Download or read book Politeness Distinction in Personal Pronouns and the Concept of Face written by Cornelia Charlotte Reuscher and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-03 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2,0, University of Hamburg, course: Human Perspective and Language: Deixis, 11 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: 1. Introduction This paper will deal with politeness distinctions in personal pronouns. Thus, le leading question will be: In how far can personal pronouns, being deictic expressions, serve as elements of politeness? To clarify this a little more, I would like to begin with a short explanation of the term "deictic expression" Deictics, also known as "pointing words", are for example: I, you, here, there, before, after. One can distinguish between person, local and time deixis. Special to deictics is the fact that they are meaningless unless we know who speaks and thus forms the center of orientation - the origo . Personal pronouns, however, form a category of person deixis. They relate to either the addressee or to someone talked about in a conversation, they "characterize the referent as well with respect to the speech act role and the size of the respective speaker and hearer groups." In a discourse, personal pronouns lexicalize the relation between the origo, which is the cognitive ground for an act of pointing, and the intended referent, who is the figure of the pointing act. Unlike in local or time deixis, this intended referent is a human being (I will omit the situations when human beings speak to animals here), not an inanimate thing like a piece of furniture or an abstract unit like for example a time span - in short, it makes a difference if I say something like: "Here is the green chair", or "It rained really hard yesterday." or if I speak either about "I have met that Mrs. Jones" or directly to "You can leave the room now" other persons. If in direct address or not, the issue of politeness gets important in these cases. We can express distance and dislike in demonstratives as shown in the Mrs. Jones sentence

Download or read book The World Atlas of Language Structures written by Martin Haspelmath and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005-07-21 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World Atlas of Language Structures is a book and CD combination displaying the structural properties of the world's languages. 142 world maps and numerous regional maps - all in colour - display the geographical distribution of features of pronunciation and grammar, such as number of vowels, tone systems, gender, plurals, tense, word order, and body part terminology. Each world map shows an average of 400 languages and is accompanied by a fully referenced description ofthe structural feature in question.The CD provides an interactive electronic version of the database which allows the reader to zoom in on or customize the maps, to display bibliographical sources, and to establish correlations between features. The book and the CD together provide an indispensable source of information for linguists and others seeking to understand human languages.The Atlas will be especially valuable for linguistic typologists, grammatical theorists, historical and comparative linguists, and for those studying a region such as Africa, Southeast Asia, North America, Australia, and Europe. It will also interest anthropologists and geographers. More than fifty authors from many different countries have collaborated to produce a work that sets new standards in comparative linguistics. No institution involved in language research can afford to bewithout it.

Download or read book Competing Motivations in Grammar and Usage written by Brian MacWhinney and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2014-10-30 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the conflicting factors that shape the content and form of grammatical rules in language usage. Speakers and addressees need to contend with these rules when expressing themselves and when trying to comprehend messages. For example, there are on-going competitions between the speaker's interests and the addressee's needs, or between constraints imposed by grammar and those imposed by online processing. These competitions influence a wide variety of systems, including case marking, agreement and word order, politeness forms, lexical choices, and the position of relative clauses. Chapters in the book analyse grammar and usage in adult language as well as first and second language acquisition, and the motivations that drive historical change. Several of the chapters seek explanations for the competitions involved, based on earlier accounts including the Competition Model, Natural Morphology, the functional-typological tradition, and Optimality Theory. The book will be of interest to linguists from a wide variety of backgrounds, particularly those interested in psycholinguistics, historical linguistics, philosophy of language, and language acquisition, from advanced undergraduate level upwards.

Download or read book Thou and You The Pronouns of Address written by Jana Karoff and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2015-11-24 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2014 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, University of Mannheim (Lehrstuhl für Anglistische Linguistik), course: Diachronic Linguistics, language: English, abstract: The diachronic development of the English language is marked by the loss of nearly all inflections – except for the pronouns’ inflections. When comparing the Modern English pronoun paradigm to the Old English one, especially the personal pronouns are worth looking at. For a native German speaker, it stands out that in Modern English both “Du” and “Sie” are translated with only one word, you. In English, there seems to be no distinction between familiarity and politeness in the second person pronoun. This is true for Modern English, but not for earlier forms of English. It is interesting to see that between Early Modern English and Modern English the thou, which would be translated into German as “Du”, was gradually lost and replaced by you, the former “Sie”. This paper will have a closer look at the Early Modern English distinction between thou for close personal relationships as well as differentiation between upper and lower class, and you for impersonal relationships, politeness and respect in Drama. The following chapter will explain what a pronoun is and more precisely also define the term personal pronoun. The third chapter will introduce and contrast various values of the second person pronouns thou and you and how their use is distributed during the Early Modern English Period. In the fourth chapter, this theory will be used to analyse sections from “Hamlet” by William Shakespeare. It will take a closer look at which characters use thou and you, why they do it and what that reveals about the characters themselves and their relationship to the character they talk to. The paper will end with a conclusion about the covered theory and analysis.

Download or read book The Importance of Face in Politeness Theory written by Regina Seiwald and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2011 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, University of Birmingham (School of English), course: Language and Communication, language: English, abstract: The notion of face as the public self-image plays a major role in every culture. It shapes the character of a speaker as well as how he or she is perceived by others. Therefore, the cross-cultural analysis of face is a crucial field of study in every social science. In this essay, the importance of face in Politeness Theory will be discussed. It aims to show the development of the concept first defined by Goffman in 1967 to the further analysis by Brown and Levinson in 1978, which is influenced by Grice's Cooperative Principle and Austin's Speech Act Theory, as well as recent criticism and re-evaluation in post-modernism. Furthermore, the two concepts of positive and negative face will be discussed, which then leads to the devision of negative and positive politeness strategies. These negative and positive face-threatening acts (FTAs) are further subdivided into acts which damage the hearer's and acts which damage the speaker's face. In the next chapter, five strategies for doing face-threatening acts are closely analysed: positive politeness, negative politeness, off-record, bald-on-record and redressive on-record acts. A fifth category - do not do a FTA - is also included in this section as not communicating may also minimise or increase the danger for doing a face-threatening act. In the last chapter of this paper, the development of Politeness Theory and face over the last twenty-five years will be critically discussed and compared to Brown and Levinson's 'traditional' theory.

Download or read book Politeness written by Penelope Brown and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1987-02-27 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book studies the principles for constructing polite speeches, based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures.

Download or read book The Handbook of Cultural Linguistics written by Alireza Korangy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Politeness and Face in Caribbean Creoles written by Susanne Muehleisen and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Politeness and Face in Caribbean Creoles is the first collection to focus on socio-pragmatic issues in the Caribbean context, including the socio-cultural rules and principles underlying strategic language use. While the Caribbean has long been recognized as a rich and interesting site where cultural continuities meet with new "creolized" or innovative practices, questions of politeness practices, constructions of personhood, or the notion of face have so far been neglected in linguistic research on Caribbean Creoles. Drawing on linguistic politeness theory and Goffman's concept of face, eleven mostly fieldwork-based innovative contributions critically examine a range of topics, such as ritual insults, strategic use of "bad language", kiss-teeth, the performance of homophobic threats, greetings, address forms, advice-giving, socialization and discourse, parent-child discourse, register choice and communicative repertoire in the Caribbean context.

Download or read book Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Im politeness written by Marina Terkourafi and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2015-05-28 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Im/politeness brings together the work of linguists, psychologists, neuroscientists, and second language experts in order to provide readers with a snapshot of the possibilities for studying im/politeness in the 21st century. The volume is organized along methodological lines in three parts each preceded by a brief introduction outlining the evolution and advantages and disadvantages of the relevant methodologies, while a specially commissioned epilogue places the volume in the field as a whole. Part I is dedicated to self-reporting studies, Part II covers observational studies, and Part III introduces experimental studies. A central goal of the present collection is to make a case for the relevance of all these types of data and of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to the ongoing theoretical debates in the field of im/politeness.

Download or read book Politeness in the History of English written by Andreas Jucker and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-16 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Middle Ages up to the present day, this book traces politeness in the history of the English language.

Download or read book Politeness Across Cultures written by F. Bargiela-Chiappini and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-12-08 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first edited collection to examine politeness in a wide range of diverse cultures. Most essays draw on empirical data from a wide variety of languages, including some key-languages in politeness research, such as English, and Japanese, as well as some lesser-studied languages, such as Georgian.

Download or read book Understanding Historical im politeness written by Marcel Bax and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring a largely uncharted territory of cultural history and linguistic ethnography, Understanding Historical (Im)Politeness offers in-depth analyses and perceptive interpretations of the conveyance of social-relational meaning in times (long) past and across historical cultures. A collection of essays from the pens of authoritative historical (pragma)-linguistics researchers, the volume examines the forms and functions of historical (im)politeness, varying from single utterances and act sequences to fully-fledged (im)polite speech encounters and genres, with a focus on their period- and culture-bound appraisal. What is more, the book sheds light on what is still very dimly seen: diachronic trends in 'relational work' and the cultural-societal factors behind patterns of sociopragmatic change. The volume reviews theoretical concepts, methods and analytical approaches to improve our present-day understanding of the historical understanding of relational practices of the distant as well as the more recent past. Since it includes newly established themes and positions and breaks new ground, this collection furthers considerably the field of historical (im)politeness research. This volume was originally published as a special issue of Journal of Historical Pragmatics 12:1/2 (2011).

Download or read book Communication across Cultures written by Heather Bowe and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-10-23 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Communication across Cultures explores how cultural context affects the use and (mis)interpretation of language. It provides an accessible and interdisciplinary introduction to language and language variation in intercultural communication by drawing on both classic and cutting-edge research from pragmatics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology and politeness studies. This new edition has been comprehensively updated to incorporate recent research, with an emphasis on the fluid and emergent practice of intercultural communication. It provides increased coverage of variation in language within and between cultures, drawing on real-world examples of spoken and written communication. The authors review classic concepts like 'face', 'politeness' and 'speech acts', but also critique these concepts and introduce more recent approaches. Each chapter provides a set of suggested readings, questions and exercises to enable the student to work through concepts and consolidate their understanding of intercultural communication. This is an excellent resource for students of linguistics and related disciplines.

Download or read book Women Men and Politeness written by Janet Holmes and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-11-26 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women, Men and Politeness focuses on the specific issue of the ways in which women and men express politeness verbally. Using a range of evidence and a corpus of data collected largely from New Zealand, Janet Holmes examines the distribution and functions of a range of specific verbal politeness strategies in women's and men's speech and discusses the possible reasons for gender differences in this area. Data provided on interactional strategies, 'hedges and boosters', compliments and apologies, demonstrates ways in which women's politeness patterns differ from men's, with the implications of these different patterns explored, for women in particular, in the areas of education and professional careers.

Download or read book Politeness written by Richard J. Watts and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-09-25 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last fifteen years, existing models of linguistic politeness have generated a huge amount of empirical research. Using a wide range of data from real-life speech situations, this new introduction to politeness breaks away from the limitations of current models and argues that the proper object of study in politeness theory must be commonsense notions of what politeness and impoliteness are. From this, Watts argues, a more appropriate model, one based on Bourdieu's concept of social practice, is developed.

Download or read book Intercultural Politeness written by Helen Spencer-Oatey and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-01-07 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this is the first book to systemise the processes by which we manage relations across cultures.

Download or read book Introducing Sociolinguistics written by Rajend Mesthrie and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2009-05-29 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sociolinguistics is one of the central branches of modern linguistics and deals with the place of language in human societies. This second edition of Introducing Sociolinguistics expertly synthesises the main approaches to the subject. The book covers areas such as multilingualism, code-choice, language variation, dialectology, interactional studies, gender, language contact, language and inequality, and language and power. At the same time it provides an integrated perspective on these themes by examining sociological theories of human interaction. In this regard power and inequality are particularly significant. The book also contains two chapters on the applications of sociolinguistics (in education and in language policy and planning) and a concluding chapter on the sociolinguistics of sign language. New topics covered include speaking style and stylisation, while current debates in areas like creolisation, globalisation and language death, language planning, and gender are reflected.Written collaboratively by teachers and scholars with first hand experience of sociolinguistic developments on four continents, this book provides the broadest introduction currently available to the central topics in sociolinguistics.Features:* Provides a solid foundation in all aspects of sociolinguistics and explores important themes such as power and inequality, sign language, gender and the internet* Well illustrated with maps, diagrams, inset boxes, drawings and cartoons* Accessibly written with the beginner in mind* Uses numerous examples from multilingual settings* Explains basic concepts, supported by a glossary* Further Reading lists, a full bibliography, and a section on 'next steps' provide valuable guidance.