Download or read book Risk Sharing for Individual Risks written by Hirbod Assa and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Motivated by reinsurance applications, we consider an optimal risk sharing problem for individual risks. In a framework where the market participants' preferences are according to the sub-additive and law-invariant risk measures, first we characterize the optimal individual risk sharing allocations. Then, we introduce a Choquet risk measure, associated with a given law-invariant coherent risk measure and, by using that, we characterize the optimal risk sharing allocations for the individual risks.
Download or read book Employment and Health Benefits written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is unique among economically advanced nations in its reliance on employers to provide health benefits voluntarily for workers and their families. Although it is well known that this system fails to reach millions of these individuals as well as others who have no connection to the work place, the system has other weaknesses. It also has many advantages. Because most proposals for health care reform assume some continued role for employers, this book makes an important contribution by describing the strength and limitations of the current system of employment-based health benefits. It provides the data and analysis needed to understand the historical, social, and economic dynamics that have shaped present-day arrangements and outlines what might be done to overcome some of the access, value, and equity problems associated with current employer, insurer, and government policies and practices. Health insurance terminology is often perplexing, and this volume defines essential concepts clearly and carefully. Using an array of primary sources, it provides a store of information on who is covered for what services at what costs, on how programs vary by employer size and industry, and on what governments doâ€"and do not doâ€"to oversee employment-based health programs. A case study adapted from real organizations' experiences illustrates some of the practical challenges in designing, managing, and revising benefit programs. The sometimes unintended and unwanted consequences of employer practices for workers and health care providers are explored. Understanding the concepts of risk, biased risk selection, and risk segmentation is fundamental to sound health care reform. This volume thoroughly examines these key concepts and how they complicate efforts to achieve efficiency and equity in health coverage and health care. With health care reform at the forefront of public attention, this volume will be important to policymakers and regulators, employee benefit managers and other executives, trade associations, and decisionmakers in the health insurance industry, as well as analysts, researchers, and students of health policy.
Download or read book Risk Management Strategies in Public Private Partnerships written by Obicci, Peter Adoko and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2017-03-03 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments around the globe are facing a new framework of service delivery as public-private partnerships become more prevalent. Characterized as an innovative tool for change, this area of socio-economic development is transforming the world economy. Risk Management Strategies in Public-Private Partnerships is an essential reference source for the latest scholarly research on recent developments on the relationships between public agencies and private sectors, and frameworks for effectively managing risk factors. Featuring extensive coverage on a wide variety of topics and perspectives such as service delivery, sustainability, and contractual design, this publication is ideally designed for policy makers, students, and professionals seeking current research on ways to manage problems and challenges in contractual partnerships.
Download or read book Risk Sharing and Risk Aggregation Via Risk Measures written by Haiyan Liu and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk measures have been extensively studied in actuarial science in the guise of premium calculation principles for more than 40 years, and recently, they have been the standard tool for financial institutions in both calculating regulatory capital requirement and internal risk management. This thesis focuses on two topics: risk sharing and risk aggregation via risk measures. The problem of risk sharing concerns the redistribution of a total risk among agents using risk measures to quantify risks. Risk aggregation is to study the worst-case value of aggregate risks over all possible dependence structures with given marginal risks. On the first topic, we address the problem of risk sharing among agents using a two-parameter class of quantile-based risk measures, the so-called Range-Value-at-Risk (RVaR), as their preferences. The family of RVaR includes the Value-at-Risk (VaR) and the Expected Shortfall (ES), the two popular and competing regulatory risk measures, as special cases. We first establish an inequality for RVaR-based risk aggregation, showing that RVaR satisfies a special form of subadditivity. Then, the Pareto-optimal risk sharing problem is solved through explicit construction. We also study risk sharing in a competitive market and obtain an explicit Arrow-Debreu equilibrium. Robustness and comonotonicity of optimal allocations are investigated, and several novel advantages of ES over VaR from the perspective of a regulator are revealed. Reinsurance, as a special type of risk sharing, has been studied extensively from the perspective of either an insurer or a reinsurer. To take the interests of both parties into consideration, we study Pareto optimality of reinsurance arrangements under general model settings. We give the necessary and sufficient conditions for a reinsurance contract to be Pareto-optimal and characterize all such optimal contracts under more general model assumptions. Sufficient conditions that guarantee the existence of the Pareto-optimal contracts are obtained. When the losses of an insurer and a reinsurer are measured by the ES risk measures, we obtain the explicit forms of the Pareto-optimal reinsurance contracts under the expected value premium principle. On the second topic, we first study the aggregation of inhomogeneous risks with a special type of model uncertainty, called dependence uncertainty, in individual risk models. We establish general asymptotic equivalence results for the classes of distortion risk measures and convex risk measures under different mild conditions. The results implicitly suggest that it is only reasonable to implement a coherent risk measure for the aggregation of a large number of risks with dependence uncertainty. Then, we bring the well studied dependence uncertainty in individual risk models into collective risk models. We study the worst-case values of the VaR and the ES of the aggregate loss with identically distributed individual losses, under two settings of dependence uncertainty: (i) the counting random variable and the individual losses are independent, and the dependence of the individual losses is unknown; (ii) the dependence of the counting random variable and the individual losses is unknown. Analytical results for the worst-case values of ES are obtained. For the loss from a large portfolio of insurance policies, the asymptotic equivalence of VaR and ES is established, and approximation errors are obtained under the two dependence settings.
Download or read book Risk Sharing Risk Spreading and Efficient Regulation written by T.V.S. Ramamohan Rao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-22 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides an integrated approach to risk sharing, risk spreading and efficient regulation through principal agent models. It emphasizes the role of information asymmetry and risk sharing in contracts as an alternative to transaction cost considerations. It examines how contracting, as an institutional mechanism to conduct transactions, spreads risks while attempting consolidation. It further highlights the shifting emphasis in contracts from Coasian transaction cost saving to risk sharing and shows how it creates difficulties associated with risk spreading, and emphasizes the need for efficient regulation of contracts at various levels. Each of the chapters is structured using a principal agent model, and all chapters incorporate adverse selection (and exogenous randomness) as a result of information asymmetry, as well as moral hazard (and endogenous randomness) due to the self-interest-seeking behavior on the part of the participants.
Download or read book Assessing Risk Assessment written by Christian Hugo Hoffmann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-14 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Christian Hugo Hoffmann undermines the citadel of risk assessment and management, arguing that classical probability theory is not an adequate foundation for modeling systemic and extreme risk in complex financial systems. He proposes a new class of models which focus on the knowledge dimension by precisely describing market participants’ own positions and their propensity to react to outside changes. The author closes his thesis by a synthetical reflection on methods and elaborates on the meaning of decision-making competency in a risk management context in banking. By choosing this poly-dimensional approach, the purpose of his work is to explore shortcomings of risk management approaches of financial institutions and to point out how they might be overcome.
Download or read book Risk Adjustment Risk Sharing and Premium Regulation in Health Insurance Markets written by Thomas G. McGuire and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 659 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk Adjustment, Risk Sharing and Premium Regulation in Health Insurance Markets: Theory and Practice describes the goals, design and evaluation of health plan payment systems. Part I contains 5 chapters discussing the role of health plan payment in regulated health insurance markets, key aspects of payment design (i.e. risk adjustment, risk sharing and premium regulation), and evaluation methods using administrative data on medical spending. Part II contains 14 chapters describing the health plan payment system in 14 countries and sectors around the world, including Australia, Belgium, Chile, China, Columbia, Germany, Ireland, Israel, the Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland and the United States. Authors discuss the evolution of these payment schemes, along with ongoing reforms and key lessons on the design of health plan payment. - Provides a conceptual toolkit that describes the goals, design and evaluation of health plan payment systems in the context of policy paradigms, such as efficiency, affordability, fairness and avoidance of risk selection - Brings together international experience from many different countries that apply regulated competition in different ways - Delivers a practical toolkit for the evaluation of health plan payment modalities from the standpoint of efficiency and fairness
Download or read book Risk Management written by Antonio Borghesi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-05 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasingly risky environment in which companies operate is characterized by a rising number of risk components, factors, sources, and drivers. The identification, evaluation, and management of these risks require the capability to coordinate various skills within a company and in upstream and downstream relationships. This handbook provides an integrated approach to the assessment, transfer, and communication of critical risks and highlights emerging methodologies that can help to protect businesses from adverse events and their effects. It explains how different risk management perspectives should be combined, and in particular how the corporate governance vision should be integrated with the perspectives of operations management, financial management, and business continuity management. In this sense the handbook provides concrete directions on how to develop a risk management team and culture, taking into account business challenges and employing appropriate managerial tools.
Download or read book International Risk Sharing During the Globalization Era written by Mr.Akito Matsumoto and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2009-09-01 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though theory suggests financial globalization should improve international risk sharing, empirical support has been limited. We develop a simple welfare-based measure that captures how far countries are from the ideal of perfect risk sharing. We then take it to data and find international risk sharing has, indeed, improved during globalization. Improved risk sharing comes mostly from the convergence in rates of consumption growth among countries rather than from synchronization of consumption at the business cycle frequency. Our finding explains why many existing measures fail to detect improved risk sharing-they focus only on risk sharing at the business cycle frequency.
Download or read book Financial Innovation and Risk Sharing written by Franklin Allen and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Franklin Allen and Douglas Gale assemble some of their key papers along with a five-chapter overview that not only synthesizes their work but provides a historical and institutional review and a discussion of alternative approaches as well.
Download or read book Risk written by Louis Eeckhoudt and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The fundamental topic of choice thory- how do economic agents decide when faces with a situalion of risk- and its accompanying theoretical models are here dissected and analyzed. Using a textbook style, the authors present the microfoundations of risk, uncertainty and its management with specific application to insurance and finance. The book analyzes the formal evalustion of risky situations, analyzes individual decisions under uncertainty and determines the markets for risk, including market incompleteness and risk transfer and welfar..."
Download or read book Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging written by John Piggott and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-12-01 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging, Volume 1A, provides the economic literature on aging and associated subjects, including social insurance and healthcare costs. This text explores the economic literature on aging and associated subjects, including social insurance, health care costs, the interests of policymakers, and the role of academics. As the first of two volumes, users will find it a great resource on the topics associated with the economics of aging. Together with its companion, volume 1B, this work includes literature that has appeared in general economics journals, in various field journals in economics, especially, but not exclusively, those covering labor market and human resource issues, information from interdisciplinary social science and life science journals, and data presented in papers by economists published in journals associated with gerontology, history, sociology, political science, and demography, amongst others. - Provides the latest economics literature on aging and its associated subjects, including the aspects of social insurance and healthcare costs - Includes valuable data from a variety of general economics journals and interdisciplinary social and life science publications - Critical text for policymakers and academics that describes and analyzes valuable information since the inception of the study of the science of population aging in the late 1970s
Download or read book The Economics of Screening and Risk Sharing in Higher Education written by Bernhard Eckwert and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-05-14 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Economics of Screening and Risk Sharing in Higher Education explores advances in information technologies and in statistical and social sciences that have significantly improved the reliability of techniques for screening large populations. These advances are important for higher education worldwide because they affect many of the mechanisms commonly used for rationing the available supply of educational services. Using a single framework to study several independent questions, the authors provide a comprehensive theory in an empirically-driven field. Their answers to questions about funding structures for investments in higher education, students' attitudes towards risk, and the availability of arrangements for sharing individual talent risks are important for understanding the theoretical underpinnings of information and uncertainty on human capital formation. - Investigates conditions under which better screening leads to desirable outcomes such as higher human capital accumulation, less income inequality, and higher economic well-being. - Questions how the role of screening relates to the funding structure for investments in higher education and to the availability of risk sharing arrangements for individual talent risks. - Reveals government policies that are suited for controlling or counteracting detrimental side effects along the growth path.
Download or read book Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation written by Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-03-23 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the seventh in a series of titles from the National Research Council that addresses the effects of exposure to low dose LET (Linear Energy Transfer) ionizing radiation and human health. Updating information previously presented in the 1990 publication, Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V, this book draws upon new data in both epidemiologic and experimental research. Ionizing radiation arises from both natural and man-made sources and at very high doses can produce damaging effects in human tissue that can be evident within days after exposure. However, it is the low-dose exposures that are the focus of this book. So-called “late” effects, such as cancer, are produced many years after the initial exposure. This book is among the first of its kind to include detailed risk estimates for cancer incidence in addition to cancer mortality. BEIR VII offers a full review of the available biological, biophysical, and epidemiological literature since the last BEIR report on the subject and develops the most up-to-date and comprehensive risk estimates for cancer and other health effects from exposure to low-level ionizing radiation.
Download or read book Protecting All written by Truman Packard and published by Human Development Perspectives. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This white paper focusses on the policy interventions made to help people manage risk, uncertainty and the losses from events whose impacts are channeled primarily through the labor market. The objectives of the white paper are: to scrutinize the relevance and effects of prevailing risk-sharing policies in low- and middle-income countries; take account of how global drivers of disruption shape and diversify how people work; in light of this diversity, propose alternative risk-sharing policies, or ways to augment and improve current policies to be more relevant and responsive to peoples' needs; and map a reasonable transition path from the current to an alternative policy approach that substantially extends protection to a greater portion of working people and their families. This white paper is a contribution to the broader, global discussion of the changing nature of work and how policy can shape its implications for the wellbeing of people. We use the term risk-sharing policies broadly in reference to the set of institutions, regulations and interventions that societies put in place to help households manage shocks to their livelihoods. These policies include formal rules and structures that regulate market interactions (worker protections and other labor market institutions) that help people pool risks (social assistance and social insurance), to save and insure affordably and effectively (mandatory and incentivized individual savings and other financial instruments) and to recover from losses in the wake of livelihood shocks ('active' reemployment measures). Effective risk-sharing policies are foundational to building equity, resilience and opportunity, the strategic objectives of the World Bank's Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice. Given failures of factor markets and the market for risk in particular the rationale for policy intervention to augment the options that people have to manage shocks to their livelihoods is well-understood and accepted. By helping to prevent vulnerable people from falling into poverty --and people in the poorest households from falling deeper into poverty-- effective risk-sharing interventions dramatically reduce poverty. Households and communities with access to effective risk-sharing instruments can better maintain and continue to invest in these vital assets, first and foremost, their human capital, and in doing so can reduce the likelihood that poverty and vulnerability will be transmitted from one generation to the next. Risk-sharing policies foster enterprise and development by ensuring that people can take appropriate risks required to grasp opportunities and secure their stake in a growing economy."--
Download or read book Risk Quantification written by Laurent Condamin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-01-30 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a practical answer for the non-mathematician to all the questions any businessman always wanted to ask about risk quantification, and never dare to ask. Enterprise-wide risk management (ERM) is a key issue for board of directors worldwide. Its proper implementation ensures transparent governance with all stakeholders’ interests integrated into the strategic equation. Furthermore, Risk quantification is the cornerstone of effective risk management,at the strategic and tactical level, covering finance as well as ethics considerations. Both downside and upside risks (threats & opportunities) must be assessed to select the most efficient risk control measures and to set up efficient risk financing mechanisms. Only thus will an optimum return on capital and a reliable protection against bankruptcy be ensured, i.e. long term sustainable development. Within the ERM framework, each individual operational entity is called upon to control its own risks, within the guidelines set up by the board of directors, whereas the risk financing strategy is developed and implemented at the corporate level to optimise the balance between threats and opportunities, systematic and non systematic risks. This book is designed to equip each board member, each executives and each field manager, with the tool box enabling them to quantify the risks within his/her jurisdiction to all the extend possible and thus make sound, rational and justifiable decisions, while recognising the limits of the exercise. Beyond traditional probability analysis, used since the 18th Century by the insurance community, it offers insight into new developments like Bayesian expert networks, Monte-Carlo simulation, etc. with practical illustrations on how to implement them within the three steps of risk management, diagnostic, treatment and audit. With a foreword by Catherine Veret and an introduction by Kevin Knight.
Download or read book Risk Management Explained written by Can Akdeniz and published by Can Akdeniz. This book was released on with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will run you through the ambit of just what risk management is. It will show you how you can apply it to your business. It will discuss the principles of risk management, and the processes involved, and also give you an idea of the application of these processes to a couple of businesses. The rules of risk management are mostly universal, and by tweaking them slightly, you can apply them to any enterprise. You will be armed with the essential tools to devise a risk management strategy that will, in effect, maximize the potential of your business to realize opportunities. This is, after all, the ultimate purpose of risk management!
