Download or read book Principles for Optimizing the Scale of Direct Potable Water Reuse written by Tianjiao Guo and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US National Research Council recently recommended direct potable water reuse (DPR), or potable water reuse without environmental buffer, for consideration to address rising US water demand. In addition, conveyance of wastewater and water to and from centralized treatment plants currently consumes on average four times the energy of treatment in the US. Moreover, scaling of DPR systems involves tradeoffs beyond those of treatment facility economy-of-scale versus cost and energy of conveyance. In particular, additional factors favoring distributed DPR include minimization of energy for upgradient distribution of treated water, and retention of wastewater thermal energy. Therefore, a network modeling study addressing the optimal scale of DPR plants, considering variability in population density and topography, is presented in this dissertation. First, information on the cost of unit treatment processes potentially useful for DPR versus system capacity is reviewed, converted to constant 2012 US dollars, and synthesized. A logarithmic variant of the Williams Law cost function is proposed as applicable over orders of magnitude of system capacity, for the subject processes: activated sludge, membrane bioreactor, coagulation/flocculation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, peroxone and granular activated carbon. Results are then demonstrated versus 10 DPR case studies. A generalized model of the cost of DPR water as a function of treatment plant scale, assuming futuristic, optimized conveyance networks, is then proposed for purposes of developing design principles. Fractal landscapes representing flat, hilly, and mountainous topographies were simulated, with urban, suburban, and rural housing distributions placed by modified preferential growth algorithm. Treatment plants were allocated by agglomerative hierarchical clustering, networked to buildings by minimum spanning tree. Simulation results indicate total DPR capital and operation & maintenance (O&M) costs, assuming new urban facilities with 20-year design life capable of mineralizing chemical oxygen demand to below detection limits, is competitive with current water/wastewater service costs at scales of ca. one plant per 10,000 residences. Costs for rural systems are high and dominated at most scales by the cost of capital for pipeline installation, while urban/suburban system cost is driven by a balance between pipeline installation and treatment equipment capital. The optimal scale of mineralizing DPR systems is projected to range widely in rural areas, and to range to service populations at least as small as 100 homes in suburban areas and 1000 residences in urban areas. Therefore, distributed DPR systems are recommended for consideration for municipal water and wastewater system capacity expansion projects, particularly in new construction zones. Finally, the proposed model is applied and demonstrated to evaluate the feasibility and optimal scale of DPR plants versus current plans for treatment capacity expansion in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Local data on the distribution of population and housing structures, and topography, were input, to evaluate four scenarios for the expansion service area: (a) proposed new wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and assumed new water treatment plant treating County-projected flow; (b) central DPR treating flow expected under generalized conditions; (c) central DPR treating County-projected flow; (d) optimal distributed DPR treating expected generalized flow; and (e) new central water and wastewater systems treating expected generalized flow. Results suggest that DPR systems which mineralize organics so as to essentially eliminate discharge of endocrine-disrupting compounds to the environment may represent a practical alternative in many applications. Total cost was minimized at a scale of 46 plants for the service population of 671,823(4,810 per plant). Though DPR capital cost is projected at approximately twice that of the current plan, the total unit cost of $13.00/1000 gallons when added to O&M costs is approximately 51% higher than might be estimated for the current plan, and is less than reported for several major US cities and Florida municipalities. Overall, the model presented in this work confirms DPR as a potential water management alternative to address increasing water demand in the future, and presents an optimization approach that may be useful in planning studies. General design principals regarding the scale of DPR systems include the use of 100-10,000-home DPR systems in urban/suburban areas, and consideration of systems that return nutrients to agricultural sectors in rural areas.

Download or read book Guidelines for Water Reuse written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Water Reuse Policies for Potable Use written by Cecilia Tortajada and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As water demand has increased globally and resources have become more limited because of physical scarcity, over-exploitation and pollution, it has been necessary to develop more options for water supplies. These options include the production at large scale of high-quality reused water from municipal sources for potable uses. Their economic, social and environmental benefits have been many as they have addressed supply scarcity, efficient resource use and environmental and public health considerations. This book includes discussions on potable water reuse history; emerging contaminants and public health; public-private partnerships in the water reuse sector; regulatory frameworks for reused water in the United States and Europe; experiences in Australia, China in general and Beijing in particular, Singapore and Windhoek; narratives and public acceptance and perceptions of alternative water sources. The main constraints on implementation of water reuse projects in different parts of the world seem to have been lack of full public support due to perceived health hazards and environmental impacts. A main handicap has been that governments and water utilities have been slow to understand public concerns and perceptions. After several backlashes, public information, communication and awareness campaigns, broader participation and educational programmes have become integral parts of development policy and decision-making frameworks.

Download or read book Water Reuse written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-08-17 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanding water reuse-the use of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes including irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking water augmentation-could significantly increase the nation's total available water resources. Water Reuse presents a portfolio of treatment options available to mitigate water quality issues in reclaimed water along with new analysis suggesting that the risk of exposure to certain microbial and chemical contaminants from drinking reclaimed water does not appear to be any higher than the risk experienced in at least some current drinking water treatment systems, and may be orders of magnitude lower. This report recommends adjustments to the federal regulatory framework that could enhance public health protection for both planned and unplanned (or de facto) reuse and increase public confidence in water reuse.

Download or read book Water Reuse written by Troy W. Hartley and published by International Water Assn. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Nonpotable and potable (principally indirect potable) water reuse initiatives in the United States have faced increasing public opposition. To understand why the public holds the perceptions they do and what public participation options exist to address water reuse more constructively, a multidisciplinary analysis was undertaken ... Through a comprehensive literature review, three in-depth case studies, and a two-day interactive symposium this framework was developed for water professionals."--Abstract.

Download or read book Understanding Water Reuse written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-10-05 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In communities all around the world, water supplies are coming under increasing pressure as population growth, climate change, pollution, and changes in land use affect water quantity and quality. To address existing and anticipated water shortages, many communities are working to increase water conservation and are seeking alternative sources of water. Water reuse- the sue of treated wastewater, or "reclaimed" water, for beneficial purposes such as drinking, irrigation, or industrial uses- is one option that has helped some communities significantly expand their water supplies. Understanding Water Reuse summarizes the main findings of the National Research Council report Water Reuse: Expanding the Nation's Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater. The report provides an overview of the options and outlook for water reuse in the United States, discusses water treatment technologies and potential uses of reclaimed water, and presents a new analysis that compares the risks of drinking reclaimed water to those of drinking water from traditional sources.

Download or read book Water Reuse written by Chris Binnie and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2008-05-14 with total page 649 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water Reuse: An International Survey of current practice, issues and needs examines water reuse practices around the world from different perspectives. The objective is to show how differently wastewater reuse is conceived and practised around the world as well as to present the varied needs and possibilities for reusing wastewater. In the first section water reuse practices around the world are described for regions having common water availability, reuse needs and social aspects. The second section refers to the “stakeholders” point of view. Each reuse purpose demands different water quality, not only to protect health and the environment but also to fulfil the requirements of the specific reuse. Reuses considered are agricultural, urban agriculture as a special case of the former, municipal and industrial. Alongside these uses, the indirect reuse for human consumption through aquifer recharge is also discussed. The third section deals with emerging and controversial topics. Ethical and economical dilemmas in the field are presented as a subject not frequently addressed in this field. The role of governments in respect of public policy in reuse is discussed as well as the different international criteria and standards for reusing wastewater. The importance of public acceptance and the way to properly handle it is also considered. The fourth section of the book presents contrasting case studies; typical situations in the developed world (Japan and Germany) are compared to those in developing countries (Pakistan and Brazil) for agricultural and industrial reuse. Indirect planned reuse for human consumption (Germany) is compared with an unplanned one (Mexico). The Windhoek, Namibia case study is presented to emphasize why if the direct reuse of wastewater for human consumption has been performed with success for more than 35 years it is still the only example of this type around the world. To illustrate the difficulties of having a common framework for regulating water reuse in several countries, the Mediterranean situation is described. Other case studies presented refer to the reuse situation in Israel, Spain, Cameroon, Nepal and Vietnam, these latter countries being located in water rich areas. This book will be an invaluable information source for all those concerned with water reuse including water utility managers, wastewater policy makers and water resources planners as well as researchers and students in environmental engineering, water resources planning and sanitary engineering. Scientific and Technical Report No. 20

Download or read book Optimizing Water Treatment Plant Performance Using the Composite Correction Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Water Recycling Revolution written by William M. Alley and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-04-18 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A 2023 Choice Reviews Outstanding Academic Title Move past the “yuck factor” by learning the benefits and science behind recycling wastewater to beat climate change. In recent years, humans have begun to turn the age-old taboo against mixing sewage and drinking water on its head by using advanced treated wastewater to supplement a city’s drinking water supply. This increasingly widespread practice, known as potable reuse, qualifies as nothing less than a drinking water revolution. Water reuse offers a renewable, locally managed, and drought resistant water supply. The Water Recycling Revolution tracks the story of this development, examines the pros and cons, and explores its future potential. In this book, William M. Alley and Rosemarie Alley answer our most pressing questions: How do you get people to overcome the visceral reaction known as the “Yuck Factor” and not only drink, but appreciate, recycled water? What about all those pharmaceuticals and personal care products that people casually flush down the drain? Will diverting discharges from a wastewater treatment plant damage downstream users or ecosystems that previously depended on that water? And what are the implications for climate change? These questions are answered by delving into the history of major water recycling projects from California to Virginia, each with a unique story of what led them to develop potable reuse, as well as the challenges they had to overcome. Additional concerns addressed include pathogens, contaminants of emerging concern, achieving acceptable risk, onsite and decentralized reuse systems, and directpotable reuse. Recycling wastewater can make for a bright future in the fight against climate change, and this book is a valuable resource to convince readers.

Download or read book Planning for the Distribution of Reclaimed Water written by Alan E. Rimer and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The distribution of reclaimed water using dual water distribution systems, one for potable water and the other for nonpotable water, is a widely accepted practice. Some drivers for the increasing use of reclaimed water include diminishing supplies of high-quality water resources, escalating costs for developing new sources or for treating poor-quality water to potable-water standards, and the increasing costs involved in discharging wastewater to the environment. M24 provides the latest information for water systems wishing to distribute reclaimed water. This manual discusses the planning, design, construction, operation, regulatory framework, and management of community dual water distribution systems, which consist of separate systems for distributing potable water and nonpotable water principally drawn from reclaimed wastewater specifically for use in such dual distribution systems. This fourth edition contains considerable revision, most notably the incorporation of the USEPA 2012 Guidelines for Water Reuse and 2017 Potable Reuse Compendium. Additional changes that reflect advancements in the field have also been incorporated throughout the manual.

Download or read book Guidelines for Water Reuse written by DIANE Publishing Company and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1996 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents guidelines, for utilities and regulatory agencies, that primarily address water reclamation for nonpotable urban, industrial, and agricultural reuse. Chapters include: technical issues in planning water reuse systems; types of reuse applications; water reuse regulations and guidelines in the U.S.; legal and institutional issues; funding alternatives for water reuse systems; public information programs; and water reuse outside the U.S. Appendix provides a complete list of state reuse regulations and guidelines. Over 80 charts and tables. Extensive bibliography.

Download or read book Manual Guidelines for Water Reuse written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Issues in Potable Reuse written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-08-23 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A small but growing number of municipalities are augmenting their drinking water supplies with highly treated wastewater. But some professionals in the field argue that only the purest sources should be used for drinking water. Is potable reuse a viable application of reclaimed water? How can individual communities effectively evaluate potable reuse programs? How certain must "certain" be when it comes to drinking water safety? Issues in Potable Reuse provides the best available answers to these questions. Useful to scientists yet accessible to concerned lay readers, this book defines important terms in the debate and provides data, analysis, and examples of the experience of municipalities from San Diego to Tampa. The committee explores in detail the two major types of contaminants: Chemical contaminants. The committee discusses how to assess toxicity, reduce the input of contaminants, evaluate treatment options, manage the byproducts of disinfection and other issues. Microbial contaminants, including newly emerging waterborne pathogens. The book covers methods of detection, health consequences, treatment, and more. Issues in Potable Reuse reviews the results of six health effects studies at operational or proposed reuse projects. The committee discusses the utility of fish versus mammals in toxicology testing and covers issues in quality assurance.

Download or read book 2012 Guidelines for Water Reuse written by U.s. Environmental Protection Agency and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-01-22 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For decades, communities have been reusing valuable reclaimed water to recharge groundwater aquifers, irrigate landscapes and agricultural fields, provide critical stream flows, and provide industries and facilities with an alternative to potable water for a range of uses. While water reuse is not new, population increases and land use changes, combined with changes in the intensity and dynamics of local climatic weather patterns, have exacerbated water supply challenges in many areas of the world. Furthermore, treated wastewater is increasingly being seen as a resource rather than simply 'waste.' In this context, water reclamation and reuse have taken on increased importance in the water supply of communities in the United States and around the world in order to achieve efficient resource use, ensure protection of environmental and human health, and improve water management. Strict effluent discharge limits have spurred effective and reliable improvements in treatment technologies. Along with a growing interest in more sustainable water supplies, these improvements have led an increasing number of communities to use reclaimed water as an alternative source to conventional water supplies for a range of applications. In some areas of the United States, water reuse and dual water systems for distribution of reclaimed water for nonpotable uses have become fully integrated into local water supplies. Alternative and efficient water supply options, including reclaimed water, are necessary components of holistic and sustainable water management. As a collaborative effort between EPA and USAID, this document's primary purpose is to facilitate further development of water reuse by serving as an authoritative reference on water reuse practices. In the United States, water reuse regulation is primarily under the jurisdiction of states, tribal nations, and territories. This document includes an updated overview of regulations or guidelines addressing water reuse that are promulgated by these authorities. Regulations vary from state to state, and some states have yet to develop water reuse guidelines or regulations. This document meets a critical need: it informs and supplements state regulations and guidelines by providing technical information and outlining key implementation considerations. It also presents frameworks should states, tribes, or other authorities decide to develop new regulations or guidelines. This document updates and builds on the “2004 Guidelines for Water Reuse” by incorporating information on water reuse that has been developed since the 2004 document was issued. This document includes updated discussion of regional variations of water reuse in the United States, advances in wastewater treatment technologies relevant to reuse, best practices for involving communities in planning projects, international water reuse practices, and factors that will allow expansion of safe and sustainable water reuse throughout the world. The 2012 guidelines also provide more than 100 new case studies from around the world that highlight how reuse applications can and do work in the real world.

Download or read book Proceedings of the Water Reuse Symposium II Held August 23 28 1981 Washington D C written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Milestones in Water Reuse written by Valentina Lazarova and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2013-01-15 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Milestones in Water Reuse: The Best Success Stories illustrates the benefits of water reuse in integrated water resources management and its role for water cycle management, climate change adaptation and water in the cities of the future. Selected case studies are used to illustrate the different types of water reuse, i.e. agricultural irrigation, golf course and landscape irrigation, urban and industrial uses, environmental enhancement, as well as indirect and direct potable reuse. The various aspects related to water reuse are covered, including treatment technologies, water quality, economics, public acceptance, benefits, keys for success and main constraints. These international case studies highlight the best practices for the implementation of water reuse and provide the perspective for the integration of water recycling projects in the future, both for megacities and rural areas. Milestones in Water Reuse: The Best Success Stories demonstrates that planned water reuse is a cost competitive and energy-saving option to increase water availability and reliability. This book provides policy makers and regulators with a good understanding of water reuse and helps them to consider recycled water as safe and how it can be used. It is intended to be read by all people in the water sector and shows how water reuse is safe, economically viable, environmentally friendly and can provide high social benefits. Editors: Valentina Lazarova, Suez Environnement, France Takashi Asano, University of California at Davis, USA Akica Bahri, African Development Bank, Tunisia John Anderson, Afton Water, Australia

Download or read book Water Renovation and Reuse written by Hillel Shuval and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water Renovation and Reuse focuses on the general principles and technological developments of water reuse and renovation. This book provides documented case studies of reuse practices and experiences throughout the world. Organized into two parts encompassing 15 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the different aspects of the problem to conserve, reuse, and recycle the limited water resources. This text proceeds to discuss the initial phase of water renovation and reuse, which is based on the conservationists' concept that society's wastes should be utilized and conserved to preserve the fertility of the soil. Other chapters explore the second phase of water renovation and reuse, which is motivated by the need to conserve and reuse water in arid areas. This book discusses as well the policy of zero pollution in the United States, which led to programs of land disposal. This book is intended for biologists, engineers, chemists, agronomists, public health officers, and water resources authorities.