Download or read book Principes de grammaire arabe suivis d un trait de la langue arabe consid r e selon le syst me des grammaires arabes avec des exercices d analyse grammaticale written by Jean Baptiste Glaire and published by . This book was released on 1861 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Principes de Grammaire Arabe Suivis D Un Traite de Langue Arabe written by Glaire-J-B and published by . This book was released on 2017-02-25 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Principes de grammaire arabe suivis d un Trait de la langue arabe consid r e selon le syst me des grammairiens arabes avec des exercices d analyse grammaticale written by abbé Jean-Baptiste Glaire and published by . This book was released on 1861 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book On the Death and Life of Languages written by Claude Hagège and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twenty-five languages die each year; at this pace, half the world’s five thousand languages will disappear within the next century. In this timely book, Claude Hagège seeks to make clear the magnitude of the cultural loss represented by the crisis of language death. By focusing on the relationship of language to culture and the world of ideas, Hagège shows how languages are themselves crucial repositories of culture; the traditions, proverbs, and knowledge of our ancestors reside in the language we use. His wide-ranging examination covers all continents and language families to uncover not only how languages die, but also how they can be revitalized—for example in the remarkable case of Hebrew. In a striking metaphor, Hagège likens languages to bonfires of social behavior that leave behind sparks even after they die; from these sparks languages can be rekindled and made to live again.
Download or read book Principes de grammaire arabe written by Jean Baptiste Glaire and published by Paris, B. Duprat. This book was released on 1861 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Arabic Dialectology written by Enam al- Wer and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2009 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much of the insight in the field of Arabic linguistics has for a long time remained unknown to linguists outside the field. Regrettably, Arabic data rarely feature in the formulation of theories and analytical tools in modern linguistics. This situation is unfavourable to both sides. The Arabist, once an outrider, has almost become a non-member of the mainstream linguistics community. Consequently, linguistics itself has been deprived of a wealth of data from one of the world's major languages. However, it is reassuring to witness advances being made to integrate into mainstream linguistics the visions and debates of specialists in Arabic. Building on this fruitful endeavour, this book presents thought-provoking, new articles, especially written for this collection by leading scholars from both sides. The authors discuss topics in historical, social and spatial dialectology focusing on Arabic data investigated within modern analytical frameworks.
Download or read book Bayesian Analysis in Natural Language Processing written by Shay Cohen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-10 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural language processing (NLP) went through a profound transformation in the mid-1980s when it shifted to make heavy use of corpora and data-driven techniques to analyze language. Since then, the use of statistical techniques in NLP has evolved in several ways. One such example of evolution took place in the late 1990s or early 2000s, when full-fledged Bayesian machinery was introduced to NLP. This Bayesian approach to NLP has come to accommodate for various shortcomings in the frequentist approach and to enrich it, especially in the unsupervised setting, where statistical learning is done without target prediction examples. We cover the methods and algorithms that are needed to fluently read Bayesian learning papers in NLP and to do research in the area. These methods and algorithms are partially borrowed from both machine learning and statistics and are partially developed "in-house" in NLP. We cover inference techniques such as Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling and variational inference, Bayesian estimation, and nonparametric modeling. We also cover fundamental concepts in Bayesian statistics such as prior distributions, conjugacy, and generative modeling. Finally, we cover some of the fundamental modeling techniques in NLP, such as grammar modeling and their use with Bayesian analysis.
Download or read book Machine Translation written by Thierry Poibeau and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-09-15 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise, nontechnical overview of the development of machine translation, including the different approaches, evaluation issues, and major players in the industry. The dream of a universal translation device goes back many decades, long before Douglas Adams's fictional Babel fish provided this service in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Since the advent of computers, research has focused on the design of digital machine translation tools—computer programs capable of automatically translating a text from a source language to a target language. This has become one of the most fundamental tasks of artificial intelligence. This volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series offers a concise, nontechnical overview of the development of machine translation, including the different approaches, evaluation issues, and market potential. The main approaches are presented from a largely historical perspective and in an intuitive manner, allowing the reader to understand the main principles without knowing the mathematical details. The book begins by discussing problems that must be solved during the development of a machine translation system and offering a brief overview of the evolution of the field. It then takes up the history of machine translation in more detail, describing its pre-digital beginnings, rule-based approaches, the 1966 ALPAC (Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee) report and its consequences, the advent of parallel corpora, the example-based paradigm, the statistical paradigm, the segment-based approach, the introduction of more linguistic knowledge into the systems, and the latest approaches based on deep learning. Finally, it considers evaluation challenges and the commercial status of the field, including activities by such major players as Google and Systran.
Download or read book Translators Through History written by Jean Delisle and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acclaimed, when it first appeared, as a seminal work a groundbreaking book that was both informative and highly readable Translators through History is being released in a new edition, substantially revised and expanded by Judith Woodsworth. Translators have played a key role in intellectual exchange through the ages and across borders. This account of how they have contributed to the development of languages, the emergence of literatures, the dissemination of knowledge and the spread of values tells the story of world culture itself. Content has been updated, new elements introduced and recent directions in translation scholarship incorporated, providing fresh insights and a more nuanced view of past events. The bibliography contains over 100 new titles and illustrations have been refreshed and enhanced. An invaluable tool for students, scholars and professionals in the field of translation, the latest version of Translators through History remains a vital resource for researchers in other disciplines and a fascinating read for the wider public.
Download or read book Linguistic Concepts written by Kenneth Lee Pike and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book will introduce linguistics and tagmemics to undergraduates, graduate students, and scholars in linguistics, anthropology, and other social sciences. It explains the concerns of linguistics, locates linguistics in that much larger field of human behavior that other disciplines share, and presents language from a vantage that acknowledges their particular concerns."--Back cover.
Download or read book Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing written by Nizar Y. Habash and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2010 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides system developers and researchers in natural language processing and computational linguistics with the necessary background information for working with the Arabic language. The goal is to introduce Arabic linguistic phenomena and review the state-of-the-art in Arabic processing. The book discusses Arabic script, phonology, orthography, morphology, syntax and semantics, with a final chapter on machine translation issues. The chapter sizes correspond more or less to what is linguistically distinctive about Arabic, with morphology getting the lion's share, followed by Arabic script. No previous knowledge of Arabic is needed. This book is designed for computer scientists and linguists alike. The focus of the book is on Modern Standard Arabic; however, notes on practical issues related to Arabic dialects and languages written in the Arabic script are presented in different chapters. Table of Contents: What is "Arabic"? / Arabic Script / Arabic Phonology and Orthography / Arabic Morphology / Computational Morphology Tasks / Arabic Syntax / A Note on Arabic Semantics / A Note on Arabic and Machine Translation
Download or read book Natural Language Understanding in a Semantic Web Context written by Caroline Barrière and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a starting point for Semantic Web (SW) students and researchers interested in discovering what Natural Language Processing (NLP) has to offer. NLP can effectively help uncover the large portions of data held as unstructured text in natural language, thus augmenting the real content of the Semantic Web in a significant and lasting way. The book covers the basics of NLP, with a focus on Natural Language Understanding (NLU), referring to semantic processing, information extraction and knowledge acquisition, which are seen as the key links between the SW and NLP communities. Major emphasis is placed on mining sentences in search of entities and relations. In the course of this “quest", challenges will be encountered for various text analysis tasks, including part-of-speech tagging, parsing, semantic disambiguation, named entity recognition and relation extraction. Standard algorithms associated with these tasks are presented to provide an understanding of the fundamental concepts. Furthermore, the importance of experimental design and result analysis is emphasized, and accordingly, most chapters include small experiments on corpus data with quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results. This book is divided into four parts. Part I “Searching for Entities in Text” is dedicated to the search for entities in textual data. Next, Part II “Working with Corpora” investigates corpora as valuable resources for NLP work. In turn, Part III “Semantic Grounding and Relatedness” focuses on the process of linking surface forms found in text to entities in resources. Finally, Part IV “Knowledge Acquisition” delves into the world of relations and relation extraction. The book also includes three appendices: “A Look into the Semantic Web” gives a brief overview of the Semantic Web and is intended to bring readers less familiar with the Semantic Web up to speed, so that they too can fully benefit from the material of this book. “NLP Tools and Platforms” provides information about NLP platforms and tools, while “Relation Lists” gathers lists of relations under different categories, showing how relations can be varied and serve different purposes. And finally, the book includes a glossary of over 200 terms commonly used in NLP. The book offers a valuable resource for graduate students specializing in SW technologies and professionals looking for new tools to improve the applicability of SW techniques in everyday life – or, in short, everyone looking to learn about NLP in order to expand his or her horizons. It provides a wealth of information for readers new to both fields, helping them understand the underlying principles and the challenges they may encounter.
Download or read book English for the Sahel written by Thomas Sheehan and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Language Contact and Bilingualism written by René Appel and published by Amsterdam University Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What happens – sociologically, linguistically, educationally, politically – when more than one language is in regular use in a community? How do speakers handle these languages simultaneously, and what influence does this language contact have on the languages involved? Although most people in the world use more than one language in everyday life, the approach to the study of language has usually been that monolingualism is the norm. The recent interest in bilingualism and language contact has led to a number of new approaches, based on research in communities in many different parts of the world. This book draws together this diverse research, looking at examples from many different situations, to present the topic in any easily accessible form. Language contact is looked at from four distinct perspectives. The authors consider bilingual societies; bilingual speakers; language use in the bilingual community; finally language itself (do languages change when in contact with each other? Can they borrow rules of grammar, or just words? How can new languages emerge from language contact?). The result is a clear, concise synthesis offering a much-needed overview of this lively area of language study.
Download or read book Bilingualism written by Hugo Baetens Beardsmore and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 1986 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition of a major textbook provides an introduction to the queries that arise in connection with bilingualism and the effect it has on the personality. It underlines the normality of speaking and using more than one language and aims to dispel many myths and fears. It should interest all types of reader - parents, educators and policy makers, as well as language specialists.
Download or read book Pr cis de grammaire arabe avec exercices corrig s written by Mathieu Guidère and published by Editions Ellipses. This book was released on 2023-08-16 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cet ouvrage, spécialement écrit pour les francophones, présente de façon simple et claire l’essentiel des règles de grammaire de l’arabe moderne standard ou littéral, soit : la langue d’usage dans la littérature, la presse et les médias actuels (radio, télévision, internet). Son originalité repose sur le fait que la terminologie grammaticale utilisée pour les explications de la grammaire arabe se rapproche de la terminologie française afin de faciliter la compréhension ; ceci dans une optique de grammaire comparée. Les exercices eux-mêmes s’inscrivent dans cette logique contrastive en proposant de nombreuses traductions afin de tester la maîtrise des points traités. Proposant une progression grammaticale et lexicale qui s’appuie sur les niveaux du cadre européen de A1 à C2, cet ouvrage, comprenant deux grandes parties (I. Morphologie de l’arabe, II. Syntaxe de l’arabe), se veut à la portée de tous. Véritable outil pour progresser rapidement dans l’apprentissage de la grammaire tout en s’initiant aux principes de la communication, il comprend : • 68 fiches de grammaire • 276 exercices corrigés • un référentiel grammatical et un référentiel lexical [CECRL] • un mémo de terminologie grammaticale reprenant les principaux termes de la grammaire arabe accompagnés de leurs correspondants en français
Download or read book Current Research in Bilingualism and Bilingual Education written by Piotr Romanowski and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-24 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers research topics in bilingual education, language policies, language contact, identity of bilingual speakers, early bilingualism, heritage languages, and more, and provides an overview of current theory, research and practice in the field of bilingualism. Each chapter is written by a specialist in the field. Part I focuses on the numerous and heterogeneous relations between languages as well as the implications arising from bilingual speech processing. In Part II, a series of contextualized studies on bilingual classrooms are presented, with diverse research designs applied in different educational settings being a key feature of these studies. Part III bridges theory and practice by offering an insight into mono- and multilingual school settings showcasing examples of educational institutions where bilingualism successfully soared and depicts the needs related to language education.
