Download or read book Whither Opportunity written by Greg J. Duncan and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the incomes of affluent and poor families have diverged over the past three decades, so too has the educational performance of their children. But how exactly do the forces of rising inequality affect the educational attainment and life chances of low-income children? In Whither Opportunity? a distinguished team of economists, sociologists, and experts in social and education policy examines the corrosive effects of unequal family resources, disadvantaged neighborhoods, insecure labor markets, and worsening school conditions on K-12 education. This groundbreaking book illuminates the ways rising inequality is undermining one of the most important goals of public education—the ability of schools to provide children with an equal chance at academic and economic success. The most ambitious study of educational inequality to date, Whither Opportunity? analyzes how social and economic conditions surrounding schools affect school performance and children’s educational achievement. The book shows that from earliest childhood, parental investments in children’s learning affect reading, math, and other attainments later in life. Contributor Meredith Phillip finds that between birth and age six, wealthier children will have spent as many as 1,300 more hours than poor children on child enrichment activities such as music lessons, travel, and summer camp. Greg Duncan, George Farkas, and Katherine Magnuson demonstrate that a child from a poor family is two to four times as likely as a child from an affluent family to have classmates with low skills and behavior problems – attributes which have a negative effect on the learning of their fellow students. As a result of such disparities, contributor Sean Reardon finds that the gap between rich and poor children’s math and reading achievement scores is now much larger than it was fifty years ago. And such income-based gaps persist across the school years, as Martha Bailey and Sue Dynarski document in their chapter on the growing income-based gap in college completion. Whither Opportunity? also reveals the profound impact of environmental factors on children’s educational progress and schools’ functioning. Elizabeth Ananat, Anna Gassman-Pines, and Christina Gibson-Davis show that local job losses such as those caused by plant closings can lower the test scores of students with low socioeconomic status, even students whose parents have not lost their jobs. They find that community-wide stress is most likely the culprit. Analyzing the math achievement of elementary school children, Stephen Raudenbush, Marshall Jean, and Emily Art find that students learn less if they attend schools with high student turnover during the school year – a common occurrence in poor schools. And David Kirk and Robert Sampson show that teacher commitment, parental involvement, and student achievement in schools in high-crime neighborhoods all tend to be low. For generations of Americans, public education provided the springboard to upward mobility. This pioneering volume casts a stark light on the ways rising inequality may now be compromising schools’ functioning, and with it the promise of equal opportunity in America.

Download or read book An Empirical Approach to Preparing Children for Starting School written by Karen Wickett and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-08-30 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an exploration of the beliefs held by parents, Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) practitioners and teachers and their relationships during children’s transition to school. This exploration was prompted by the author’s observations that the relationships between ECEC practitioners and teachers became increasingly strained when the term school readiness was introduced to the EYFS. Drawing on the findings of empirical research, the book presents the four qualities of relationships between parents, ECEC practitioners and teachers during children’s transition to school. Unlike many current texts, this book extends the transition to include the phases of preparation and adjustment and explores how the qualities of relationships between parents, ECEC practitioners and teachers can change throughout thephases of the transition. The conceptual framework, ‘The Relational Transition to School’ is developed and is a useful tool for researchers and those working together to explore the qualities of relationships between those supporting children during a transition. An Empirical Approach to Preparing Children for Starting School will be of great interest to researchers, academics and postgraduate students in the field of early childhood education, as well as those training to be early years practitioners.

Download or read book Changing Poverty Changing Policies written by Maria Cancian and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2009-08-27 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poverty declined significantly in the decade after Lyndon Johnson's 1964 declaration of "War on Poverty." Dramatically increased federal funding for education and training programs, social security benefits, other income support programs, and a growing economy reduced poverty and raised expectations that income poverty could be eliminated within a generation. Yet the official poverty rate has never fallen below its 1973 level and remains higher than the rates in many other advanced economies. In this book, editors Maria Cancian and Sheldon Danziger and leading poverty researchers assess why the War on Poverty was not won and analyze the most promising strategies to reduce poverty in the twenty-first century economy. Changing Poverty, Changing Policies documents how economic, social, demographic, and public policy changes since the early 1970s have altered who is poor and where antipoverty initiatives have kept pace or fallen behind. Part I shows that little progress has been made in reducing poverty, except among the elderly, in the last three decades. The chapters examine how changing labor market opportunities for less-educated workers have increased their risk of poverty (Rebecca Blank), and how family structure changes (Maria Cancian and Deborah Reed) and immigration have affected poverty (Steven Raphael and Eugene Smolensky). Part II assesses the ways childhood poverty influences adult outcomes. Markus Jäntti finds that poor American children are more likely to be poor adults than are children in many other industrialized countries. Part III focuses on current antipoverty policies and possible alternatives. Jane Waldfogel demonstrates that policies in other countries—such as sick leave, subsidized child care, and schedule flexibility—help low-wage parents better balance work and family responsibilities. Part IV considers how rethinking and redefining poverty might take antipoverty policies in new directions. Mary Jo Bane assesses the politics of poverty since the 1996 welfare reform act. Robert Haveman argues that income-based poverty measures should be expanded, as they have been in Europe, to include social exclusion and multiple dimensions of material hardships. Changing Poverty, Changing Policies shows that thoughtful policy reforms can reduce poverty and promote opportunities for poor workers and their families. The authors' focus on pragmatic measures that have real possibilities of being implemented in the United States not only provides vital knowledge about what works but real hope for change.

Download or read book Improving Educational Equity in Urban Contexts written by Carlo Raffo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-12-17 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An enduring educational concern that has plagued researchers and policy makers in a number of affluent countries is the endemic nature of educational inequalities. These inequalities highlight distinct differences in the educational skills, knowledge, capabilities and credentials between learners’ demographic characteristics. They also point to issues of educational disadvantage that emanate from a combination of factors including family life, communities, the geographies of space and place, gender and ethnicity. This book examines some of the causes and responses to educational inequalities, and focuses upon poor urban contexts where educational disadvantage is at its most concentrated, and where educational policy and practice has, over time, proliferated. It questions how wider inequities experienced by young people in urban contexts generate educational inequalities and disadvantage, detailing explicitly what an equitable approach to education might look like. Included in the book is an innovative educational equity framework and toolkit with illustrative policy and practice case studies, bringing together unique scholarship and analysis to examine future educational policy in a holistic, comprehensive and equitable way. It will be valuable reading for postgraduate students, researchers and policy makers with an interest in education and educational equity.

Download or read book Too Many Children Left Behind written by Bruce Bradbury and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2015-06-30 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The belief that with hard work and determination, all children have the opportunity to succeed in life is a cherished part of the American Dream. Yet, increased inequality in America has made that dream more difficult for many to obtain. In Too Many Children Left Behind, an international team of social scientists assesses how social mobility varies in the United States compared with Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Bruce Bradbury, Miles Corak, Jane Waldfogel, and Elizabeth Washbrook show that the academic achievement gap between disadvantaged American children and their more advantaged peers is far greater than in other wealthy countries, with serious consequences for their future life outcomes. With education the key to expanding opportunities for those born into low socioeconomic status families, Too Many Children Left Behind helps us better understand educational disparities and how to reduce them. Analyzing data on 8,000 school children in the United States, the authors demonstrate that disadvantages that begin early in life have long lasting effects on academic performance. The social inequalities that children experience before they start school contribute to a large gap in test scores between low- and high-SES students later in life. Many children from low-SES backgrounds lack critical resources, including books, high-quality child care, and other goods and services that foster the stimulating environment necessary for cognitive development. The authors find that not only is a child’s academic success deeply tied to his or her family background, but that this class-based achievement gap does not narrow as the child proceeds through school. The authors compare test score gaps from the United States with those from three other countries and find smaller achievement gaps and greater social mobility in all three, particularly in Canada. The wider availability of public resources for disadvantaged children in those countries facilitates the early child development that is fundamental for academic success. All three countries provide stronger social services than the United States, including universal health insurance, universal preschool, paid parental leave, and other supports. The authors conclude that the United States could narrow its achievement gap by adopting public policies that expand support for children in the form of tax credits, parenting programs, and pre-K. With economic inequalities limiting the futures of millions of children, Too Many Children Left Behind is a timely study that uses global evidence to show how the United States can do more to level the playing field.

Download or read book Part 1 General Issues in Elementary and Secondary Education written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Governance of Education written by Suzy Harris and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2007-06-01 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neo-liberalism, which has become the dominant economic doctrine in capitalist societies, is transforming education policy and practice. This book will provide a theoretical analysis of the new governance of education and suggest ways in which professionals and practitioners can respond to the challenges they experience.

Download or read book Hearings before the Subcommittee on Elementary Secondary and Vocational Education of the Committee on Education and Labor House of Representatives Ninety fifth Congress first session on H R 15 to extend for five years certain elementary secondary and other education programs written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Class and Schools written by Richard Rothstein and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary public policy assumes that the achievement gap between black and white students could be closed if only schools would do a better job. According to Richard Rothstein, "Closing the gaps between lower-class and middle-class children requires social and economic reform as well as school improvement. Unfortunately, the trend is to shift most of the burden to schools, as if they alone can eradicate poverty and inequality." In this book, Rothstein points the way toward social and economic reforms that would give all children a more equal chance to succeed in school. This book features: a summary of numerous studies linking school achievement to health care quality, nutrition, childrearing styles, housing stability, parental economic security, and more ; aA look at erroneous and misleading data that underlie commonplace claims that some schools "beat the demographic odds and therefore any school can close the achievement gap if only it adopted proper practices." ; and an analysis of how the over-emphasis of standardized tests in federal law obscures the true achievement gap and makes narrowing it more difficult.

Download or read book Impact Assessment of Stem Initiatives in Improving Educational Outcomes written by Pallavi Amitava Banerjee and published by AuthorHouse. This book was released on 2017-08-09 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Impact assessment of STEM initiatives in improving educational outcomes explores research evidence and labour market reports to show why successive governments think STEM education matters. It maps the policy background and the STEM crisis in the UK which led to the launch of the STEM informal education sector. These schemes funded by the government, educational charities and private organisations have now mushroomed at the local and national level. In the midst of so many activities for various age groups do we know what works or works better for specific group of students? Does one size fit all? The book provides a detailed report of a longitudinal national evaluation conducted in the UK by making use of official datasets. The activities evaluated here have not had a major influence on educational outcomes such as improved standardized national test results or increased STEM subject choices. The robust evaluation protocol described in this well-structured and thoughtful text will help schools to decide what works best for the students activity providers to evaluate long term outcomes for the activities they run researchers to replicate the protocol for similar activities in other settings Masters and PhD students understand how evidence from research can be used to inform policy and practice The results and implications combined with the recommendations made here will interest all those who are directly involved in the delivery of these enrichment and enhancement activities, practitioners using evidence, policy makers, the research community and schools wanting to run their own evaluations.

Download or read book Widening Participation in Higher Education written by Great Britain. National Audit Office and published by The Stationery Office. This book was released on 2008 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some progress is being made in encouraging under-represented groups to continue into higher education, but particular sections of society remain significantly under-represented and too little is known about the link between measures taken by institutions and any improvements in access. The attainment of qualifications at secondary school is the principal reason for the difference in participation rates but social class remains a strong determinant of higher education participation. Women are better represented than men and those from non-white ethnic groups are better represented than white people. The report finds that white people from lower socio-economic groups are the most under-represented group in higher education institutions. There are also significant variations between academic institutions in how good they are at widening participation. In 2006-07, one sixth of institutions made less progress than expected in recruiting students from areas with low participation. Those that became universities post-1992 generally do better than the Russell Group universities (an association of 20 self-selected major research intensive institutions). Incomplete data on student background hinders accurate assessment of which groups are under-represented. There is insufficient information about the full range of activities aimed at widening participation, making it difficult to identify which activities are most effective. Higher education is not always provided in ways that make it accessible to individuals from under-represented groups. Some students and potential students have limited understanding of the different types of financial support available to them. The Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills should lead efforts to create a comprehensive and accessible source of information to support potential applicants from under-represented groups.

Download or read book Education and Poverty in Affluent Countries written by Carlo Raffo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-12-04 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the first time, researchers, policymakers and practitioners across the world will have access to a comprehensive mapping of research evidence and policy strategies about education and poverty in affluent countries. Although there is widespread agreement that poverty and poor educational outcomes are related, there are competing explanations as to why that should be the case. This is a major problem for practitioners, policy makers and researchers who are looking for pointers to action, or straightforward ways of understanding an issue that troubles education systems across the world. This unique book brings scholarship and analysis from some of the most influential researchers and writers on education and poverty within one text. The authors provide a synthesising framework that will help researchers and policy makers to examine future educational policy in a holistic and comprehensive fashion.

Download or read book School Effectiveness and School Improvement written by Louise Stoll and published by Institute of Education. This book was released on 1995 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last decade has seen a burgeoning of interest in the twin fields of school effectiveness and school improvement by politicians, policy makers and practitioners. For some, the drive has been to raise standards and increase accountability through inspection and assessment measures, believing that the incentive of accountability and market competition will lead to improvement. Alternatively, reform and restructuring have led many people in schools to create their own agenda and ask, ‘How do we know that what we are doing makes a positive difference to our pupils?’ and, ‘What can we do to provide pupils with the best possible education?’ This paper explores the two paradigms that underpin notions of school effectiveness and school improvement. We start with their definitions and aims. Key factors of effectiveness and improvement are examined and fundamental issues discussed. We conclude with a description of attempts to link the two areas of work.

Download or read book Improving Schools in Exceptionally Challenging Circumstances written by Alma Harris and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2006-01-19 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Working in the challenging context of inner city areas on accelerated school improvement does not allow time for reflection. Learning occurs experientially but it is not easily consolidated or refined. School improvement is currently opportunistic and expedient, but schools and authority are gradually edging towards a more durable theory of tackling underachievement and building success. This book offers the reader the opportunity to understand the process of school improvement better and establishes local models.

Download or read book Education Policy written by Ian Abbott and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2012-11-12 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ′A splendid read. Via interviews with several Secretaries of State for Education and a supporting analytical commentary, Education Policy provides a fascinating insight and historical appraisal of English policy rationale′ -Dr David Kitchener, Reader in Education, University of Bolton ′This book should be compulsory reading, not only for people interested in the history of education policy but also for policy makers, to remind them of what has gone before′ -Dr Andrew Townsend, University of Nottingham From Butler to Balls and beyond, this essential book illuminates educational issues in England and Wales since WWII, drawing on extensive documentary evidence. Inside you will find in-depth interviews with former Secretaries of State for Education and other key decision-makers, including: - Ed Balls - David Blunkett - Michael Gove - Alan Johnson - Ruth Kelly The interviews cover the historical context of their period of office and the lasting legacy of their policies. This is a must-read for Masters-level students on Education courses and PGCE programmes, and will be valuable to undergraduates studying modern history and social policy. Ian Abbott is Director of the Warwick Institute of Education. Mike Rathbone was previously Director of Continuing Professional Development in the Institute of Education. Phil Whitehead is the course leader for the secondary PGCE (Teach First). All are at the University of Warwick.

Download or read book Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Elementary Secondary and Vocational Education of the Committee on Education and Labor House of Representatives Ninety fifth Congress First Session on H R 15 to Extend for Five Years Certain Elementary Secondary and Other Education Programs Services and student development written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Annual Report written by National Advisory Council on the Education of Disadvantaged Children (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: