Download or read book Resistance and Resilience of Stream Salamander Populations to Disturbance written by Steven J. Price and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urbanization and drought represent two pervasive disturbances that affect animal inhabitants of small, first-order streams. Stream salamanders (Family Plethodontidae) represent the dominant vertebrate group and play important ecological roles in first-order streams, although they have often been neglected in previous studies on the effects of disturbance on system ecosystems. It was hypothesized that urbanization and drought would strongly influence vital rates (e.g., occupancy, abundance, survival, etc.) of salamander populations. One goal of this research was to use a before-after control-impact study design to determine occupancy probabilities and abundances of salamander life stages and species in streams with urbanized catchments, compared to streams with undisturbed catchments. Using both dynamic occupancy models and binomial mixed models, I not only estimated the state variables (i.e., occupancy and abundance), but provided estimates of colonization, survival, and detection while incorporating site-level and survey covariates. Four years post-urbanization, occupancy estimates of larval northern dusky (Desmognathus fuscus), larval and adult southern two-lined salamanders (Eurycea cirrigera) declined by approximately 40%, whereas adult northern dusky salamander occupancy remained stable. Occupancy of salamanders in control streams remained relatively stable over five years. Abundance estimates followed somewhat similar trends, although response-time for salamanders was shown to be more rapid. Abundances of larval dusky and two-lined salamanders were different from control streams one-year after urbanization, whereas adult two-lined salamander and dusky salamander abundances differed from control streams two and three years' post-urbanization, respectively. A second main objective was to use capture-mark-recapture (CMR) data to estimate survival probability, temporary emigration probability and detectability of stream salamanders, with a focus on the northern dusky salamanders. I used Huggins Robust Design to construct a set of a priori candidate models. Strong support was found for models that included month-specific capture probabilities and recapture probabilities, which indicated a strong capture response. Furthermore, I found support for random temporary emigration and location specific survival. Findings suggest that it may be necessary to include survey and population-level parameters in order to estimate survival in stream salamanders. A final objective was to use occupancy and CMR data to examine the response of the northern dusky salamander to drought, specifically the supra-seasonal drought of 2007-2008. I used dynamic occupancy models to estimate salamander occupancy of adult and larval salamanders and Huggins Robust Design to estimate vital rates of adult salamanders. Occupancy of larval salamanders declined by 30% during supra-seasonal drought conditions, yet adult occupancy remained similar to non drought years. Adult temporary emigration rates were twice as high during supra-seasonal drought conditions than during non-drought and typical drought conditions and survival of adults during the supra-seasonal drought was similar to survival during non-drought conditions. These findings suggest persistence of dusky salamanders during drought is due to both between generation and within generation refugium-use strategies.
Download or read book Community Ecology and Salamander Guilds written by Nelson G. Hairston and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1987-11-27 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This informative book, first published in 1987, presents the theories of community ecology within the context of a natural example. The text describes and examines issues in community ecology and shows how research on salamanders has helped to solve some of the problems surrounding the theories. Salamanders exist in stable populations of the kind assumed in community theory and are more appropriate than most other animals for research on the applications of that theory. The interesting and meaningful results, collected from observation on these excellent subjects posed challenges to beliefs within community ecology. Life histories of salamanders, fieldwork in distinctly differing habitats, competition, predation and evolution are discussed in an easily readable text. Professional ecologists and students of community ecology and herpetology will be interedted in the information synthesised in this book.
Download or read book Influence of Multi scale Drivers on Stream Salamander Occupancy Abundance and Reproduction in an Exurban Landscape written by Diana C Macklem and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The number of city-dwelling humans currently exceeds half of the world’s population and is expected to increase in the future (Meyer et al. 2005; Barrett and Price 2014); however, urban development significantly alters the surrounding ecological community. Urbanization increases the amount of impervious surfaces on the landscape, fragments or destroys habitats, produces pollutants and nutrient contaminants, promotes the introduction and invasion of non-native species, increases disease transmission, and alters biotic communities (Allan 2004; Bar-Massada et al. 2014). The manifestation of urbanization in stream ecosystems is a number of consistent symptoms collectively known as urban stream syndrome (Walsh et al. 2005; Hamer and McDonnell 2008). Urban streams typically have flashier hydrographs, increased sediment and pollutant loads, and altered channel morphology and stability (Walsh et al. 2005; Hamer and McDonnell 2008). These ecosystem changes reduce biotic richness, leaving a predominance of tolerant, generalist species in urban streams (Walsh et al. 2005; Hamer and McDonnell 2008). Urbanization currently threatens more than one-third of the world’s known amphibian species (Hamer and McDonnell 2008). Urban development has been linked to reduced amphibian species richness, declines in individual species occurrence and abundance, loss of genetic diversity and population isolation, and altered biotic communities and interactions (Hamer and McDonnell 2008; Barrett and Price 2014). Moreover, salamanders make up a considerable portion of the vertebrate biomass in forest and wetland ecosystems (Burton and Liken 1975; Hamer and McDonnell 2008; Barrett and Price 2014). Thus, severe declines or extirpation of salamander populations will have a substantial influence on nutrient cycling and trophic interactions in the riparian ecosystem (Barrett and Price 2014). In southern New England, reforestation has occurred since the 1850’s along with the establishment of low-density residential communities beginning in the 1920’s (Foster 1992). Reforestation plateaued by the mid-1970’s with forest conversion to residential land use resulting in forest loss during the last 20-30 years in southern New England (Jeon et al. 2014). Today, exurban development, defined as human housing density of 6-25 houses per square kilometer (Hansen et al. 2015), dominates the landscape (Foster 1992; Jeon et al. 2014). Despite exurban development being the fastest growing form of land use in the United States since the 1950’s (Hansen et al. 2005), the range of ecological effects that occur within exurban development are not well understood (Bar-Massada et al. 2014). In southern New England, we are just now beginning to understand how wildlife populations persist over multiple decades in this landscape of second growth forest intermixed with exurban development. Addressing the challenges of urban stream syndrome and amphibian declines will require a basic understanding of species-specific amphibian ecology, identification of multi-scale and interactive drivers of population declines, and a multi-scale approach to management (Hamer and McDonnell 2008; Barrett and Price 2014; Semlitsch et al. 2017). Preventing salamander population declines within exurban development requires identifying what features of an exurban landscape influence population dynamics. Thus, I examined the influence of multi-scale drivers on stream salamander occupancy, abundance, and reproduction in the exurban landscape of eastern Connecticut. Moreover, my thesis addresses a recent call for research that examines species-specific responses to urbanization, focuses on gradients of housing development, and highlights the potential legacy effects associated with housing development (Hamer and McDonnell 2008; Barrett and Price 2014). Connecticut is home to three species of stream-dwelling salamander species. The northern spring salamander, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, is restricted to a few known locations and thus not included here. I focused on the responses of the other two stream salamander species, Eurycea bislineata and Desmognathus fuscus, to a range of exurban housing development densities and ages.
Download or read book Ecology of Populations of Van Dyke s Salamanders in the Cascade Range of Washington State written by Aimee P. McIntyre and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Van Dyke's salamander (Plethodon vandyke,) is a rare species endemic to Washington State. It has been found in cool moist microhabitats along streams, splash zones of waterfalls, and headwater seeps. We explored the association of the Van Dyke's salamander with hydrologic condition, geomorphology, disturbance characteristics, and vegetation structure in first- and second-order streams, and headwater seeps in the Cascade Range of Washington. We conducted salamander surveys and measured habitat characteristics at 50 streams and 40 seeps May-October 2000-2002. We described Van Dyke's salamander occurrence in stream and seep sites at three spatial scales: between sites, within sites, and between microhabitat sites. Using presence and absence as the response, we fit logistic regression models predicting Van Dyke's salamander occurrence. To identify the model that best fit the data, we ranked a priori models using Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Results were consistent for both stream and seep sites, at all three spatial scales. Best approximating models indicated that Van Dyke's salamander occurrence at sites was related to geological and hydrological habitat characteristics that provided hydnc and thermal stability. The probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence along streams was associated with habitat characteristics that protected salamanders from exposure, provided a source cover, and stream habitat types providing splash zone areas. Between streams, Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was positively associated with the proportion of valley walls with canopy cover 5%, the proportion of the stream channel dominated by bedrock, boulder, or soil substrates, and additional stream channels entering the main channel. Within streams, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence increased with the presence of non-forested areas, the presence of bedrock dominated stream habitat types, and the presence of vertical or V-shaped valley wall morphology. Between microhabitat sites, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence increased with an absence of trees, the presence of seeps, and the presence of small cobble sized substrates. The probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence in seeps was associated with habitat characteristics that protected salamanders within the larger landscape, provided a moisture gradient from dry to saturated, and the presence of cover objects. Between seeps, Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was positively associated with seep faces having a dry and sheeting hydrology, and with seep faces5 m high. Within seeps, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was negatively associated with seeps that had proportionately more point measures of total overhead cover that were>25%. Between microhabitat sites, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was positively associated with an increase in the percent cover of small cobble, small gravel, and bedrock substrates. We conducted mark-recapture surveys of the Van Dyke's salamander at two high-gradient stream sites located within the Cascade Range of Washington State, June-November 2002. Sites known to support populations of the Van Dyke's salamander were chosen, and were ecologically different. One site, lacking significant overstory and located within the blast zone created by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, was surveyed 10 times. The other site, located in an old-growth coniferous stand, was surveyed 11 times. Abundance of salamanders at the blast zone site was estimated to be 458 (95% Cl: 306-739). Abundance of salamanders at the old-growth site was estimated to be 100 individuals (95% Cl: 61-209). Capture probabilities were extremely low (5 =
Download or read book Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams written by Thibault Datry and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-07-11 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Ecology and Management takes an internationally broad approach, seeking to compare and contrast findings across multiple continents, climates, flow regimes, and land uses to provide a complete and integrated perspective on the ecology of these ecosystems. Coupled with this, users will find a discussion of management approaches applicable in different regions that are illustrated with relevant case studies. In a readable and technically accurate style, the book utilizes logically framed chapters authored by experts in the field, allowing managers and policymakers to readily grasp ecological concepts and their application to specific situations. Provides up-to-date reviews of research findings and management strategies using international examples Explores themes and parallels across diverse sub-disciplines in ecology and water resource management utilizing a multidisciplinary and integrative approach Reveals the relevance of this scientific understanding to managers and policymakers
Download or read book Ecology Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coverage: 1982- current; updated: monthly. This database covers current ecology research across a wide range of disciplines, reflecting recent advances in light of growing evidence regarding global environmental change and destruction. Major ares of subject coverage include: Algae/lichens, Animals, Annelids, Aquatic ecosystems, Arachnids, Arid zones, Birds, Brackish water, Bryophytes/pteridophytes, Coastal ecosystems, Conifers, Conservation, Control, Crustaceans, Ecosyst em studies, Fungi, Grasses, Grasslands, High altitude environments, Human ecology, Insects, Legumes, Mammals, Management, Microorganisms, Molluscs, Nematodes, Paleo-ecology, Plants, Pollution studies, Reptiles, River basins, Soil, TAiga/tundra, Terrestrial ecosystems, Vertebrates, Wetlands, Woodlands.
Download or read book Official Meeting Program written by Ecological Society of America. Meeting and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Community Ecotoxicology written by William H. Clements and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-02-14 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecotoxicology is the study of the effects of toxicants on ecological systems. Ecological effects of contaminants may occur at several levels of biological organisation, from individual organisms to the entire biosphere. Communities consist of interacting populations that overlap in time and space. Thus, community ecotoxicology is concerned with effects of contaminants on communities. This is one of a series of five books that will provide a comprehensive treatment of field ecotoxicology, it provides important insights into how contaminants affect the distribution and abundance of organisms in nature. * Both authors are well known highly respected scientists in the field. * The first book to be dedicated to 'community ecotoxicology.'
Download or read book Ecology written by Charles J. Krebs and published by Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. This book was released on 2001 with total page 695 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This best-selling majors ecology book continues to present ecology as a series of problems for readers to critically analyze. No other text presents analytical, quantitative, and statistical ecological information in an equally accessible style. Reflecting the way ecologists actually practice, the book emphasizes the role of experiments in testing ecological ideas and discusses many contemporary and controversial problems related to distribution and abundance. Throughout the book, Krebs thoroughly explains the application of mathematical concepts in ecology while reinforcing these concepts with research references, examples, and interesting end-of-chapter review questions. Thoroughly updated with new examples and references, the book now features a new full-color design and is accompanied by an art CD-ROM for instructors. The field package also includes The Ecology Action Guide, a guide that encourages readers to be environmentally responsible citizens, and a subscription to The Ecology Place (www.ecologyplace.com), a web site and CD-ROM that enables users to become virtual field ecologists by performing experiments such as estimating the number of mice on an imaginary island or restoring prairie land in Iowa. For college instructors and students.
Download or read book A Natural History of Amphibians written by Robert C. Stebbins and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 1997-01-26 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amphibia, the animal group that includes frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians, contains more than 4,500 known living species and new ones are being discovered continuously. This book focuses on the natural history of amphibians worldwide, how interaction with their environment over time has affected their evolutionary processes and what factors will determine their destinies. 37 photos. 52 line illus.
Download or read book Stream Corridor Restoration written by and published by National Technical Info Svc. This book was released on 1998 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document is a cooperative effort among fifteen Federal agencies and partners to produce a common reference on stream corridor restoration. It responds to a growing national and international interest in restoring stream corridors.
Download or read book Riparian Areas written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-10-10 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that wetlands be protected from degradation because of their important ecological functions including maintenance of high water quality and provision of fish and wildlife habitat. However, this protection generally does not encompass riparian areasâ€"the lands bordering rivers and lakesâ€"even though they often provide the same functions as wetlands. Growing recognition of the similarities in wetland and riparian area functioning and the differences in their legal protection led the NRC in 1999 to undertake a study of riparian areas, which has culminated in Riparian Areas: Functioning and Strategies for Management. The report is intended to heighten awareness of riparian areas commensurate with their ecological and societal values. The primary conclusion is that, because riparian areas perform a disproportionate number of biological and physical functions on a unit area basis, restoration of riparian functions along America's waterbodies should be a national goal.
Download or read book Inland Fishes of the Greater Southwest written by W. L. Minckley and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive new book replaces and substantially expands upon the landmark Fishes of Arizona, which has been the authoritative source since it was first published in 1973. Inland Fishes of the Greater Southwest is a one-volume guide to native and non-native fishes of the lower Colorado River basin, downstream from the Grand Canyon, and of the northern tributaries of the Sea of Cortez in the United States and Mexico. In all, there are in-depth accounts of more than 165 species representing 30 families. The book is not limited to the fish. It provides insights into their aquatic world with information on topography, drainage relations, climate, geology, vegetational history, aquatic habitats, human-made water systems, and conservation. A section of the book is devoted to fish identification, with keys to native and non-native families as well as family keys to species. The book is illustrated with more than 120 black-and-white illustrations, 47 full-color plates of native fishes, and nearly 40 maps and figures. Many native fish species are unique to the Southwest. They possess interesting and unusual adaptations to the challenges of the region, able to survive silt-laden floods as well as extreme water temperatures and highly fluctuating water flows ranging from very low levels to flash floods. However, in spite of being well-adapted, many of the fish described here are threatened or endangered, often due to the acts of humans who have altered the natural habitat. For that reason, Inland Fishes of the Greater Southwest presents a vast amount of information about the ecological relationships between the fishes it describes and their environments, paying particular attention to the ways in which human interactions have modified aquatic ecosystemsÑand to how humans might work to ensure the survival of rapidly disappearing native species.
Download or read book The Nature of Plant Communities written by J. Bastow Wilson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive review of the role of species interactions in the process of plant community assembly.
Download or read book Occupancy Estimation and Modeling written by Darryl I. MacKenzie and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-11-17 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Occupancy Estimation and Modeling: Inferring Patterns and Dynamics of Species Occurrence, Second Edition, provides a synthesis of model-based approaches for analyzing presence-absence data, allowing for imperfect detection. Beginning from the relatively simple case of estimating the proportion of area or sampling units occupied at the time of surveying, the authors describe a wide variety of extensions that have been developed since the early 2000s. This provides an improved insight about species and community ecology, including, detection heterogeneity; correlated detections; spatial autocorrelation; multiple states or classes of occupancy; changes in occupancy over time; species co-occurrence; community-level modeling, and more. Occupancy Estimation and Modeling: Inferring Patterns and Dynamics of Species Occurrence, Second Edition has been greatly expanded and detail is provided regarding the estimation methods and examples of their application are given. Important study design recommendations are also covered to give a well rounded view of modeling. Provides authoritative insights into the latest in occupancy modeling Examines the latest methods in analyzing detection/no detection data surveys Addresses critical issues of imperfect detectability and its effects on species occurrence estimation Discusses important study design considerations such as defining sample units, sample size determination and optimal effort allocation
Download or read book Perspectives in Ecological Theory written by Ramón Margalef and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ecosystem as a cybernetic system. Ecological succession and exploitation by man. The study of pelagic ecosystems. Evolution in the frame of ecosystem organization.
Download or read book Monitoring Animal Populations and Their Habitats written by Brenda McComb and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-03-11 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the face of so many unprecedented changes in our environment, the pressure is on scientists to lead the way toward a more sustainable future. Written by a team of ecologists, Monitoring Animal Populations and Their Habitats: A Practitioner’s Guide provides a framework that natural resource managers and researchers can use to design monitoring programs that will benefit future generations by distilling the information needed to make informed decisions. In addition, this text is valuable for undergraduate- and graduate-level courses that are focused on monitoring animal populations. With the aid of more than 90 illustrations and a four-page color insert, this book offers practical guidance for the entire monitoring process, from incorporating stakeholder input and data collection, to data management, analysis, and reporting. It establishes the basis for why, what, how, where, and when monitoring should be conducted; describes how to analyze and interpret the data; explains how to budget for monitoring efforts; and discusses how to assemble reports of use in decision-making. The book takes a multi-scaled and multi-taxa approach, focusing on monitoring vertebrate populations and upland habitats, but the recommendations and suggestions presented are applicable to a variety of monitoring programs. Lastly, the book explores the future of monitoring techniques, enabling researchers to better plan for the future of wildlife populations and their habitats. Monitoring Animal Populations and Their Habitats: A Practitioner’s Guide furthers the goal of achieving a world in which biodiversity is allowed to evolve and flourish in the face of such uncertainties as climate change, invasive species proliferation, land use expansion, and population growth.
