Download or read book Ray Optics Fermat s Principle and Applications to General Relativity written by Volker Perlick and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-07-01 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about the mathematical theory of light propagation in media on general-relativistic spacetimes. The first part discusses the transition from Maxwell's equations to ray optics. The second part establishes a general mathematical framework for treating ray optics as a theory in its own right, making extensive use of the Hamiltonian formalism. This part also includes a detailed discussion of variational principles (i.e., various versions of Fermat's principle) for light rays in general-relativistic media. Some applications, e.g. to gravitational lensing, are worked out. The reader is assumed to have some basic knowledge of general relativity and some familiarity with differential geometry. Some of the results are published here for the first time, e.g. a general-relativistic version of Fermat's principle for light rays in a medium that has to satisfy some regularity condition only.
Download or read book Soft X ray Optics written by Eberhard Spiller and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text describes optics mainly in the 10 to 500 angstrom wavelength region. These wavelengths are 50 to 100 times shorter than those for visible light and 50 to 100 times longer than the wavelengths of medical x rays or x-ray diffraction from natural crystals. There have been substantial advances during the last 20 years, which one can see as an extension of optical technology to shorter wavelengths or as an extension of x-ray diffraction to longer wavelengths. Artificial diffracting structures like zone plates and multilayer mirrors are replacing the natural crystals of x-ray diffraction. Some of these structures can now be fabricated to have diffraction-limited resolution. The new possibilities are described in a simple, tutorial way.
Download or read book Ray Optics written by R. K. Verma and published by Discovery Publishing House. This book was released on 2006 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book Ray Optics cover the syllabus of ray optics for most of the universities in India. The language of this book has been kept simple as could be consistent with precision and brevity detained descriptions of experiments are not given. It is sincerely hoped that fellow teachers will find this text book exciting and the student will find it interesting and useful. Criticism and suggestions for further improvement shall be gratefully acknowledged. Contents: Light, Fermat s Principle and its Applications, Ray Optics, Lenses, Cardinal Points of an Optical System, Thick Lenses, Matrix Methods, Dispersion, Lens Aberrations, Optical Instruments, Speed of Light.
Download or read book X Ray Optics written by Yuri Shvyd'ko and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of x rays has moved in the forefront of science and technology in the second half of the 20th century. This progress has been greatly stimulated by the advent of synchrotron x-ray sources in the 1960s. The undulator-based synchrotron radiation sources which have appeared in the last decade of the 20th century gave a new impetus to such development. The brilliance of the x-ray sources has increased by 12 orders of magnitude in 40 years and this trend does not show any signs of stagnation. The future x-ray sources of the 21th century based on free-electron lasers driven by linear accelerators will provide sub-picosecond radiation pulses with by many orders of magnitude higher brilliance and full transverse coherence. The x-ray sources of the newest generation offer a possibility to realize more than ever before the great potential of x-ray optics and, as a consequence, to elaborate new sophisticated instrumentation with unprecedented resolution and eventually to move in new directions of research in x-ray technology, materials science, fundamental physics, life sciences, etc.
Download or read book The Ray and Wave Theory of Lenses written by A. Walther and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-11-02 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a detailed description of lens behaviour in real optical systems.
Download or read book Coherent X Ray Optics written by David Paganin and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 2006-01-12 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray optics is undergoing a renaissance, which may be paralleled to that experienced by visible-light optics following the invention of the laser. The associated surge of activity in "coherent" x-ray optics has been documented in this monograph, the first of its type in the field.
Download or read book An Introduction to X Ray Physics Optics and Applications written by Carolyn A. MacDonald and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-13 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Carolyn A. MacDonald provides a comprehensive introduction to the physics of a wide range of x-ray applications, optics, and analysis tools. Theory is applied to practical considerations of optics and applications ranging from astronomy to medical imaging and materials analysis. Emphasizing common physical concepts that underpin diverse phenomena and applications of x-ray physics, the book opens with a look at nuclear medicine, motivating further investigations into scattering, detection, and noise statistics. The second section explores topics in x-ray generation, including characteristic emission, x-ray fluorescence analysis, bremsstrahlung emission, and synchrotron and laser sources. The third section details the main forms of interaction, including the physics of photoelectric absorption, coherent and Compton scattering, diffraction, and refractive, reflective, and diffractive optics. Applications in this section include x-ray spectroscopy, crystallography, and dose and contrast in radiography. A bibliography is included at the end of every chapter, and solutions to chapter problems are provided in the appendix. Based on a course for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in physics and related sciences and also intended for researchers, An Introduction to X-Ray Physics, Optics, and Applications offers a thorough survey of the physics of x-ray generation and of interaction with materials. Common aspects of diverse phenomena emphasized Theoretical development tied to practical applications Suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics or related sciences, as well as researchers Examples and problems include applications drawn from medicine, astronomy, and materials analysis Detailed solutions are provided for all examples and problems
Download or read book Modern Geometrical Optics written by Richard Ditteon and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1997-11-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From basic terms and concepts to advanced optimization techniques-a complete, practical introduction to modern geometrical optics Most books on geometrical optics present only matrix methods. Modern Geometrical Optics, although it covers matrix methods, emphasizes y-nu ray tracing methods, which are used most commonly by optical engineers and are easier to adapt to third-order optics and y-??? diagrams. Moving by logical degrees from fundamental principles to advanced optical analysis and design methods, this book bridges the gap between the optical theory taught in introductory physics texts and advanced books on lens design. Providing the background material needed to understand advanced material, it covers important topics such as field of view, stops, pupils and windows, exact ray tracing, image quality, and optimization of the image. Important features of Modern Geometrical Optics include: * Examples of all important techniques presented * Extensive problem sets in each chapter * Optical analysis and design software * Chapters covering y-??? diagrams, optimization, and lens design This book is both a primer for professionals called upon to design optical systems and an ideal text for courses in modern geometrical optics. Companion Software Special lens design and analysis software capable of solving all problems presented in the book is available via Wiley's FTP site. This software also serves as an introduction to the use of commercial lens design software. Appendix C is a user's manual for the software.
Download or read book High precision EUV and X ray Optics for Advanced Photon Source Facilities written by Qiushi Huang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-02-02 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Optical Imaging and Aberrations written by Virendra N. Mahajan and published by SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ten years have passed since the publication of the first edition of this classic text in April 2001. Considerable new material amounting to 100 pages has been added in this second edition. Each chapter now contains a Summary section at the end. The new material in Chapter 4 consists of a detailed comparison of Gaussian apodization with a corresponding beam, determination of the optimum value of the Gaussian radius relative to that of the pupil to yield maximum focal-point irradiance, detailed discussion of standard deviation, aberration balancing, and Strehl ratio for primary aberrations, derivation of the aberration-free and defocused OTF, discussion of an aberrated beam yielding higher axial irradiance in a certain defocused region than its aberration-free focal-point value, illustration that aberrated PSFs lose the advantage of Gaussian apodizaton in reducing the secondary maxima of a PSF, and a brief description of the characterization of the width of a multimode beam. In Chapter 5, the effect of random longitudinal defocus on a PSF is included. The coherence length of atmospheric turbulence is calculated for looking both up and down through the atmosphere. Also discussed are the angle of arrival of a light wave propagating through turbulence, and lucky imaging where better-quality short-exposure images are selected, aligned, and added to obtain a high-quality image.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Geometrical Optics written by Virendra N. Mahajan and published by Society of Photo Optical. This book was released on 2014-06-03 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optical imaging starts with geometrical optics, and ray tracing lies at its forefront. This book starts with Fermat’s principle and derives the three laws of geometrical optics from it. After discussing imaging by refracting and reflecting systems, paraxial ray tracing is used to determine the size of imaging elements and obscuration in mirror systems. Stops, pupils, radiometry, and optical instruments are also discussed. The chromatic and monochromatic aberrations are addressed in detail, followed by spot sizes and spot diagrams of aberrated images of point objects. Each chapter ends with a summary and a set of problems. The book ends with an epilogue that summarizes the imaging process and outlines the next steps within and beyond geometrical optics.
Download or read book Neutron and X ray Optics written by Jay Theodore Cremer Jr. and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-02-18 with total page 1124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering a wide range of topics related to neutron and x-ray optics, this book explores the aspects of neutron and x-ray optics and their associated background and applications in a manner accessible to both lower-level students while retaining the detail necessary to advanced students and researchers. It is a self-contained book with detailed mathematical derivations, background, and physical concepts presented in a linear fashion. A wide variety of sources were consulted and condensed to provide detailed derivations and coverage of the topics of neutron and x-ray optics as well as the background material needed to understand the physical and mathematical reasoning directly related or indirectly related to the theory and practice of neutron and x-ray optics. The book is written in a clear and detailed manner, making it easy to follow for a range of readers from undergraduate and graduate science, engineering, and medicine. It will prove beneficial as a standalone reference or as a complement to textbooks. - Supplies a historical context of covered topics. - Detailed presentation makes information easy to understand for researchers within or outside the field. - Incorporates reviews of all relevant literature in one convenient resource.
Download or read book Linear Ray and Wave Optics in Phase Space written by Amalia Torre and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-11-11 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ray, wave and quantum concepts are central to diverse and seemingly incompatible models of light. Each model particularizes a specific ''manifestation'' of light, and then corresponds to adequate physical assumptions and formal approximations, whose domains of applicability are well-established. Accordingly each model comprises its own set of geometric and dynamic postulates with the pertinent mathematical means.At a basic level, the book is a complete introduction to the Wigner optics, which bridges between ray and wave optics, offering the optical phase space as the ambience and the Wigner function based technique as the mathematical machinery to accommodate between the two opposite extremes of light representation: the localized ray of geometrical optics and the unlocalized wave function of wave optics.At a parallel level, the analogies with other branches of both classical and quantum physics, like classical and quantum mechanics, quantum optics, signal theory as well as magnetic optics, are evidenced by pertinent comments and/or rigorous mathematics. So, the Lie algebra and group methods are introduced and explained through the elementary optical systems within both the ray and wave optics contexts, the former being related to the symplectic group and the latter to the metaplectic group. In a like manner, the Wigner function is introduced by following the original issue to individualize a phase space representation of quantum mechanics, which is mirrored by the issue to individualize a local frequency spectrum within the signal theory context. The basic analogy with the optics of charged particles inherently underlying the ray-optics picture in phase space is also evidenced within the wave-optics picture in the Wigner phase space.· amalgamation of a great deal of contributions having witnessed the phase space picture of optics over the past 30 years· introduces abstract concepts through concrete systems· hosts of figures and logical diagrams to favour intuition and to introduce mathematics· emphasis on the interrelations with quantum optics, signal theory and magnetic optics · feeds a feeling for genuine issues in higher mathematics and theoretical physics
Download or read book New Computation Methods for Geometrical Optics written by Psang Dain Lin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book employs homogeneous coordinate notation to compute the first- and second-order derivative matrices of various optical quantities. It will be one of the important mathematical tools for automatic optical design. The traditional geometrical optics is based on raytracing only. It is very difficult, if possible, to compute the first- and second-order derivatives of a ray and optical path length with respect to system variables, since they are recursive functions. Consequently, current commercial software packages use a finite difference approximation methodology to estimate these derivatives for use in optical design and analysis. Furthermore, previous publications of geometrical optics use vector notation, which is comparatively awkward for computations for non-axially symmetrical systems.
Download or read book Linear Ray and Wave Optics in Phase Space written by Amalia Torre and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-06-01 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linear Ray and Wave Optics in Phase Space, Second Edition, is a comprehensive introduction to Wigner optics. The book connects ray and wave optics, offering the optical phase space as the ambience and the Wigner function based technique as the mathematical machinery to accommodate between the two opposite extremes of light representation: the localized ray of geometrical optics and the unlocalized wave function of wave optics. Analogies with other branches of classical and quantum physics—such as classical and quantum mechanics, quantum optics, signal theory and magnetic optics—are evidenced by pertinent comments and/or rigorous mathematics. Lie algebra and group methods are introduced and explained through the elementary optical systems within the ray and wave optics contexts, the former being related to the symplectic group and the latter to the metaplectic group. In a similar manner, the Wigner function is introduced by following the original issue to individualize a phase space representation of quantum mechanics, which is mirrored by the issue to individualize a local frequency spectrum within the signal theory context. The basic analogy with the optics of charged particles inherently underlying the ray-optics picture in phase space is also evidenced within the wave-optics picture in the Wigner phase space. This second edition contains 150 pages of new material on Wigner distribution functions, ambiguity functions for partially coherent beams, and phase-space picture and fast optics. All chapters are fully revised and updated. All topics have been developed to a deeper level than in the previous edition and are now supported with Mathematica and Mathcad codes. Provides powerful tools to solve problems in quantum mechanics, quantum optics and signal theory Includes numerous examples supporting a gradual and comprehensive introduction to Wigner optics Treats both ray and wave optics, resorting to Lie-algebra based methods Connects the subject with other fields, such as quantum optics, quantum mechanics, signal theory and optics of charged particles Introduces abstract concepts through concrete examples Includes logical diagrams to introduce mathematics in an intuitive way Contains 150 pages of new material on Wigner distribution functions, ambiguity functions for partially coherent beams, and phase-space picture and fast optics Supported with Mathematica and Mathcad codes
Download or read book Introduction to Geometrical Optics written by Milton Katz and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2002 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the culmination of twenty-five years of teaching Geometrical Optics. The volume is organised such that the single spherical refracting surface is the basic optical element. Spherical mirrors are treated as special cases of refraction, with the same applicable equations. Thin lens equations follow as combinations of spherical refracting surfaces while the cardinal points of the thick lens make it equivalent to a thin lens. Ultimately, one set of vergence equations are applicable to all these elements.The chapters are devoted to in-depth treatments of stops, pupils and ports; magnifiers, microscopes, telescopes, and camera lenses; ophthalmic instruments; resolving power and MTF; trigonometric ray tracing; and chromatic and monochromatic aberrations. There are over 100 worked examples, 400 homework problems and 400 illustrations.First published in 1994 by Penumbra Publishing Co.
Download or read book Optical Systems for Soft X Rays written by A.G. Michette and published by Springer. This book was released on 1884 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fundamental problem in cell biology is the cause of aging. The solution to this problem has not yet been obtained because,(l) until recently, it was not possible to image living cells directly. The use of low-energy (soft) X rays has made such imaging possible, perhaps thereby allowing the aging process to be understood and possibly overcome (a result that may well generate further social, moral, and ethical problems). Fortun ately this is not the only aspect of cell biology amenable to soft X-ray imaging, and it is envisaged that many less controversial studies--such as investigations of the detailed differences between healthy and diseased or malignant cells (in their natural states) and processes of cell division and growth-will be made possible. The use of soft X rays is not limited to biological studies-many applications are possible in, for example, fusion research, materials science, and astronomy. Such studies have only recently begun in earnest because several difficulties had to be overcome, major among these being the lack (for some purposes) of sufficiently intense sources, and the technological difficulties associated with making efficient optical systems. As is well known, the advent of dedicated synchrotron radiation sources, in particular, has alleviated the first of these difficulties, not just for the soft X-ray region. It is the purpose of this book to consider progress in the second.
