Download or read book Reduced Condensing Pressure Operation in Industrial Ammonia Refrigeration Systems written by Marcus H. Wilcox and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A computer model was created using compressor and condenser performance data to simulate vapor-compression ammonia refrigeration system performance under various operating conditions and strategies. The model was used to estimate energy, demand, and cost savings resulting from reduced condensing pressures. Two ammonia refrigeration systems were selected for the investigation into reduced condensing pressure operation. Each refrigeration system was monitored under two modes of operation: high (fixed-head) and reduced (floating-head) condensing pressure. Compressor and condenser fan power, condensing pressure, and ambient dry and wet-bulb temperatures were recorded for a one week period. During the fixed-head period, the condensing pressure was maintained at 145 to 155 psig, which is typical for industry. The condenser fan controls were adjusted for the floating-head period, reducing the average condensing pressures to 117 to 130 psig. Reductions of 9.8% to 11.7% in combined compressor and condenser fan power were observed during the floating-head operation. In addition, none of the potential problems associated with floating-head operation were observed. The model was used to simulate refrigeration system performance during the monitoring periods, using weather data and estimated refrigeration loads as model input. Model predictions were compared with the monitored data to validate the model performance. The model was used to predict monthly and annual energy, peak-demand, and operating costs for a range of condensing pressures. Monthly dry and wet-bulb temperature profiles, and estimates of refrigeration loads were used as input for the model. The model predicted: Annual energy savings of 10.6% to 12.0%, corresponding to 0.63% to 0.83% savings per degree reduction in average condensing temperature. Average monthly peak demand savings of 8.7% to 9.2%, corresponding to 0.53% to 0.64% savings per degree reduction in average condensing temperature. Average annual cost savings of 10.4% to 11.9%, corresponding to 0.62% to 0.82% savings per degree reduction in average condensing temperature. The possibility of minimum condensing pressures, below which the condenser fan operating costs outweigh compressor savings. A significant portion of the possible energy savings (79% to 93%) with no additional equipment or capital cost.
Download or read book Industrial Refrigeration Handbook written by Wilbert F. Stoecker and published by McGraw-Hill Companies. This book was released on 1998-01-22 with total page 808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing from the best of the widely dispersed literature in the field and the authorÕs vast professional knowledge and experience, here is todayÕs most exhaustive, one-stop coverage of the fundamentals, design, installation, and operation of industrial refrigeration systems. Detailing the industry changes caused by the conversion from CFCs to non-ozone-depleting refrigerants and by the development of microprocessors and new secondary coolants, Industrial Refrigeration Handbook also examines multistage systems; compressors, evaporators, and condensers; piping, vessels, valves and refrigerant controls; liquid recirculation; refrigeration load calculations; refrigeration and freezing of food; and safety procedures. Offering a rare compilation of thermodynamic data on the most-used industrial refrigerants, the Handbook is a mother lode of vital information and guidance for every practitioner in the field.
Download or read book Energy Efficient Operation of Ammonia Refrigeration Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ammonia refrigeration systems typically offer many energy efficiency opportunities because of their size and complexity. This paper develops a model for simulating single-stage ammonia refrigeration systems, describes common energy saving opportunities, and uses the model to quantify those opportunities. The simulation model uses data that are typically available during site visits to ammonia refrigeration plants and can be calibrated to actual consumption and performance data if available. Annual electricity consumption for a base-case ammonia refrigeration system is simulated. The model is then used to quantify energy savings for six specific energy efficiency opportunities; reduce refrigeration load, increase suction pressure, employ dual suction, decrease minimum head pressure set-point, increase evaporative condenser capacity, and reclaim heat. Methods and considerations for achieving each saving opportunity are discussed. The model captures synergistic effects that result when more than one component or parameter is changed. This methodology represents an effective method to model and quantify common energy saving opportunities in ammonia refrigeration systems. The results indicate the range of savings that might be expected from common energy efficiency opportunities.
Download or read book Comparative Analysis of Low Temperature Industrial Refrigeration Systems written by Piyanon Mumanachit and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book ANSI IIAR Standard 2 2014 written by International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new and improved IIAR 2 is the definitive design safety standard of the ammonia refrigeration industry - IIAR 2 has undergone extensive revision since the 2008 (with Addendum B) edition was published on December 3, 2012. A major focus of changes made to this edition has been incorporating topics traditionally addressed in other codes and standards so that IIAR 2 can eventually serve as a single, comprehensive standard covering safe design of closed-circuit ammonia refrigeration systems.
Download or read book Performance Optimization of Industrial Refrigeration Systems written by Kyle A. Manske and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Industrial Refrigeration written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Unit Operations in Food Processing written by R. L. Earle and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This long awaited second edition of a popular textbook has a simple and direct approach to the diversity and complexity of food processing. It explains the principles of operations and illustrates them by individual processes. The new edition has been enlarged to include sections on freezing, drying, psychrometry, and a completely new section on mechanical refrigeration. All the units have been converted to SI measure. Each chapter contains unworked examples to help the student gain a grasp of the subject, and although primarily intended for the student food technologist or process engineer, this book will also be useful to technical workers in the food industry
Download or read book Refrigeration Systems and Applications written by Ibrahim Din¿er and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-23 with total page 990 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineers This book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author’s pioneering research. Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi-disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well as chemistry. Its wide-ranging applications mean that the industry plays a key role in national and international economies. And it continues to be an area of active research, much of it focusing on making the technology as environmentally friendly and sustainable as possible without compromising cost efficiency and effectiveness. This substantially updated and revised edition of the classic text/reference now features two new chapters devoted to renewable-energy-based integrated refrigeration systems and environmental impact/sustainability assessment. All examples and chapter-end problems have been updated as have conversion factors and the thermophysical properties of an array of materials. Provides a solid foundation in the fundamental principles and the practical applications of refrigeration technologies Examines fundamental aspects of thermodynamics, refrigerants, as well as energy and exergy analyses and energy and exergy based performance assessment criteria and approaches Introduces environmental impact assessment methods and sustainability evaluation of refrigeration systems and applications Covers basic and advanced (and hence integrated) refrigeration cycles and systems, as well as a range of novel applications Discusses crucial industrial, technical and operational problems, as well as new performance improvement techniques and tools for better design and analysis Features clear explanations, numerous chapter-end problems and worked-out examples Refrigeration Systems and Applications, Third Edition is an indispensable working resource for researchers and practitioners in the areas of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. It is also an ideal textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, biochemical, industrial and food engineering disciplines.
Download or read book Understanding Industrial Refrigeration from the Inside Out written by Randy Williams and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guideline for practical understanding of ammonia refrigeration systems.
Download or read book Industrial Refrigeration written by and published by . This book was released on 1910 with total page 852 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Industrial Refrigeration written by Pieter C. Koelet and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the principles of refrigeration, including the components and plant involved, basic design techniques, and a detailed discussion of the techniques of food conservation and refrigeration. Also discusses the use of chlorofluorocarbons and alternative ammonia systems, and deals with economic aspects, maintenance procedures, fault finding and repair. Directed toward practitioners in the refrigeration and food industries.
Download or read book Refrigeration units in marine vessels written by Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hafner and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fishing vessels can be equipped with energy efficient refrigeration technology applying natural working fluids. Ammonia refrigeration systems have been the first choice, but CO2 units have also become increasingly common in the maritime sector in the last few years. When retrofitting or implementing CO2 refrigeration plants, less space on board is required and such units allow good service and maintenance. Nowadays, cruise ship owners prefer CO2 units for the provision refrigeration plants.Ship owners, responsible for the health and safety of the crew and passengers, must carefully evaluate the usage of flammable low GWP working fluids, due to a high risk that toxic decomposition products are formed, even without the presence of an open flame. Suggestions for further work include a Nordic Technology Hub for global marine refrigeration R&D and development support for key components.
Download or read book Industrial Refrigeration written by Guy R. King and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Industrial High Pressure Applications written by Rudolf Eggers and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-07-11 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Industrial high pressure processes open the door to many reactions that are not possible under 'normal' conditions. These are to be found in such different areas as polymerization, catalytic reactions, separations, oil and gas recovery, food processing, biocatalysis and more. The most famous high pressure process is the so-called Haber-Bosch process used for fertilizers and which was awarded a Nobel prize. Following an introduction on historical development, the current state, and future trends, this timely and comprehensive publication goes on to describe different industrial processes, including methanol and other catalytic syntheses, polymerization and renewable energy processes, before covering safety and equipment issues. With its excellent choice of industrial contributions, this handbook offers high quality information not found elsewhere, making it invaluable reading for a broad and interdisciplinary audience.
Download or read book Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Volume 3 written by Ernest E. Ludwig and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-08-13 with total page 713 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This third edition of Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants, Volume 3, is completely revised and updated throughout to make this standard reference more valuable than ever. It has been expanded by more than 200 pages to include the latest technological and process developments in heat transfer, refrigeration, compression and compression surge drums, and mechanical drivers. Like other volumes in this classic series, this one emphasizes how to apply techniques of process design and how to interpret results into mechanical equipment details. It focuses on the applied aspects of chemical engineering design to aid the design and/or project engineers in rating process requirements, specifying for purchasing purposes, and interpreting and selecting the mechanical equipment needed to satisfy the process functions. Process chemical engineering and mechanical hydraulics are included in the design procedures. Includes updated information that allows for efficiency and accuracy in daily tasks and operationsPart of a classic series in the industry
Download or read book Refrigeration and Air Conditioning written by A. R. Trott and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 1999-12-20 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of refrigeration, either directly or as part of an air-conditioning system, is essential to almost every branch of industry. There is a need for practitioners to familiarise themselves with the general principles and methods of refrigeration and air conditioning, and the types of plant and operation currently in use. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practice of refrigeration and air-conditioning for the uninitiated student and a general overview of the industry for the practitioner. The fundamentals of the subject are introduced without involving the reader too deeply in theory and the content is presented in a logical order. This fully revised and updated third edition has a new chapter on Refrigerants that deals with the many changes in this area over the last 10 years, including the phase out of CFC and HCFC refrigerants in line with Ozone depletion and Global Warming. New, replacement refrigerants are described, together with Codes of Practice introduced for maintenance and servicing of refrigeration plants. The increased use of Ammonia and Propane are included, with the relevant Health and Safety aspects, and the move towards Absorption refrigeration equipment as more environmentally friendly. This new edition of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning is a valuable reference source for practising engineers and essential reading for students.
