Download or read book Potential Use of Polyacrylamide PAM in Australian Agriculture to Improve Off and On site Environmental Impacts and Infiltration Management written by R.E. Sojka and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Functional Polymers in Food Science written by Giuseppe Cirillo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-03-09 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymers are an important part in everyday life; products made from polymers range from sophisticated articles, such as biomaterials, to aerospace materials. One of the reasons for the great popularity exhibited by polymers is their ease of processing. Polymer properties can be tailored to meet specific needs by varying the “atomic composition” of the repeat structure, by varying molecular weight and by the incorporation (via covalent and non-covalent interactions) of an enormous range of compounds to impart specific activities. In food science, the use of polymeric materials is widely explored, from both an engineering and a nutraceutical point of view. Regarding the engineering application, researchers have discovered the most suitable materials for intelligent packaging which preserves the food quality and prolongs the shelf-life of the products. Furthermore, in agriculture, specific functionalized polymers are used to increase the efficiency of treatments and reduce the environmental pollution. In the nutraceutical field, because consumers are increasingly conscious of the relationship between diet and health, the consumption of high quality foods has been growing continuously. Different compounds (e.g. high quality proteins, lipids and polysaccharides) are well known to contribute to the enhancement of human health by different mechanisms, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary disease, and hypertension. This second volume focuses on the importance of polymers and functional food and in food processing
Download or read book Australian Journal of Soil Research written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Potential Effects of Polyacrylamide PAM on an Experimental Agricultural Wetland written by Michael W. Swenson and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although the use of polyacrylamide (PAM) is widespread in agricultural settings, relatively little is known about the impacts of PAM on microbial communities. A limited amount of research has studied the effects of PAM on microbial communities in agricultural soils, but sediment and water microbial communities have been relatively neglected. This study examined the effects of PAM on sediment and water microcosms constructed from the sediment pond of a wetland designed to treat agricultural runoff. Microcosms were treated with PAM concentrations of 0ppm, l0ppm, 50ppm, and 100ppm. Treatment exposure was analyzed at 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, and 24 weeks. Analytic methods included sediment chemical analysis, redox determinations, sediment respiration rates, acridine orange direct counts (AODC), heterotrophic cell counts (plate count method), chlorophyll a analysis, community level physiological profiles (CLPP), and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Over time, PAM treatment increased heterotrophic counts in the sediment of weeks 14-24 PAM 100ppm microcosms, contributed to a change in dominance of Archaeal community members, and was associated with lower ammonium and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios. It seems, however, that PAM had little effect on the microbial activity of sediment-containing portions of the microcosms compared to the water column. Most of the microbial growth that increased due to PAM treatment was detected in the water column of the microcosms with increased heterotrophic colony counts, increased total cell counts, and increased Eh. All of these parameters were directly related to PAM concentration: As PAM concentration increased, so did the aforementioned measurements.
Download or read book Application of Polyacrylamide PAM Through Lay flay Polyethylene Tubing written by Jake McNeal and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polyacrylamides (PAMs) are water-soluble, long-chain synthetic organic polymers that, when applied as a soil amendment, purportedly improves infiltration, decreases sediment and agrochemical transport, and improves crop yield. There is a paucity of data, however, on the effect of PAM applied through lay-flat polyethylene tubing on infiltration, erosion, agrochemical transport, and crop yield for Mid-South soils in furrow irrigated environments. The objective of this thesis was to compile and analyze PAM use in agricultural settings in the United States, and to conduct a 2 year field experiment to assess PAM effects on infiltration, erosion, N and P transport, and corn grain yield on a Dundee silt loam and a Forestdale silty clay loam soil located in Stoneville and Tribbett, Mississippi, respectively. Results indicate PAM has utility to improve infiltration and crop yield in Mid-South production systems, but effects on sediment and N and P transport will be variable and site specific.
Download or read book Evaluation of Polyacrylamide PAM Effects on Irrigation Efficiency Soil Conservation and Water Quality in Midsouth Cotton Production written by Brittany D. Barnes and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The polymer, polyacrylamide (PAM), is a high molecular weight, chemical anionic polymer that is prescribed and used for irrigation improvement in row crops primarily in the United States. A field research study was conducted in 2014, 2015 and 2016 in Northeast Arkansas to evaluate how addition of PAM in furrow irrigation affected soil erosion, water infiltration, movement of nutrients and sediments, and crop yields in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Overall results from the study were mixed. Sediment loss was similar among treatments. Irrigation advancement rates were not significantly different. No differences in crop yield were observed associated with PAM. Differences in results from previous positive observations in Western United States cropping systems may be explained by precipitation, soil type, cropping systems, and precision leveling common in the Midsouth region. From this study, PAM did not show promising results to be a widespread farm management practice in Midsouth with furrow irrigation.
Download or read book Impacts of Polyacrylamide pam Treatment on the Microbial Ecology and Nitrogen Cycling in Agricultural Soils written by William Aaron Smith and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agrochemical Use and the Environment in Australia written by Gamini Herath and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Technical Report written by Michael H. Young and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes laboratory-based research conducted on linear anionic polyacrylamide (LA-PAM) to evaluate its efficacy in reducing seepage in unlined water delivery canals and potential environmental impacts from its use. The projects focused on three categories: LA-PAM hydration and reactivity, acrylamide (AMD) fate and transport, and LA-PAM transport.
Download or read book Field Implementation of Polyacrylamide for Runoff from Construction Sites written by Rafiqul Islam Chowdhury and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polyacrylamide (PAM) is often used a part of a treatment train for the treatment of stormwater to reduce its turbidity. This study investigated the application of PAM within various treatment systems for a construction site environment. The general concept is to introduce hydraulic principles when placing PAM blocks within an open channel in order to yield high mixing energies leading to high turbidity removal efficiency. The first part of the study observed energy variation using a hydraulic flume for three dissimilar configurations. The flume was ultimately used to determine which configuration would be most beneficial when transposed into field-scale conditions. Three different configurations were tested in the flume, namely, the Jump configuration, Dispersion configuration and the Staggered configuration. The field-scale testing served as both justification of the findings within the controlled hydraulic flume and comprehension of the elements introduced within the field when attempting to reduce the turbidity of stormwater. As a result, the Dispersion configuration proved to be the most effective when removing turbidity and displayed a greater energy used for mixing within the open channel. Consequently, an analysis aid is developed based on calculations from the results of this study to better serve the sediment control industry when implementing PAM blocks within a treatment system. Recommendations are made for modification and future applications of the research conducted. This innovative approach has great potential for expansion and future applications. Continued research on this topic can expand on key elements such as solubility of the PAM, toxicity of the configuration within the field, and additional configurations that may yield more advantageous energy throughout the open channel.
Download or read book POLYACRYLAMIDE DEGRADATION DURING HYDRAULIC FRACTURING AND ITS IMPACT ON MEMBRANE FOULING DURING WASTEWATER TREATMENT written by Boya Xiong and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The high intensity of unconventional oil and gas development nationwide and at global scale has an enormous impact on local and regional water resource and water quality. High volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) utilizes a wide range of proprietary chemicals and more than a million liters of water per well, generating around 100 billion liters of flowback and produced water annually in the U.S. HVHF wastewater contains high levels of salinity, turbidity, organic matter and radioactivity; posing technical and economic challenges to wastewater treatment. Current practices are unlikely to manage the growing volume of wastewaters in a sustainable and economically feasible manner. More importantly, many environmental impacts of HVHF wastewater contamination remain unclear due to the unresolved organic components in wastewater, many of which originate from injected chemicals. The goal of work was to better quantify the environmental risks of HVHF activities by identifying and analyzing the fate and characteristics of these injected chemicals that cause challenges in subsequent membrane treatment and also have the potential to release toxic byproducts.High molecular weight (106 3107 Da) polyacrylamide (PAM) and its copolymers are heavily used as friction reducers in HVHF. Extractions in the Marcellus shale alone are estimated to have consumed 5000-140,000 tons of PAM. However, PAM molecules are not characterized by the current organic analyses that utilize advanced chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques due to their hydrophilic nature and large size. In this work, it was identified that under simulated HVHF deep subsurface conditions, PAM (1.5107 Da) is susceptible to significant free radical induced chemical degradation, with the final MWs ranging over three orders of magnitude from 8103 - 1.5107 Da as quantified by size exclusion chromatography. The degradation kinetics are governed by the formation temperature, shale mineralogy and dissolved oxygen concentration in the initial fluids. The above information on operating conditions is readily available from drilling logs and geological surveys of gas reservoirs - thus these results make it possible to predict the extent of polymer degradation at a specific fracturing site. In addition, my PhD work extends the main work on chemical degradation to quantify the mechanical degradation of polyacrylamide using a high-pressure capillary flow set up. The experimental setup simulates the high strain rates similar to that at the entrance flow through small pores and fractures in the formation face during the fracture propagation phase where the hydraulic pressure can reach as high as 700 bar. Here I report a non-chemical pathway- purely physical transformation of fracturing chemicals under HVHF conditions that is unique to high molecular weight polymers.The objectives of this work also included evaluation of membrane treatability of actual flowback and produced waters from the Marcellus shale play. The data show severe fouling during microfiltration membrane treatment. Surprisingly, the high variation in fouling behavior for different water samples cannot be correlated with their levels of total organic carbon or suspended solids, both commonly measured water quality parameters, suggesting a high level of complexity in the fouling components of the feed water matrix in these waste streams. The fouling rates of some wastewaters were dominated by the presence of colloidal and organic matter; however, their origin and detailed characterization remains unclear. Experiments performed with a synthetic fracturing fluid demonstrated that out of 10 different fracturing chemicals, the PAM-based friction reducer is the primary contributor to fouling rates during microfiltration treatment of the wastewater. More importantly, fouling rates were well correlated with the hydrodynamic size of PAM present in the wastewater. These results indicate that a higher fouling rate of membrane treatment will occur during the treatment of wastewaters containing large size polymers, when specific fracturing and formation conditions are favorable for limited polymer degradation.These degraded polymer molecules, which have unknown toxicities, are present in the wastewater and could reach downstream water supplies. Furthermore, complete degradation of PAM would result in release of the neurotoxic monomer acrylamide. This work, for the first time, provides detailed information on the downhole transformation and membrane treatability of PAM, a heavily used chemical in the HVHF process. This work enables the development of treatment strategies to minimize waste volume, toxicity, and broader environmental impacts of HVHF wastewaters that will be continuously generated in upcoming years as a part of the energy production trajectory of many nations worldwide.
Download or read book Effects of Polyacrylamide on Rangeland Soils and Plants written by Saud Leily R. Al-Rowaily and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evaluation of Linear Anionic Polyacrylamide LA PAM Application to Water Delivery Canals for Seepage Reduction written by Richard Susfalk and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary objectives of this research were to: quantify potential seepage reduction benefits, water savings, and typical application cost; Address potential risks of LA-PAM use emphasizing the downstream transport and fate of LA-PAM, the release and fate of the residual acrylamide (AMD) monomer, and the potential impacts on aquatic organisms; and to gain a better understanding of how LA-PAM achieves seepage reduction in water delivery canal systems and how various environmental factors affect the ability of LA-PAM to reduce seepage. The field studies were conducted along 17 canals located in the Grand Valley of western Colorado, the Yellowstone River Valley in Montana, and the Lower Arkansas River Valley of eastern Colorado.
Download or read book Risk Characterization written by Michael H. Young and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Linear anionic polyacrylamide (LA-PAM) is currently being considered for use as a technology for controlling seepage in unlined canals, and can potentially reduce uncontrolled loss of water from these water delivery systems. ... The following potential risks associated with the use of LA-PAM were identified: (1) ecological and human health impacts associated with the environmental release of residual AMD and (2) the physiological impacts on benthic organisms of LA-PAM release into receiving streams"--Executive summary.
Download or read book Polyacrylamide PAM and PAM Alternatives Workshop written by Nevada System of Higher Education. Desert Research Institute and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Workshop focusing on the agricultural and environmental applications of polyacrylamide.
Download or read book Laboratory Studies to Examine the Impacts of Polyacrylamide PAM on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity written by Ernesto Amalio Moran and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 1960 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
