Download or read book The spider family Micropholcommatidae Arachnida Araneae Araneoidea a relimitation and revision at the generic level written by Mihael G. Rix and published by PenSoft Publishers LTD. This book was released on 2010-02-22 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Micropholcommatidae are a family of tiny, distinctive araneoid spiders, known from southern-temperate habitats throughout Australasia and Chile. The greatest abundance of individuals and the largest diversity of taxa occur in the cool-temperate rainforests of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand, where micropholcommatid spiders can be very common within moss and leaf litter microhabitats. Although poorly studied biologically and largely neglected taxonomically, the Micropholcommatidae are a diverse lineage, with a significantÿ The monograph in this volume presents a complete generic-level revision of the spider family Micropholcommatidae. The phylogenetic position and internal phylogeny of the family are tested with two separate morphological cladistic analyses, the results of which inform a comprehensive generic-level classification. In total, 26 new species, 12 new genera, one new tribe and two new subfamilies are described, taking the total documented micropholcommatid fauna to 58 species. The distribution and Gondwanan biogeography of the family are also discussed, and natural history information is provided where known. Most importantly, the results of this paper present a taxonomic framework and a phylogenetic foundation for all future research on the Micropholcommatidae; a template by which new species can be described and existing species can be identified, and a valuable dataset for exploring phylogenetic hypotheses.

Download or read book The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan Yunnan China Araneae Araneoidea Systematics and diversity of micro orbweavers written by Jeremy Miller and published by PenSoft Publishers LTD. This book was released on 2009-05-31 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over a period of 10 years, scientists from a coalition of international institutions surveyed the biota of the Gaoligong mountains in western Yunnan, China. Focal taxa included selected plants, vertebrates, and arthropods. The study area lies at the heart of one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots and is home to biomes ranging from subtropical forest to tundra. In this special issue, we report on the results of that survey for micro-orbweaving spiders, cryptic animals mostly less than 1 mm long that build delicate, geometric webs. All told, over 1,000 adult micro-orbweavers were collected and sorted to three dozen species, all new to science. The enormous scale of the world’s biodiversity means that science needs data structures to facilitate organization, aggregation, and instant sharing of data. This publication contributes to major aggregators and indexers of electronic biodiversity data including ZooBank, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Morphbank, and the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL), supplementing the traditional paper mode. Typical of publications in taxonomy, this paper is composed of several components including the primary biodiversity data (specimen, locality, and related information), media (e.g., photographs and drawings), text elements (e.g., species descriptions), and nomenclature (e.g., new taxonomic names). Once these elements are parsed and absorbed by community databases, they can be disseminated, indexed, and recombined in myriad ways inconceivable for static paper publications. The barely imagined potential of these maturing digital resources makes the early 21st century a very exciting historical moment in taxonomy.

Download or read book The Limits and Phylogeny of the Araneoidea Arachnida Araneae written by Karin Schütt and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Field Guide to South African Spiders written by Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman and published by Penguin Random House South Africa. This book was released on 2014-02-20 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first-ever field guide to provide information on a vast spectrum of spider species based on their morphology, behaviour and distribution. It’s the first book to introduce all 70 South African spider families including 370 major genera and more than 860 of the more common species. It includes illustrations of all of the families, genera and species as well as more than 2 000 colour photographs and 843 maps. - A thorough summary of morphology, biology and habitat requirements is provided - Species with medical importance are discussed - The morphological characters of all known spider families from South Africa are provided and illustrated with notes on their behavior as well as further reading material - Short morphological data with notes on behaviour and distribution of 370 major genera and 860 species is provided This field guide’s purpose is to enable observers to identify spiders in the field. One of the difficulties facing a spider-watcher is that a large number of spider species are small and extremely well camouflaged and are therefore not easily seen. For some genera you will need a magnifying glass or microscope to be able to identify the specimen to generic or species level. Many species can only be identified by a specialist who has access to a good microscope and the relevant literature. Most of the spiders were photographed alive in their natural settings and only some rare and smaller species were photographed using a camera mounted on a microscope. The illustrations and descriptions make it easy for an inexperienced spider-watcher to identify many of the common species encountered in and around the house. The spiders were divided according to the free-living species and those that build intricate webs to catch their prey. The free-living spiders were further divided according to those found on the vegetation and those living on the ground. Spiders are an abundant, diverse and highly successful group of animals. They are commonly found on farms, in gardens and also in houses. They are important predators in all terrestrial ecosystems and are regarded as the “best friends” of gardeners and farmers in sustainable agriculture because they have the important task of regulating the numbers of potentially harmful insects and mites. However, they are feared and maligned because of the venom they produce. We hope this field guide will help save the lives of a few spiders. It will be valuable for the man on the street, researchers, conservation agencies, students, gardeners, farmers, as well as spider-watchers and photographers.

Download or read book Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Spider Webs written by William Eberhard and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2020-12-22 with total page 679 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this lavishly illustrated, first-ever book on how spider webs are built, function, and evolved, William Eberhard provides a comprehensive overview of spider functional morphology and behavior related to web building, and of the surprising physical agility and mental abilities of orb weavers. For instance, one spider spins more than three precisely spaced, morphologically complex spiral attachments per second for up to fifteen minutes at a time. Spiders even adjust the mechanical properties of their famously strong silken lines to different parts of their webs and different environments, and make dramatic modifications in orb designs to adapt to available spaces. This extensive adaptive flexibility, involving decisions influenced by up to sixteen different cues, is unexpected in such small, supposedly simple animals. As Eberhard reveals, the extraordinary diversity of webs includes ingenious solutions to gain access to prey in esoteric habitats, from blazing hot and shifting sand dunes (to capture ants) to the surfaces of tropical lakes (to capture water striders). Some webs are nets that are cast onto prey, while others form baskets into which the spider flicks prey. Some aerial webs are tramways used by spiders searching for chemical cues from their prey below, while others feature landing sites for flying insects and spiders where the spider then stalks its prey. In some webs, long trip lines are delicately sustained just above the ground by tiny rigid silk poles. Stemming from the author’s more than five decades observing spider webs, this book will be the definitive reference for years to come.

Download or read book Evolution Comparative Morphology and Identification of the Eumaeine Butterfly Genus Rekoa Kaye Lycaenidae Theclinae written by Robert K. Robbins and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Systematics Ecology and the Biodiversity Crisis written by Niles Eldredge and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the biological underpinnings of social systems from invertebrates to mammals, particularly humans. These social systems, the authors argue, represent fusions between the economic and reproductive interests of organisms. Their theory reinstates the importance of economics in social organizations of all types, moving away from the more prominent emphasis on reproductive biology at the core of sociobiology.

Download or read book African Spiders written by Anna Sophia Dippenaar-Schoeman and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Australian Journal of Zoology written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia written by William G. Eberhard and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ontogeny and Homology in the Male Palpus of Orb weaving Spiders and Their Relatives with Comments on Phylogeny Araneoclada Araneoidea Deinopoidea written by Jonathan A. Coddington and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Revision and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Spider Subfamily Phyxelidinae Araneae Amaurobiidae written by Charles E. Griswold and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The subfamily Phyxelidinae Lehtinen of the Amaurobiidae is diagnosed and revised, and a key to and distribution maps of the 53 valid and 1 undescribed species are provided. The subfamily comprises 12 genera placed in three newly described tribes: Ambohima, new genus, Kulalania new genus, Lamaika, new genus, Malaika Lehtinen, Matundua Lehtinen, Namaquarachne, new genus, Phyxelida Simon, Pongolania, new genus, Themacrys Simon, Vidole Lehtinen, Vytfutia Deeleman-Reinhold, and Xevioso Lehtinen. Vytfutia is newly transferred to the Phyxelidinae. Members of the Phyxelidinae occur in Africa, Madagascar, the eastern Mediterranean, and southeast Asia. The Phyxelidinae is monophyletic and is defined by the following putative synapomorphies: at least some of the basal prolateral setae on the palpal femora of both sexes are enlarged, and in many species the setae are also modified into thorns; the tarsal trichobothria are lost and the metatarsal pattern is reduced to a single subapical dorsal trichobothrium; and the origin of the calamistrum is shifted to the median part of the fourth metatarsus. Previous familial placements of the spiders here placed in the Phyxelidinae are critically evaluated, and it is concluded that the Phyxelidinae are members of the Amaurobiidae. The Amaurobiidae is redefined on the basis of putative synapomorphies as spiders with a divided cribellum which have simple, sclerotized retrolateral and dorsal tibial processes on the male palp (however, the retrolateral process is lost in all Phyxelidinae except Vytfutia). A cladogram for the 54 species of the Phyxelidinae derived through numerical parsimony analysis using Swofford's program PAUP is presented. The following new taxa are proposed: new tribes: Vytfutiini, Vidoleini, and Phyxelidini; new genera: Ambohima (type species Ambohima sublima, new species, from Madagascar), Kulalania (type species Kulalania antiqua, new species, from Kenya), Lamaika (type species Lamaika distincta, new species, from South Africa), Namaquarachne (type species Namaquarachne khoikhoiana, new species, from South Africa), and Pongolania (type species Pongolania pongola, new species, from South Africa); new species: Ambohima sublima and A. pauliani; Kulalania antiqua; Lamaika distincta; Malaika delicatula; Namaquarachne angulata, N. khoikhoiana, N. thaumatula, and N. tropata; Phyxelida abyssinica, P. anatolica, P. apwania, P. carcharata, P. crassibursa, P. eurygyna, P. fanivelona, P. irwini, P. jabalina, P. kipia, P. malagasyana P. pingoana, P. sindanoa, and P. umlima; Pongolania chrysionaria and P. pongola; Themacrys ukhahlamba; Vidole V. helicigyna, V. lyra, and V. sothoana; Xevioso amica, X. aululata, X. colobata, X. jocquei, X. kulufa, X. lichmadina, and X. orthomeles. The following new synonymies are proposed: Haemilla grindleyi Lawrence with Malaika longipes (Purcell); Haemilla profundissima Lawrence with Vidole capensis (Pocock). The synonymies of Auximus schreineri Purcell with Auximus capensis Pocock, and of Haemilla tanganensis Simon and Fage with Amphigyrum nebulosum Tullgren, are rejected. Themacrys stolida Simon is considered a nomen dubium"--Page 3

Download or read book Subject Catalog written by Library of Congress and published by . This book was released on with total page 1028 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Monographic Series written by Library of Congress and published by . This book was released on with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Library of Congress Catalogs written by Library of Congress and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Books in Series written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 1814 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vols. for 1980- issued in three parts: Series, Authors, and Titles.