Download or read book Responses of Animals to Oxygen at Reduced Pressure written by J. D. MacEwen and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As extensions of previous short-term experiments on the toxicity of oxygen at reduced pressure in animals, long-term continuous exposures of beagle dogs, rhesus monkeys and albino rats and mice were undertaken. The exposures were for 230 days to 100% oxygen at 5 psia. No mortality occurred in the exposed dogs or monkeys. More rats and mice died in the control groups than in the experimental groups, indicating no effects on mortality due to the experimental conditions. The growth rates of control and experimental rats were almost identical, further indicating lack of deleterious effects. Histopathologic examination of tissues was conducted on all four animal species. No differences were observed between exposed animals and their controls in monkeys, rats or mice. Minimal differences consisting of mild bronchitis and mild congestion were seen in the dogs exposed to 100% oxygen at reduced pressure. One exposed dog exhibited severe pulmonary changes associated with acute interstitial bronchial pneumonia. Periodic measurements of blood constituents showed no significant differences attributable to prolonged oxygen exposure at reduced pressure.
Download or read book Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation Second Edition written by Roland N. Pittman and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2016-08-18 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mosaic Evolution of Subterranean Mammals written by Eviatar Nevo and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Subterranean life exists within an extraordinary environment and has evolved among different groups of mammals all over the globe. With relatively constant temperature, few opportunities to meet organisms other than the immediate family, and a completely different sensory environment, the evolution of such life is fascinating. Locomotion, communication, food-finding, navigation, circadian rhythms, and indeed the whole of the animals' physiology may be specialized to cope with life underground. And from burrowing to blindness, magnetic communication to the weird bee-like eusociality of blind mole rats, specialization has been extreme and has led to speciation in a whole range of new contexts. That the subterranean way of life occurs in different species of mammals across the globe has provided scientists with one of nature's best studied global evolutionary demonstrations of adaptive radiation and speciation. The revolution in molecular biology that has occurred over the last ten years has massively expanded these horizons, allowing scientists to explore, map, and clone the genes underlying the basis of adaptation and speciation and translate their fascinating structural and functional evolution into genes and genomic language. This book draws together the burgeoning literature about all aspects of the biology of subterranean mammals. Beginning with their evolutionary history and the processes that led to the subterranean way of life, the author reviews ecology, behavior, and physiology within the context of the highly stressful subterranean context, considers the specialization that has evolved in response, and then compares the eleven families of extant subterranean mammals. The incredible circumstances surrounding subterranean mammals present a unique, global, 'natural experiment' in evolution that has implications throughout biology. As such, this broad survey will stand as an invaluable reference to evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and molecular biologists for years to come.
Download or read book Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-04-10 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific advances in our understanding of animal physiology and behavior often require theories to be revised and standards of practice to be updated to improve laboratory animal welfare. This new book from the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) at the National Research Council, Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals, focuses on the stress and distress which is experienced by animals when used in laboratory research. This book aims to educate laboratory animal veterinarians; students, researchers, and investigators; animal care staff, as well as animal welfare officers on the current scientific and ethical issues associated with stress and distress in laboratory animals. It evaluates pertinent scientific literature to generate practical and pragmatic guidelines. Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals focuses specifically on the scientific understanding of the causes and the functions of stress and distress, the transformation of stress to distress, and the identification of principles for the recognition and alleviation of distress. This book discusses the role of humane endpoints in situations of distress and principles for the minimization of distress in laboratory animals. It also identifies areas in which further scientific investigation is needed to improve laboratory animal welfare in order to adhere to scientific and ethical principles that promote humane care and practice.
Download or read book Toxicity Bibliography written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bioastronautics Data Book written by James Fletcher Parker and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 952 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Respiratory Effects of Space Travel written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Emergency Response Guidebook written by U.S. Department of Transportation and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-06-03 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does the identification number 60 indicate a toxic substance or a flammable solid, in the molten state at an elevated temperature? Does the identification number 1035 indicate ethane or butane? What is the difference between natural gas transmission pipelines and natural gas distribution pipelines? If you came upon an overturned truck on the highway that was leaking, would you be able to identify if it was hazardous and know what steps to take? Questions like these and more are answered in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Learn how to identify symbols for and vehicles carrying toxic, flammable, explosive, radioactive, or otherwise harmful substances and how to respond once an incident involving those substances has been identified. Always be prepared in situations that are unfamiliar and dangerous and know how to rectify them. Keeping this guide around at all times will ensure that, if you were to come upon a transportation situation involving hazardous substances or dangerous goods, you will be able to help keep others and yourself out of danger. With color-coded pages for quick and easy reference, this is the official manual used by first responders in the United States and Canada for transportation incidents involving dangerous goods or hazardous materials.
Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Download or read book Capillary Fluid Exchange written by Joshua Scallan and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2010 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The partition of fluid between the vascular and interstitial compartments is regulated by forces (hydrostatic and oncotic) operating across the microvascular walls and the surface areas of permeable structures comprising the endothelial barrier to fluid and solute exchange, as well as within the extracellular matrix and lymphatics. In addition to its role in the regulation of vascular volume, transcapillary fluid filtration also allows for continuous turnover of water bathing tissue cells, providing the medium for diffusional flux of oxygen and nutrients required for cellular metabolism and removal of metabolic byproducts. Transendothelial volume flow has also been shown to influence vascular smooth muscle tone in arterioles, hydraulic conductivity in capillaries, and neutrophil transmigration across postcapillary venules, while the flow of this filtrate through the interstitial spaces functions to modify the activities of parenchymal, resident tissue, and metastasizing tumor cells. Likewise, the flow of lymph, which is driven by capillary filtration, is important for the transport of immune and tumor cells, antigen delivery to lymph nodes, and for return of filtered fluid and extravasated proteins to the blood. Given this background, the aims of this treatise are to summarize our current understanding of the factors involved in the regulation of transcapillary fluid movement, how fluid movements across the endothelial barrier and through the interstitium and lymphatic vessels influence cell function and behavior, and the pathophysiology of edema formation. Table of Contents: Fluid Movement Across the Endothelial Barrier / The Interstitium / The Lymphatic Vasculature / Pathophysiology of Edema Formation
Download or read book Organ Perfusion and Oxygenation in the Sick Infant written by Elisabeth M. W. Kooi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-24 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Cerebral Circulation written by Marilyn J. Cipolla and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.
Download or read book Proceedings written by and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Arterial Chemoreceptors written by Yoshiaki Hayashida and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-24 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents an updated review of the physiology of the carotid body chemoreceptors. It contains results in the topics at the frontiers of future developments in O2-sensing in chemoreceptor cells. Additionally, this volume provides data from studies carried out in other O2-sensing tissues including pulmonary vasculature and erythropoietin producing cells. It is a prime source of information and a guideline for arterial chemoreception researchers.
Download or read book Project Report written by USAF School of Aerospace Medicine and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Response and Adaptation to Hypoxia written by Sukhamay Lahiri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-05-27 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The underlying theme of this book is the biology of oxygen. The 22 chapters cover aspects of molecular, cellular, and integrative physiological functions. A fundamental evolutionary feature of the oxygen-consuming organism is that it developed a oxygen-sensing mechanism as apart of feedback control at the levels of molecules, organelles, organs, and systems. Oxygen sensing is partic ularly expressed in certain specific cells and tissues like peripheral chemore ceptors, erythroprotein-producing cells, and vascular smooth muscle. Apart of the book is focused on the current issues of this basic question of chemosen sing. Mitrochondria as the major site for cellular oxygen consumption is a nat ural candidate for cellular oxygen sensitivity and adaptation. A section deals with this question. A perennial question concerns chronic environment al oxy gen and the organism's response and adaptation to it. This theme runs through several chapters. Because comparative physiology often provides insight into the mechanisms of environment al adaptation, a chapter on respiration of high altitude birds has been incorporated. Obviously this book gives only glimpses of the immense field of oxygen biology. The book grew out of two meetings where these subjects were discussed. These meetings were sponsored by the American Physiological Society and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. We are grateful to the FASEB Program Committee and APS publication committee for their sup port. We owe much to Ms. Anne Miller for her editorial assistance. S. L. Philadelphia N. S . C. Cleveland R. S. F.
