Download or read book Role of C3H8 and CH4 in Enhancing the Foamy Oil Phenomena and Performance of CO2 Based Cyclic Solvent Injection in Heavy Oil Systems written by Arash Ahadi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As light oil resources are continuously depleted, heavy oil exploitation is nowadays being put on agenda to meet the ever-increasing energy demand. Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) technique holds great promise as a viable approach to produce heavy oil from thin reservoirs where thermal and gravity-dominated recovery methods fail to sufficiency (and economically) recover oil. CSI, with CO2 being used as the solvent, has become a subject of several investigations and considerable speculation in light oil systems. Nevertheless, not too many studies ventured into realm of application of CO2 in heavy oil systems. In addition, importance of C3H8 and CH4 in the injected CO2 stream has been addressed in the literature; however, the details of the optimum mixing ratio of these two hydrocarbon solvents are the main knowledge gap that needs to be addressed. In this study, series of cyclic injection tests of pure CO2, CH4-CO2, C3H8-CO2, C3H8-CH4, and C3H8-CH4-CO2 were conducted at various operating pressures and mixture compositions to different (in terms of viscosity) heavy oil samples. Sand pack models with absolute permeability of kabs = 6-10 D and porosity of ø = 27-32% were used as representatives of a typical heavy oil reservoir. It was attempted to measure the CO2/solvent apparent solubility, solvent-produced oil asphaltene content, duration of produced-oil foamy shape stability, and oil recovery in each cycle to probe into the trend of responsible mechanisms during each cycle of CSI. Results showed that there is an optimum pressure in cyclic CO2 injection process in heavy oil systems; the pressure beyond which the ultimate oil recovery factor (RF) did not notably improve (near 4.82 MPa in this study). Higher concentration of C3H8 in the CO2 stream improved the oil recovery during cyclic injection. However, ultimate RF was not noticeably increased when C3H8 concentration in the mixture exceeded a certain value (near 50 mole% in this study). Although C3H8 showed effective role on the performance of CSI, it was found that the recovery factor reduces with increased CH4 concentration in the CO2 stream. The highest recovery factor of 73.8% was obtained by injecting mixture of 50% C3H8 - 50% CO2 into 1850 mPa.s viscous oil sample under the operating pressure of Pinj = 1.72 MPa. The results of CSI tests on the heavy oil with viscosity of 6430 mPa.s were lower by almost 20% since the solvent solubility was noticeably lower. Performing C3H8-CH4 tests to 6430 mPa.s viscous oil revealed that there is an optimum fraction of C3H8 in CH4 stream (near 50 mole% in this study). Moreover, partially replacement of C3H8 with CO2 (50% C3H8 - 50% CH4 with 30% C3H8 - 40% CH4 - 30% CO2) was effective (and profitable) as the achieved ultimate RF were more or less the same. No oil production was observed after conducting the first cycle injection of optimum quantified solvents on oil with the viscosity of 22 000 mPa.s. Small values of Solvent Utilization Factor (SUF), relatively high values of Solvent Oil Ratio (SOR), and low quality of the produced oil in the last cycles suggest that higher cycle numbers of CSI in heavy oil reservoirs is depending on the economic limits and might be conducted cautiously.
Download or read book Experimental Study of Foamy Oil Characteristics and Post CHOPS CSI Processes Based on CO2 C3H8 Mixture Solvent written by Chen Shen and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the demand of crude oil increases sharply nowadays, heavy oil, an unconventional liquid hydrocarbon representing more than 70% of the world's total oil, needs to be further produced in the coming decades. Although some laboratory experiments have been conducted to find out the mechanism of foamy oil during pressure depletion processes. There are still some difficulties in understanding the characteristics of foamy oil flow in Cold Heavy Oil Production (CHOP). Large amounts of heavy oil samples used in previous studies were mixed with methane, carbon dioxide and butane. Only several studies were conducted under heavy oil-mixture solvent systems. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out some experiments to perceive the foamy oil flow characteristics with its influencing factors in heavy oil-mixture solvent (CO2-C3H8) systems so as to get better recovery factors in primary production. In this study, four pressure depletion tests were conducted in 1D sand pack model to find out factors affecting the duration of foamy oil flow and recovery factors were obtained as the result. Firstly, all the conditions were the same except for the decline rate (-1, -2, -6, -12 kPa/min). Secondly, the optimized depletion rate was applied into the next stage experiments which was used to understand the length effect on foamy oil flow characteristics. Once all the depletion tests had been completed, another four post-CHOPS CSI tests were conducted to find out whether gravity can take effect on the oil recovery factors. Results show that in CO2-C3H8 mixture solvent-heavy oil system, oil recovery factor increases as the depletion rate becomes larger. Furthermore, compared with pure solvent heavy oil system, mixture solvent shows better during depletion tests. Besides, results show that there is a positive correlation between oil recovery factor and gravity. Last but not least, results from the pressure depletion tests indicate that pressure gradient will become smaller at the end as the model length increases. In the oil field, pressure gradient remains a low level when it is far away from the well bore and that is one reason for low cumulative oil production.
Download or read book Optimum Cyclic Solvent Injection CSI and Waterflooding Gasflooding in the Post Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand Chops Reservoirs written by Hongze Ma and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this thesis, the technical synergy of combining cyclic solvent injection (CSI) and waterflooding (WF) or gasflooding (GF) in a two-well configuration for the post-cold heavy oil production with sand (CHOPS) reservoirs was explored. In the experiments, the original heavy oil samples were collected from the Colony and McLaren formations in Alberta, Canada. The PVT data and viscosities of CH4/CO2/C3H8-saturated Colony/McLaren heavy oil were measured at different equilibrium pressures and Tres = 21 °C. A total of 17 sandpacked laboratory tests were conducted to examine the technical and economical merits of the combined CSI and WF/GF. Both the CSI + WF and CSI + GF recovered more heavy oil than the CSI or WF alone due to the extended foamy-oil flow. The combined CSI and WF outperformed the combined CSI and GF in terms of the heavy oil recovery factor (RF), heavy oil production rate, and cumulative gas-oil ratio (GOR) because gas channeling was hindered by the subsequently injected water. In addition, C3H8 was found to be a more dissolving and extracting solvent than CO2 due to its more favourable PVT properties and larger heavy oil viscosity reduction. The intermediate pressure drawdown rate or CO2 injection rate resulted in a higher heavy oil RF during the CSI or GF. Theoretically, an analytical material balance model (MBM) was formulated to predict the cumulative heavy oil and gas productions and the average reservoir pressure during the primary production and subsequent CSI. The non-equilibrium phase behaviour and the foamy-oil properties were taken into account in this analytical MBM. Several unknown parameters were tuned and determined by best matching the theoretically predicted data and the experimentally measured data, such as the nucleation coefficient of dissolved CH4 in the heavy oil and the decay coefficient of dispersed CH4 bubbles from the heavy oil. The predicted cumulative heavy oil productions and average reservoir pressures during the primary production and subsequent CSI agreed well with the measured data. However, there were large discrepancies between the predicted and measured cumulative gas productions in the CSI because of its gas channeling, which is a major technical issue encountered in the CSI. In addition, it was found that dissolved CH4 in the heavy oil became the dispersed CH4 bubbles more quickly when the nucleation coefficient was larger at a higher pressure drawdown rate or in a less viscous heavy oil. The foamy heavy oil with the dispersed CH4 bubbles was more stable when the decay coefficient was smaller at an increased pressure drawdown rate or in a more viscous heavy oil. Numerical simulations were undertaken to optimize the CSI, CSI + WF, and CSI + GF after the primary production in a representative and synthetic field-scale heavy oil reservoir by choosing the net present value (NPV) as an objective function. The steepest ascent (SA) method and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) were utilized to find the optimum well controls and maximize the NPV. Both the SA method and PSO efficiently determined nearly optimum NPVs for the CSI, CSI + WF, and CSI + GF in the heavy oil reservoirs with/without the wormholes. It was found in this study that the NPV of the CSI + GF was the highest in the post-CHOPS reservoir. The oil producer should be operated at the minimum allowable bottom hole pressure (BHP) during the entire reservoir life. The gas injector should be used to inject at the maximum allowable injection rate during the early cycles but shut in during the late cycles to control the gas channeling.
Download or read book Phase Behaviour of Alkane Solvent s CO2 Water Heavy Oil Systems at High Pressures and Elevated Temperatures written by Xiaoli Li and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Phase Behaviour and Mass Transfer of Solvent s CO2 heavy Oil Systems Under Reservoir Conditions written by Huazhou Li and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quantification of Nonequilibrium Phase Behaviour of Alkane Solvents CO2 alkaline Water heavy Oil Systems Under Reservoir Conditions written by Zulong Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the primary stage, the in-situ generated foamy oil has been found to be responsible for an unexpected high recovery factor, a remarkably low gas-oil ratio (GOR), and a higher-than-expected well production rate. Such a phenomenon can also be artificially induced by injecting alkane solvents (e.g., methane and propane) or CO2 to a heavy oil reservoir; however, the gas exsolution of foamy oil is not yet well understood due mainly to the complicated physical processes. On the other hand, the associated emulsifications resulted from the in-situ generated surfactant(s) during alkaline flooding in a heavy oil reservoir lead to an increase in oil recovery, though no theoretical models have been made available to quantify such physical phenomena at high pressures and elevated temperatures. Physically, both gas exsolution and emulsification are closely associated with the nonequilibrium phase behaviour. Therefore, it is of fundamental and pragmatic importance to accurately quantify the nonequilibrium phase behaviour of the alkane solvent(s)-CO2/alkaline water-heavy oil systems under reservoir conditions. A novel and pragmatic technique has been developed and validated to quantify gas exsolution of alkane solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems under nonequilibrium conditions. Experimentally, constant composition expansion (CCE) tests of alkane solvent(s)-CO2- heavy oil systems are conducted with a visualized PVT cell. Theoretically, a mathematical model which integrates the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS), Fick's second law, and nonequilibrium boundary conditions has been developed. It is found that the rising of experiment temperature and pressure has negative effects on diffusion coefficient during gas exsolution processes. At a higher temperature, a larger CO2 diffusion coefficient is observed, whereas, for alkane solvents (i.e., CH4 and C3H8), a lower diffusion coefficient is attained. Also, experimental and theoretical techniques have been developed to quantify the emulsion behaviour of alkaline water-heavy oil systems at high pressures and elevated temperatures. Experimentally, oil in water (O/W) emulsions with different settling times were prepared in order to track the continuous water content distribution along time. Theoretically, two groups of population balance equations (PBEs) were applied to quantify the phase behaviour during the emulsion destabilization. By applying the emulsion inversion point (EIP) as the boundary condition, the newly developed model is able to reproduce the dynamic water content distribution in the dual-emulsion systems. Due to the corresponding changes of oil viscosity and interfacial tension (IFT), either an increase in temperature or a decrease in pressure leads to a smaller EIP and higher coalescence efficiency. As a weak alkali, Na2CO3 facilitates the stabilization of the emulsion and inhibits the influence of higher temperatures, while NaOH solution-heavy oil systems achieve emulsion inversion more easily.
Download or read book Phase Behaviour of Solvent s Water Heavy Oil Systems at High Pressures and Elevated Temperatures Based on Isenthalpic Flash written by Desheng Huang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hybrid steam-solvent injection processes have been proved to be a promising technique for enhancing heavy oil recovery as they combine the advantages from both heat transfer of steam and mass transfer of solvent(s) to further reduce the viscosity of heavy oil. Multiphase isenthalpic flash calculation is required in compositional simulations of the aforementioned processes, which involve vapour, oleic, and aqueous three-phases since water is inevitably associated with steam injection processes. As such, it is of fundamental and pragmatic importance to accurately quantify the phase behaviour of solvent(s)/water/heavy oil systems at high pressures and elevated temperatures by use of isenthalpic flash algorithms. A modified correlation and a new enthalpy determination algorithm have been developed to more accurately predict ideal gas heat capacities and enthalpies for normal alkanes/alkenes and hydrocarbon fractions, respectively. By assuming that only the presence of water and solvents with high solubilities in water is considered in the aqueous phase, a robust and pragmatic water-associated isenthalpic flash (WAIF) model has been developed to perform multiphase isenthalpic flash calculations for solvent(s)/water/heavy oil mixtures at high pressures and elevated temperatures. The new isenthalpic flash model developed in this work can handle multiphase equilibria flash calculations at high pressures and elevated temperatures. Subsequently, phase boundaries of C3H8/CO2/water/heavy oil mixtures in both the pressure-temperature (P-T) and enthalpy-temperature (H-T) phase diagrams have been determined, respectively. Experimentally, the phase boundary pressures are determined for three C3H8/CO2/water/heavy oil mixtures by using a conventional pressurevolume- temperature (PVT) setup in the P-T phase diagram. Theoretically, the previously developed WAIF model and the new isenthalpic determination algorithm together with the new alpha functions for water and non-water components are applied as the thermodynamic model to reproduce the multiphase boundaries of the aforementioned systems. The water-associated model is able to provide a good prediction of the experimental measurement in terms of phase boundaries and phase compositions. In addition, a new algorithm is developed to determine vapour/liquid/ liquid (VL1L2) phase boundaries of alkane solvent(s)/CO2/heavy oil mixtures. A new thermodynamic model based on the modified Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) together with the Huron-Vidal mixing rule is developed to experimentally and theoretically quantify the phase behaviour of dimethyl ether (DME)/water/heavy oil mixtures which include polar components. The new model is capable of accurately reproducing the experimentally measured multiphase P-T and H-T boundaries, phase volumes, and swelling factors, while it can also be used to determine DME partition coefficients and DME solubility.
Download or read book Characterization of Gas Oil Flow in Cyclic Solvent Injection CSI for Heavy Oil Recovery written by Sam Yeol Hong and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) has emerged as an effective post-CHOPS recovery method. It has shown a great potential with the aid of the solvent injection under the huff-n-puff operation. The use of solvent that maintains a strong nature of gas results in the solvent chamber which under the huff-n-puff operation locates at an inner region towards the well. The CSI process is therefore governed by the gas-oil flow as the solvent chamber is dominated by the free gas-oil flow and the heavy oil zone by the dispersed gas-oil flow referred to as the foamy oil flow. The gas-oil flow in CSI eventually appears as the combined flow of free gas and foamy oil across the solvent chamber. The gas-oil flow in heavy oil systems has been widely investigated based on heavy oil solution gas drive. However, the combined flow of free gas and foamy oil in CSI considerably differs from that in heavy oil solution gas drive and therefore needs to be investigated separately. The differences mainly arise as in CSI the free gas originates from the solvent chamber whereas in heavy oil solution gas drive it evolves from solution gas. Consequently, the combined flow of free gas and foamy oil in CSI yields the characteristics that strongly depend on the pressure depletion rate and the growing solvent chamber. This study is aimed at characterizing the gas-oil flow in CSI for heavy oil recovery at different pressure depletion rates under the effect of the growing solvent chamber. To fulfill the objective, the gas-liquid relative permeability curves are inferred with the use of numerical simulations by history-matching seven lab-scale CSI tests performed at varying pressure depletion rates. The foamy oil behavior is taken into account by applying the modified-fractional flow model. This study therefore not only demonstrates the distinct properties of the gas-oil relative permeability curves in CSI process but also the applicability of the modified-fractional flow model. The sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the phenomena responsible for the distinct behavior of the gas-oil flow in CSI.
Download or read book Nonequilibrium Phase Behaviour and Mass Transfer of Alkane Solvents s CO2 Heavy Oil Systems Under Reservoir Conditions written by Yu Shi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During primary heavy oil recovery, a unique phenomenon has been found to be closely associated with an unexpected high recovery factor, a remarkably low gas-oil ratio, and a higher-than-expected well production rate due mainly to the foamy nature of viscous oil containing gas bubbles. Even for secondary and tertiary recovery techniques, it is possible to artificially induce foamy oil flow in heavy oil reservoirs by dissolution with injected gases (e.g., CO2 and alkane solvents), which is characterized by time-dependent (i.e., nonequilibrium) phase behaviour. The entrained gas bubbles in the heavy oil are considered as the main mechanism accounting for such distinct phase behaviour. Therefore, it is of fundamental and practical importance to quantify the nonequilibrium phase behaviour and mass transfer of alkane solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems under reservoir conditions. A novel and pragmatic technique has been firstly developed and validated to accurately quantify the preferential diffusion of each component in alkane solvent(s)- assisted recovery processes with consideration of natural convection induced by the heated and diluted heavy oil. The Peng-Robinson equation of state, heat transfer equation, and diffusion-convection equation are coupled to describe both mass and heat transfer for the aforementioned systems. The individual diffusion coefficient between each component of a gas mixture and liquid phase is respectively determined once either the deviation between the experimentally measured and theoretically calculated mole fraction of CO2/solvents or the deviation between the experimentally measured dynamic swelling factors and the theoretically calculated ones has been minimized. ii A robust and pragmatic technique has also been developed to quantify nonequilibrium phase behaviour of alkane solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems at a constant volume expansion rate and a constant pressure decline rate, respectively. Experimentally, constant-composition expansion (CCE) tests have been conducted for alkane solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems with a PVT setup, during which not only pressure and volume are simultaneously monitored and measured, but also gas samples were respectively collected at the beginning and the end of experiments to perform compositional analysis. Theoretically, mathematical formulations have been developed to quantify the amount of the evolved gas as a function of time, while mathematical models for compressibility and density of the oleic phase mixed with the entrained gas (i.e., foamy oil) are respectively formulated. In addition to a mechanistic model for quantifying a single gas bubble growth, a novel and pragmatic technique has been proposed and validated to quantify dynamic volume of foamy oil for the aforementioned systems under nonequilibrium conditions by taking preferential mass transfer of each component in a gas mixture into account. The individual diffusion coefficient of each gas component with consideration of natural convection is found to be larger than that obtained with conventional methods. An increase in either volume expansion rate or pressure decline rate would increase the critical supersaturation pressure, whereas a high temperature leads to a low critical supersaturation pressure. When pressure is below the pseudo-bubblepoint pressure, density and compressibility of foamy oil are found to sharply decrease and increase at the pseudo-bubblepoint pressure, respectively. Also, pseudo-bubblepoint pressure and rate of gas exsolution is found to be two mechanisms dominating the volume-growth rate of the evolved gas, which is directly proportional to supersaturation pressure, pressure decline rate, and concentration of each gas component under nonequilibrium conditions.
Download or read book Carbon Capture written by Jennifer Wilcox and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book approaches the energy science sub-field carbon capture with an interdisciplinary discussion based upon fundamental chemical concepts ranging from thermodynamics, combustion, kinetics, mass transfer, material properties, and the relationship between the chemistry and process of carbon capture technologies. Energy science itself is a broad field that spans many disciplines -- policy, mathematics, physical chemistry, chemical engineering, geology, materials science and mineralogy -- and the author has selected the material, as well as end-of-chapter problems and policy discussions, that provide the necessary tools to interested students.
Download or read book Vehicle Propulsion Systems written by Lino Guzzella and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-21 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors of this text have written a comprehensive introduction to the modeling and optimization problems encountered when designing new propulsion systems for passenger cars. It is intended for persons interested in the analysis and optimization of vehicle propulsion systems. Its focus is on the control-oriented mathematical description of the physical processes and on the model-based optimization of the system structure and of the supervisory control algorithms.
Download or read book Heavy and Extra heavy Oil Upgrading Technologies written by James G. Speight and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2013-04-12 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unconventional reservoirs of oil and gas represent a huge additional global source of fossil fuels. However, there is much still to be done to improve techniques for their processing to make recovery and refining of these particular energy sources more cost-effective. Brief but readable, Heavy and Extra-heavy Oil Upgrading Technologies provide readers with a strategy for future production (the up-stream) and upgrading (the down-stream). The book provides the reader with an understandable overview of the chemistry and engineering behind the latest developments and technologies in the industry as well as the various environmental regulations.Clear and rigorous, Heavy and Extra-heavy Oil Upgrading Technologies will prove tool for those scientists and engineers already engaged in fossil fuel science and technology as well as scientists, non-scientists, engineers, and non-engineers who wish to gain a general overview or update of the science and technology of unconventional fossil fuels in general and upgrading technologies in particular. The use of microorganisms and a number of physical methods, such as ultrasound, median microwave, cold plasma, electrokinetic and monocrystalline intermetallics, etc., will be discussed for the first time. - Overview of the chemistry, engineering, and technology of oil sands - Microorganisms and a number of physical methods such as ultrasound, median microwave, cold plasma, electrokinetic and monocrystalline intermetallics - Evolving and new environmental regulations regarding oil sands production processes
Download or read book Catalytic Conversion of Energy Resources into High Value Added Products written by José Luis Pinilla and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing active, selective and energy-efficient heterogeneous catalysts is of paramount importance for the production of high value-added products from energy resources in a more sustainable manner. In this Special Issue of Energies, we provide a showcase of the latest progress in the development of cleaner, more efficient processes for the conversion of these feedstocks into valuable fuels, chemicals and energy. Most of the works collected are focused on the conversion of biomass which clearly reflects the paramount importance that the biorefinery concept will play in the years to come.
Download or read book Plasma Catalysis written by Annemie Bogaerts and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various gas conversion applications, such as CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels, N2 fixation for the synthesis of NH3 or NOx, methane conversion into higher hydrocarbons or oxygenates. It is also widely used for air pollution control (e.g., VOC remediation). Plasma catalysis allows thermodynamically difficult reactions to proceed at ambient pressure and temperature, due to activation of the gas molecules by energetic electrons created in the plasma. However, plasma is very reactive but not selective, and thus a catalyst is needed to improve the selectivity. In spite of the growing interest in plasma catalysis, the underlying mechanisms of the (possible) synergy between plasma and catalyst are not yet fully understood. Indeed, plasma catalysis is quite complicated, as the plasma will affect the catalyst and vice versa. Moreover, due to the reactive plasma environment, the most suitable catalysts will probably be different from thermal catalysts. More research is needed to better understand the plasma–catalyst interactions, in order to further improve the applications.
Download or read book Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading written by James G. Speight and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2019-02-28 with total page 839 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading covers properties, factors, methods and all current and upcoming processes, giving engineers, new and experienced, the full spectrum of recovery choices, including SAGD, horizontal well technology, and hybrid approaches. Moving on to the upgrading and refining of the product, the book also includes information on in situ upgrading, refining options, and hydrogen production. Rounding out with environmental effects, management methods on refinery waste, and the possible future configurations within the refinery, this book provides engineers with a single source to make decisions and manage the full range of challenges. Presents the properties, mechanisms, screening criteria and field applications for heavy oil enhanced recovery projects Includes current upgrading options and future methods for refining heavy oil development Fills in the gaps between literature and practical application for everyday industry reference
Download or read book Synthetic Fuels Handbook written by James Speight and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2008-06-22 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capitalize on the Vast Potential of Alternative Energy Sources Such as Fuel Cells and Biofuels Synthetic Fuels Handbook is a comprehensive guide to the benefits and trade-offs of numerous alternative fuels, presenting expert analyses of the different properties, processes, and performance characteristics of each fuel. It discusses the concept systems and technology involved in the production of fuels on both industrial and individual scales. Written by internationally renowned fuels expert James G. Speight, this vital resource describes the production and properties of fuels from natural gas and natural gas hydrates...tar sand bitumen...coal...oil shale...synthesis gas...crops...wood sources...biomass...industrial and domestic waste...landfill gas...and much more. Using both U.S. and SI units, Synthetic Fuels Handbook features: Information on conventional and nonconventional fuel sources Discussion of the production of alternative fuels on both industrial and individual scales Analyses of properties and uses of gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels from different sources Comparison of properties of alternative fuels with petroleum-based fuels Discover All the Benefits and Trade-Offs of Synthetic Fuels • Fuel sources: conventional and nonconventional • Natural gas and natural gas hydrates • Petroleum and heavy oil • Tar sand bitumen • Coal • Oil shale • Synthesis gas • Crops • Wood sources • Biomass • Industrial and domestic waste • Landfill gas • Comparison of the properties and uses of gaseous fuels from different sources • Comparison of the properties and uses of liquid fuels from different sources • Comparison of the properties and uses of solid fuels from different sources
Download or read book Natural Gas written by James G. Speight and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2018-11-26 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Gas: A Basic Handbook, Second Edition provides the reader with a quick and accessible introduction to a fuel source/industry that is transforming the energy sector. Written at an introductory level, but still appropriate for engineers and other technical readers, this book provides an overview of natural gas as a fuel source, including its origins, properties and composition. Discussions include the production of natural gas from traditional and unconventional sources, the downstream aspects of the natural gas industry. including processing, storage, and transportation, and environmental issues and emission controls strategies. This book presents an ideal resource on the topic for engineers new to natural gas, for advisors and consultants in the natural gas industry, and for technical readers interested in learning more about this clean burning fuel source and how it is shaping the energy industry. Updated to include newer sources like shale gas Includes new discussions on natural gas hydrates and flow assurance Covers environmental issues Contain expanded coverage of liquefied natural gas (LNG)
