Download or read book Schedules of Reinforcement written by B. F. Skinner and published by B. F. Skinner Foundation. This book was released on 2015-05-20 with total page 794 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contingent relationship between actions and their consequences lies at the heart of Skinner’s experimental analysis of behavior. Particular patterns of behavior emerge depending upon the contingencies established. Ferster and Skinner examined the effects of different schedules of reinforcement on behavior. An extraordinary work, Schedules of Reinforcement represents over 70,000 hours of research primarily with pigeons, though the principles have now been experimentally verified with many species including human beings. At first glance, the book appears to be an atlas of schedules. And so it is, the most exhaustive in existence. But it is also a reminder of the power of describing and explaining behavior through an analysis of measurable and manipulative behavior-environment relations without appealing to physiological mechanisms in the brain. As en exemplar and source for the further study of behavioral phenomena, the book illustrates the scientific philosophy that Skinner and Ferster adopted: that a science is best built from the ground up, from a firm foundation of facts that can eventually be summarized as scientific laws.
Download or read book Frustration Theory written by Abram Amsel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1992-07-31 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live in a world in which inconsistency is the rule rather than the exception and this is particularly true for rewards and frustrations. In some cases, rewards and frustrative non-rewards appear randomly for what seems to be the same behaviour; in others a sequence of rewards is suddenly followed by non-rewards, or large rewards by small rewards. The important common factor in these and other cases is frustration - how we learn about it and how we respond to it. This book provides a basis in learning theory and particularly in frustration theory, for a comprehension not only of the mechanisms controlling these dispositions, but also of their order of appearance in early development and, to an approximation at least, their neural underpinnings.
Download or read book Comprehensive Dissertation Index 1861 1972 Psychology written by Xerox University Microfilms and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 1032 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning written by Norbert M. Seel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-05 with total page 3643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences.
Download or read book Aversive Conditioning and Learning written by F. Robert Brush and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-05-10 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aversive Conditioning and Learning covers the significant advances in establishing the phenomena, principles, and other aspects of aversive conditioning and learning. This book is organized into three sections encompassing nine chapters. The first section deals with operant and classical conditioning of responses of the autonomic nervous system and with behavioral measurement of conditioned fear. The next section discusses the mechanism of avoidance learning and a number of problem areas, including the effects of response selection on the ease of acquisition and the nature and slow time course of the processes that reinforce avoidance learning. Other problems explore are the influence on avoidance learning of prior experience with uncontrollable shock and with reliable and unreliable predictors of shock, an analysis of avoidance learning in terms of a Markov model of short- and long-term memory, and the nature of retention of conditioned fear and the possible hormonal mechanisms that control performance motivated by fear. The last section examines some of the unexpected effects of punishment, which usually produces suppression of behavior. This section emphasizes the effects of noncontingent aversive stimuli that may account for the suppressive effects of punishment and on the paradoxical facilitation of behavior that sometimes results from response-contingent shock. This book will prove useful to medical psychologists, psychiatrists, and workers in the related fields.
Download or read book Essays in Neobehaviorism written by Kenneth Wartenbee Spence and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Theories of Animal Memory written by Donald F. Kendrick and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-04-04 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1986. This book is concerned with the transition of animal learning from a strict stimulus-response (S-R) approach to a more cognitive approach. In response to noted past research that was guided by some perspective or theoretical framework based partly on a combination of research results and individual opinions about what animals can do. This volume was thus conceived as a collection of chapters in which animal memory researchers could publicly state their opinions about animal memory, with little concern for substantiating them with test data. This volume is organized in three main sections of three chapters each. The first section, The Grand Approach, is a collection of chapters with a meta-theoretical perspective. The second section, Memory Processes, presents three chapters concerned with the processes, properties, and mechanisms of short-term memory in animals. The third section, Theoretical Issues, presents two highly developed theories of animal memory, one based on pigeon short-term memory experiments and one based on delayed alternation in the rat
Download or read book Sociophysiology written by W.M. Waid and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on the interactions of social psychological and physiological processes has become a major focus of interest among psychologists in the past two decades. The study of these interactions deserves a central role in psychology because bi ological determinants of complex behavior are often postulated, or even assumed, and, conversely, pathophysiological processes are often vaguely attributed to psy chological or social processes, such as stress. Sociophysiology was designed to bring together in one volume a representative sample of the broad range of work currently being done in the area of social psychophysiology. Some of the chapters provide a review of the literature while others focus more specifically on current programs of research. All provide new insights into basic relationships and several provide broad integrative schemes. Sociophysiology can serve as a text for both graduate and higher level under graduate courses in psychophysiology or social psychology. The authors represented provide an extensive overview of the discipline and are in the forefront of stimulating further theoretical and empirical development.
Download or read book Behavior Science written by H. W. Reese and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-02-24 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1986. This volume presents a selection of 'advances' in the field of behaviour science in psychology. It can be used as a pick-up guide, with chapters arranged into three kinds of advances: theoretical or philosophical, empirical, and methodological. The preface includes a summary of each of the chapters which range from the role of theory in the behaviour analysis of private events, to the use of residential laboratories with programmed environments for the study of behaviours.
Download or read book Associative Learning and Conditioning Theory written by Todd R Schachtman PhD and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-06-03 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although many professionals in psychology (including the sub-disciplines of human learning and memory, clinical practice related to psychopathology, neuroscience, educational psychology and many other areas) no longer receive training in learning and conditioning, the influence of this field remains strong. Therefore, many researchers and clinicians have little knowledge about basic learning theory and its current applications beyond their own specific research topic. The primary purpose of the present volume is to highlight ways in which basic learning principles, methodology, and phenomena underpin, and indeed guide, contemporary translational research. With contributions from a distinguished collection of internationally renowned scholars, this 23-chapter volume contains specific research issues but is also broad in scope, covering a variety of topics in which associative learning and conditioning theory apply, such as drug abuse and addiction, anxiety, fear and pain research, advertising, attribution processes, acquisition of likes and dislikes, social learning, psychoneuroimmunology, and psychopathology (e.g., autism, depression, helplessness and schizophrenia). This breadth is captured in the titles of the three major sections of the book: Applications to Clinical Pathology; Applications to Health and Addiction; Applications to Cognition, Social Interaction and Motivation. The critically important phenomena and methodology of learning and conditioning continue to have a profound influence on theory and clinical concerns related to the mechanisms of memory, cognition, education, and pathology of emotional and consummatory disorders. This volume is expected to have the unique quality of serving the interests of many researchers, educators and clinicians including, for example, neuroscientists, learning and conditioning researchers, psychopharmacologists, clinical psychopathologists, and practitioners in the medical field.
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1965-03 with total page 1384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstracts of dissertations and monographs in microform.
Download or read book Research Grants Index written by National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Division of Research Grants and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 918 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 1348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Publications Resulting from National Institute of Mental Health Research Grants 1947 1961 written by National Clearinghouse for Mental Health Information (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Learning written by Stephen B. Klein and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2013-12-13 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incorporating the latest scholarship and applications in the field, Learning: Principles and Applications, Seventh Edition shows students the relevance of basic learning processes through real-world examples, vignettes, critical thinking questions, and applications. Acclaimed for its accessible and thorough coverage of both classic and current studies of animal and human research, the book is known for its scholarship and easy-to-read style, and the introduction of concepts and theories within the framework of highly effective pedagogical elements, the new edition has been updated and reorganized into twelve chapters to reflect recent changes in the field.
Download or read book Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes Volume 2 written by William K. Estes and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-06-20 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1975, Volume 2 of this Handbook looks at areas traditionally associated with learning theory such as conditioning, discrimination and behavior theory. It deals with concepts and theories growing principally out of laboratory studies of conditioning and learning. The intention was to treat mechanisms, processes, and principles of some generality – applicable at least to all vertebrates. It was becoming well understood that detailed interpretations of particular behaviors required the authors to take account of the way general principles operate in the context of species-specific behavioral organizations and developmental histories; but detailed consideration of just how these interpretations were accomplished for different animal forms was another enterprise. Here the authors limit their task to abstracting from the enormous literature facts and ideas which seemed general enough to be of interest and perhaps utility to investigators in other disciplines at the time. Volume 1 presented an overview of the field and introduced the principal theoretical and methodological issues that persistently recurred in the expanded treatments of specific research areas that comprise the later volumes. Volume 3 looks at human learning and motivation, while the last 3 volumes range over the many active lines of research identified with human cognitive processes at the time.
Download or read book Festschrift for B F Skinner written by Peter B. Dews and published by Ardent Media. This book was released on 1977 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
