Download or read book Pharmaceutical Innovation and Access to Medicines written by OECD and published by Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development. This book was released on 2019-01-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report reviews the important role of medicines in health sytems, describes recent trends in pharmaceutical expenditure and financing, and summarises the approaches used by OECD countries to determine coverage and pricing.
Download or read book Making Medicines Affordable written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicinesâ€"and health care at largeâ€"more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugsâ€"coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costsâ€"is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care.
Download or read book Writing Off Ideas written by Randall G. Holcombe and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on 2000 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 20th century tax-exempt charitble foundations in the US have grown substantially, both in their financial importance, and in the scope of their activties. This book examines the economic, cultural, and intellectual implications of these organizations.
Download or read book Right wing Extremism in Western Europe written by Klaus von Beyme and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-31 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 1988. This is a collection of articles covering right-wing extremism in Post-war Europe, including the countries of Italy, West Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain.
Download or read book Artificial Intelligence and the Law written by Jan De Bruyne and published by Intersentia. This book was released on 2021-01-18 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly more prevalent in our daily social and professional lives. Although AI systems and robots bring many benefits, they present several challenges as well. The autonomous and opaque nature of AI systems implies that their commercialisation will affect the legal and regulatory framework.0In this comprehensive book, scholars critically examine how AI systems may impact Belgian law. It contains contributions on consumer protection, contract law, liability, data protection, procedural law, insurance, health, intellectual property, arbitration, lethal autonomous weapons, tax law, employment law, ethics,?While specific topics of Belgian private and public law are thoroughly addressed, the book also provides a general overview of a number of regulatory and ethical AI evolutions and tendencies in the European Union. Therefore, it is a must-read for legal scholars, practitioners and government officials as well as for anyone with an interest in law and AI.
Download or read book Prohibition of Abuse of Law written by Rita de la Feria and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2011-06-09 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Court of Justice has been alluding to 'abuse and abusive practices' for more than thirty years, but for a long time the significance of these references has been unclear. Few lawyers examined the case law, and those who did doubted whether it had led to the development of a legal principle. Within the last few years there has been a radical change of attitude, largely due to the development by the Court of an abuse test and its application within the field of taxation. In this book, academics and practitioners from all over Europe discuss the development of the Court's approach to abuse of law across the whole spectrum of European Union law, analysing the case-law from the 1970s to the present day and exploring the consequences of the introduction of the newly designated 'principle of prohibition of abuse of law' for the development of the laws of the EU and those of the Member States.
Download or read book Combating Tax Avoidance in the EU written by José Manuel Almudí Cid and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2018-12-20 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following each Member State's need to rebuild a strong and stable economy after the 2007 financial crisis, the European Union (EU) has developed a robust new transparency framework with binding anti-abuse measures and stronger instruments to challenge external threats of base erosion. This is the first and only book to provide a complete detailed analysis of the Anti-Tax Avoidance Package and other recent and ongoing European actions taken in direct taxation. With contributions from both prominent tax academics and Spain's delegates to the European meetings where these rules are debated and promulgated, the book covers such issues and topics as the following: – the development of the EU Strategy towards Aggressive Tax Planning; – recent tax-related jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice; – the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive; – tax treaties and non-tax treaties with tax consequences both between Member States and between Member States and third countries; – code of conduct for business taxation; – automatic exchange of information; – country-by-country reporting; – arbitration in tax matters; – external strategy for effective taxation regarding non-EU countries; – competition and state aid developments in direct taxation; – the Common Consolidated Tax Base; and – digital significant presence and permanent establishment. As the EU pursues its ambitious tax agenda, taxation's contribution to EU growth and competitiveness and its part in relations with the rest of the world will come into ever clearer focus. In addition to its insights into these trends, the book's unparalleled practical information and analysis will be of great value to tax practitioners dealing with investment analysis, tax planning schemes, and other features of the current international tax landscape.
Download or read book The Extreme Right in Europe and the USA written by Paul Hainsworth and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Extreme Right in Europe and America examines the conceptualization and prevalence of the postwar extreme right in a comparative framework; the book documents the degree to which certain ideas are particular to extreme right origins and where they overlap with traditional democracy, intense nationalism, mistrust of immigrants, racism, anti-Semitism, socio-biological elitism, adulation of the family, scapegoat-seeking, and conspiracy theorizing.
Download or read book Politicas publicas para la inclusion social written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
