluble, theoretic problem. Instead of seeing the edu-a cative steadily and as a whole, we see conflict ing terms. We get the case of the child the curriculum; of the individual nature 275. Social culture. Below all other divisions in pedagogic opinion lies this opposition. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book The Adjustment of a School to Individual and Community Needs  Classic Reprint

Download or read book The Adjustment of a School to Individual and Community Needs Classic Reprint written by Philip Albert Boyer and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-09 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Adjustment of a School to Individual and Community Needs Efficiency principles in industry with such amplifications and adaptations as are made necessary by the vastly different char acter Of the enterprise are directly applicable to the aims, Opera tions and organization Of the school. The aim of education is broader than that Of the school, including all life experience. The school must take its place among other educative institutions and perform its functions with due regard to theirs. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book The School and Society

    Book Details:
  • Author : John Dewey
  • Publisher : Theclassics.Us
  • Release : 2013-09
  • ISBN : 9781230401836
  • Pages : 24 pages

Download or read book The School and Society written by John Dewey and published by Theclassics.Us. This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1900 edition. Excerpt: ... Ill WASTE IN EDUCATION The subject announced for today was "Waste in Education." I should like first to state briefly its relation to the two preceding lectures. The first dealt with the school in its social aspects, and the necessary re-adjustments that have to be made to render it effective in present social conditions. The second dealt with the school in relation to the growth of individual children. Now the third deals with the school as itself an institution, both in relation to society and to its own members -- the children. It deals with the question of organization, because all waste is the result of the lack of it, the motive lying behind organization being promotion of economy and efficiency. This question is not one of the waste of money or the waste of things. These matters count; but the primary waste is that of human life, the life of the children while they are at school, and afterward because of inadequate and perverted preparation. So, when we speak of organization, we are not to think simply of the externals; of that which goes by the name "school system "--the school board, the superintendent, and the building, the 77 engaging and promotion of teachers, etc. These things enter in, but the fundamental organization is that of the school itself as a community of individuals, in its relations to other forms of social life. All waste is due to isolation. Organization is nothing but getting things into connection with one another, so that they work easily, flexibly, and fully. Therefore in speaking of this question of waste in education, I desire to call your attention to the isolation of the various parts of the school system, to the lack of unity in the aims of education, to the lack of coherence in its studies and...

Book Democracy and Education

Download or read book Democracy and Education written by John Dewey and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 1916 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: . Renewal of Life by Transmission. The most notable distinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain themselves by renewal. A stone when struck resists. If its resistance is greater than the force of the blow struck, it remains outwardly unchanged. Otherwise, it is shattered into smaller bits. Never does the stone attempt to react in such a way that it may maintain itself against the blow, much less so as to render the blow a contributing factor to its own continued action. While the living thing may easily be crushed by superior force, it none the less tries to turn the energies which act upon it into means of its own further existence. If it cannot do so, it does not just split into smaller pieces (at least in the higher forms of life), but loses its identity as a living thing. As long as it endures, it struggles to use surrounding energies in its own behalf. It uses light, air, moisture, and the material of soil. To say that it uses them is to say that it turns them into means of its own conservation. As long as it is growing, the energy it expends in thus turning the environment to account is more than compensated for by the return it gets: it grows. Understanding the word "control" in this sense, it may be said that a living being is one that subjugates and controls for its own continued activity the energies that would otherwise use it up. Life is a self-renewing process through action upon the environment.