Download or read book Predicting Power Transformer Bushings Seismic Vulnerability written by Jonathan Bender and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In seismic zones, the electrical grid is at risk due to the vulnerability of large power transformers' insulating bushings, which can experience dramatic seismic amplification. Identifying cases where this risk exists is critical if we are to mitigate against potentially expensive, extensive, and long-lasting power outages following significant seismic events. This thesis aims to make progress toward developing an improved understanding of the conditions leading to these large amplifications and, thereby, better equip engineers and civil servants to deploy measures aimed at protecting the public. Through dynamic analysis using the finite-element method, five case studies are investigated, which point to several patterns: (i) first, dynamic coupling of transformers and their insulating bushings is a significant concern; (ii) the primary modal-frequency relationship between the transformer tank and its high-voltage bushings affects the recommended design details for minimization of bushing amplifications; and (iii) many large transformer designs are susceptible to excessive amplification of seismic loading to the bushings, and therefore system dynamics should always be considered when evaluating these designs for their seismic withstand capabilities."--Boise State University ScholarWorks.

Download or read book Seismic Evaluation and Qualification of Transformer Bushings written by Muhammad Fahad and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earthquakes are a significant threat to the integrity of the electric transmission system; prolonged, widespread electric outages can cause significant hardships and economic losses to the whole country, and degrade public safety. Much of the electric system is in highly active seismic regions around the United States, including some of the large urban areas. Consequently, both the probability and consequence of earthquake damage to electric service reliability, infrastructure security and cost control are extraordinarily high. Post-earthquake functioning of utility systems is viewed by emergency responders and society in general as an absolutely vital need for rapid response, recovery and preservation of public safety. Furthermore, building an electric system that is more resistant to seismic motion damage will reduce the consequences and costs of electric service disruptions caused by earthquakes. Previous research studies have resulted in significant knowledge of electric system seismic behavior and have led to substantial improvements in key areas; they have also identified remaining vulnerabilities in the electric system, and several areas of high-value seismic research that can lead to a more reliable, robust and resilient electric system. One of the least understood seismic behaviors in the electric system is the interaction between the bushing assembly and the transformer housing in large substation transformers. This study investigates the seismic response of the combined transformer-bushing interaction to enable future design, analysis and physical seismic qualification of transformer bushings. Current evaluations and qualification procedures based on IEEE 693 2005, or earlier, protocol consider both the bushing and the transformer in isolation from each other, but fail to explicitly recognize the influence of bushing installation on, and interaction with, the transformer in actual in-service conditions. Such interactions include the flexibility of the transformer tank's walls and roof. These features may lead to acceleration amplifications from the base of transformers to the mounting flange of transformer bushings (seismic loads) beyond those currently covered in the standard, and to modes of vibration that are unforeseen, resulting in failures that cannot be addressed by existing standards or engineering guidelines. This study focuses on determining the dynamic characteristics and behavior of transformer bushings. Extensive testing was performed in the laboratory for this purpose. The bushings were essentially tested on a fixed base to measure the stiffness, frequencies and damping of the bushings itself and then installed on a mock-up transformer (rigid frame with flexible top plate) and the bushings were further tested for the dynamic properties. The change in dynamic characteristics because of plate flexibility on the frame was an important factor ignored in previous studies. The change in dynamic properties was also verified by numerical model based on mechanics and structural computations. Bushings are mounted at the top of transformer plate, which are flexible in construction. During earthquakes this plate vibrates in the vertical direction as well as in rotation, causing a significant change in the input excitation.^The rigid body accelerations and displacements caused by the flexibility of plate were quantified and a simplified model was developed to capture the flexibility of the plate in the vertical direction as well as rotation using discrete springs in corresponding directions. In previous studies, it was noted that the transformer body is flexible in horizontal direction and hence some amplification of acceleration was anticipated during earthquake excitations. Actual transformers are expensive and too massive to be mounted on a shake table for qualification purposes. Therefore it was recommended to use a rigid frame mounted on the shake table and tested to twice the input motion to qualify the bushings. A factor of two was used to take into account the flexibility of the transformer tank. Previous studies also indicated that this factor of two was not adequate because the actual acceleration amplifications at the bushing frequency were higher than two. For this reason, it is mandatory to measure the actual demand on the bushing and compare it to the capacity of the bushing at critical locations. This study shows that the adequacy of transformer bushings should be determined by comparing expected demands measured in laboratory settings to their strength capacity measured or calculated at critical locations. The findings in this dissertation are supported by extensive laboratory study of various types of bushings and by computational models developed to improve understanding.

Download or read book Bushings for Power Transformers written by KEITH ELLIS and published by Author House. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bushings for Power Transformers, A Guide for Power Engineers There are number of good books on power transformers available in the marketplace and they go into much detail on the theories, designs, construction, components and testing of power transformers. However, they only devote one short chapter to bushings. Bushings are the most important component on your power transformer and one that is maybe least understood. This book will provide the Utility Power Engineer as well as the Utility Technician with a Handbook that will fast become the main reference tool when a bushing issue arises. For the Power Engineer who specifies new power transformers, it will become the go to handbook that will help them to avoid costly mistakes when specifying the bushings in their power transformer specification. This book will review the history of bushings for power transformers and will review the industry standards that apply to bushings. The book covers the different technologies used in bushing construction and will examine the techniques used in the selection of bushings for power transformers. It provides the basic information on bushing tests and how they relate to the power transformers. There is a chapter on maintenance and a guide for replacing bushings. The last chapter deals with a topic that occurs all too often, power transformer failures. This book provides a guide for investigating a power transformer failure when the bushing is suspect. The first hours after a failure is the most critical time help understand what caused the failure. This chapter will help the Utility reach the root cause of the event and hopefully prevent future failures. Every Power Engineer and Power Technician needs Bushings for Power Transformers in their bag of tools as they deal with their power transformers.

Download or read book Seismic Evaluation of 550 KV Porcelain Transformer Bushings written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Seismic Evaluation of 196 KV Porcelain Transformer Bushings written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of 230 kV Porcelain Transformer Bushings written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Computational and Experimental Simulations in Engineering written by Kun Zhou and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 1074 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Safety Reliability Risk and Life Cycle Performance of Structures and Infrastructures written by George Deodatis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-02-10 with total page 1112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Safety, Reliability, Risk and Life-Cycle Performance of Structures and Infrastructures contains the plenary lectures and papers presented at the 11th International Conference on STRUCTURAL SAFETY AND RELIABILITY (ICOSSAR2013, New York, NY, USA, 16-20 June 2013), and covers major aspects of safety, reliability, risk and life-cycle performance of str

Download or read book Fragility Testing of a Power Transformer Bushing Demonstration of CERL Equipment Fragility and Protection Procedure written by Steven John Smith and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1997 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Hydro Environmental Analysis written by James L. Martin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-12-04 with total page 5742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on fundamental principles, Hydro-Environmental Analysis: Freshwater Environments presents in-depth information about freshwater environments and how they are influenced by regulation. It provides a holistic approach, exploring the factors that impact water quality and quantity, and the regulations, policy and management methods that are necessary to maintain this vital resource. It offers a historical viewpoint as well as an overview and foundation of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics affecting the management of freshwater environments. The book concentrates on broad and general concepts, providing an interdisciplinary foundation. The author covers the methods of measurement and classification; chemical, physical, and biological characteristics; indicators of ecological health; and management and restoration. He also considers common indicators of environmental health; characteristics and operations of regulatory control structures; applicable laws and regulations; and restoration methods. The text delves into rivers and streams in the first half and lakes and reservoirs in the second half. Each section centers on the characteristics of those systems and methods of classification, and then moves on to discuss the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of each. In the section on lakes and reservoirs, it examines the characteristics and operations of regulatory structures, and presents the methods commonly used to assess the environmental health or integrity of these water bodies. It also introduces considerations for restoration, and presents two unique aquatic environments: wetlands and reservoir tailwaters. Written from an engineering perspective, the book is an ideal introduction to the aquatic and limnological sciences for students of environmental science, as well as students of environmental engineering. It also serves as a reference for engineers and scientists involved in the management, regulation, or restoration of freshwater environments.

Download or read book MODELING OF ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMERS AND SEISMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER BUSHINGS written by Konstantinos Oikonomou and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrical transformers are complex structures, crucial for the operation of a power system, an important lifeline for community resilience. Damage sustained in past strong earthquakes rendered many of them unusable, leading to severe economic losses. Of particular interest for the overall performance is the dynamic response of high voltage bushings, the failure of which is closely associated with the loss of functionality of the transformer. This study deals with the modeling variations and structural modifications of commercial finite element models of an existing transformer in view of identifying its dynamic characteristics and the significant interactions between various components and the high voltage bushings.^Detailed sensitivity analyses are performed on a finite element model which comprises three identical 196 kV bushings mounted on top of a 230 kV transformer. Bushings are modeled using properties provided by manufacturers while the cover plate is modeled considering only the important structural features. The base of the structure is excited with 3-D wide band random motion (white noise) and the IEEE-693 spectrum compatible ground motion. Transfer functions are calculated to determine the relevant properties, even when the structure has nonlinear elements. The interaction between the bushings and several main parts of the transformer is assessed through cross-spectra and coherences. Sensitivity of interaction is determined by modifying properties of interacting critical parts on the transformer, especially the cover, radiators, surge arresters and the core assembly.^Moreover, the response quantities of interest (accelerations and displacements) are measured at specific locations on the bushings and the spectra at the corners of the cover and at the base of the turrets are obtained, to which, the response of the bushings is associated. The detailed techniques for the modeling of the bushings are presented along with a discussion on the sensitivity of interactions. Additional investigations conducted, include analyses on models in which the cover was separated from the transformer. Various boundary conditions are examined in an effort to match the response at the bushings with the respective response obtained from the full model.

Download or read book Seismic Evaluation of 230 kV Porcelain Transformer Bushings written by Amir S. Gilani and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Seismic Evaluation of 196 KV Transformer Bushings written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transformer bushings have shown to have an unsatisfactory performance during earthquakes and have therefore been chosen for further testing. How the bushings fail, and how this failure can be prevented has been analyzed. Two used 196 kV bushings made by General Electric were chosen for seismic testing at the iSTAR laboratory located at Portland State University in Portland, OR. The multiple objectives that brought about these tests were: to determine how the bushings failed due to gasket extrusion at the porcelain-flange connection and to verify that the failure was due to pure tipping and not sliding, to determine the damping introduced when the bushing was supported by a flexible plate with a welded support structure and excited at large amplitudes, determine the natural frequency of the assembly, and to determine the effects of added mass to the top of the bushing. To meet the objectives, the bushings were tested using two different test set-ups: a stiff mounted setup, and a flexible mounted setup. For both test set-ups, the bushings were first mounted inside a turret to simulate an electrical transformer, and the turret was mounted to a flexible or stiff plate, depending on the test. The flexible or stiff plate tests were bolted to a one-direction shake table. The bushings were individually subjected to static and dynamic testing until failure due to oil leakage.

Download or read book Safety Reliability and Risk Analysis written by Sebastian Martorell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-09-10 with total page 3512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis. Theory, Methods and Applications contains the papers presented at the joint ESREL (European Safety and Reliability) and SRA-Europe (Society for Risk Analysis Europe) Conference (Valencia, Spain, 22-25 September 2008). The book covers a wide range of topics, including: Accident and Incident Investigation; Crisi

Download or read book Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 980 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 778 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Transmission Grid Research written by Merwin Brown and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: